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3 - Spot Kick on Racism: Marcus Rashford and Criminally Damaging Penalty Shoot-Outs
- Edited by Imran Awan, Birmingham City University, Irene Zempi, Nottingham Trent University
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- Book:
- Hate Crime in Football
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 03 April 2024
- Print publication:
- 13 November 2023, pp 44-58
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Summary
Introduction
According to Carrington, ‘sport provides a contested arena through which competing definitions of race, gender, sexuality, class, and region are articulated’ (2008: 424). In the context of race more specifically, when people speak of racism, they often allude to two distinct social practices – namely antilocution and physical attack (see Allport, 1954). Language is rightly an important social practice (Bourdieu, 1991), which in turns shapes other social practices to do with the expression of racism.
A high-profile example of when this issue reared its ugly head took place in 2004 when former manager Ron Atkinson – who perhaps most famously guided Manchester United to win the FA Cup (the Football Association Challenge Cup) in 1983 – then an ITV football pundit, resigned after making overtly racist comments about Chelsea football player Marcel Desailly. ‘Big Ron’, as he was affectionately known in the football industry, unwittingly believed his broadcast had finished and his microphone had been muted. In making reference to what he perceived to be the poor performance of the French defender, who had been playing in a Champions League match for Chelsea against Monaco, Atkinson said, ‘He’s what is known in some schools as a fucking lazy thick n****r’ (quoted in Prior, 2004). Atkinson’s conversation was picked up by microphones which ordinarily would have been switched off once the broadcast from the stadium had ended. The remarks were inadvertently broadcast to an international audience. Big Ron was ‘outed’ as a ‘closet racist’, with some expressing disbelief that a manager renowned for having given fledgling Black players a so-called ‘chance’ when others were unwilling to do so way back in the 1970s could express such sentiments.
Those who sought to defend Atkinson the man while at the same time censuring his comments pointed out that at best there seemed to be a level of dissonance between his verbalizations and his social practices, which appeared at face value to be antiracist. In an attempt to defend himself, Atkinson pleaded: ‘I have had Cyrille [Regis] and big Paul Williams both on the phone. I was one of the first, if not the first, to play black players’ (Kelso, 2004, square brackets in original).
A systematic review of economic evaluations for opioid misuse, cannabis and illicit drug use prevention
- Jan Faller, Long Khanh-Dao Le, Mary Lou Chatterton, Joahna Kevin Perez, Oxana Chiotelis, Huong Ngoc Quynh Tran, Marufa Sultana, Natasha Hall, Yong Yi Lee, Cath Chapman, Nicola Newton, Tim Slade, Matt Sunderland, Maree Teesson, Cathrine Mihalopoulos
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 9 / Issue 5 / September 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 August 2023, e149
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Background
Substance use disorders negatively affect global disease burden. Effective preventive interventions are available, but whether they provide value for money is unclear.
AimsThis review looks at the cost-effectiveness evidence of preventive interventions for cannabis use, opioid misuse and illicit drug use.
MethodLiterature search was undertaken in Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EconLit through EBSCOhost and EMBASE, up to May 2021. Grey literature search was conducted as supplement. Studies included were full economic evaluations or return-on-investment (ROI) analyses for preventing opioid misuse, cannabis and illicit drug use. English-language restriction was used. Outcomes extracted were incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) or ROI ratios, with costs presented in 2019 United States dollars. Quality was assessed with the Drummond checklist.
ResultsEleven full economic evaluation studies were identified from 5674 citations, with all studies conducted in high-income countries. Most aimed to prevent opioid misuse (n = 4), cannabis (n = 3) or illicit drug use (n = 5). Modelling was the predominant methodology (n = 7). Five evaluated school-based universal interventions targeting children and adolescents (aged <18 years). Five cost–benefit studies reported cost-savings. One cost-effectiveness and two cost–utility analysis studies supported the cost-effectiveness of interventions, as ICERs fell under prespecified value-for-money thresholds.
ConclusionsThere are limited economic evaluations of preventive interventions for opioid misuse, cannabis and illicit drug use. Family-based intervention (ParentCorps), school-based interventions (Social and Emotional Training and Project ALERT) and a doctor's programme to assess patient risk of misusing narcotics (‘the Network System to Prevent Doctor-Shopping for Narcotics’) show promising cost-effectiveness and warrant consideration.
Interventions to prevent alcohol use: systematic review of economic evaluations
- Long Khanh-Dao Le, Jan Faller, Mary Lou Chatterton, Joahna Kevin Perez, Oxana Chiotelis, Huong Ngoc Quynh Tran, Marufa Sultana, Natasha Hall, Yong Yi Lee, Cath Chapman, Nicola Newton, Tim Slade, Matt Sunderland, Maree Teesson, Cathrine Mihalopoulos
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 9 / Issue 4 / July 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 June 2023, e117
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Background
Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability worldwide.
AimsWe conducted a systematic review on the cost-effectiveness evidence for interventions to prevent alcohol use across the lifespan.
MethodElectronic databases (EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL and EconLit) were searched for full economic evaluations and return-on-investment studies of alcohol prevention interventions published up to May 2021. The methods and results of included studies were evaluated with narrative synthesis, and study quality was assessed by the Drummond ten-point checklist.
ResultsA total of 69 studies met the inclusion criteria for a full economic evaluation or return-on-investment study. Most studies targeted adults or a combination of age groups, seven studies comprised children/adolescents and one involved older adults. Half of the studies found that alcohol prevention interventions are cost-saving (i.e. more effective and less costly than the comparator). This was especially true for universal prevention interventions designed to restrict exposure to alcohol through taxation or advertising bans; and selective/indicated prevention interventions, which involve screening with or without brief intervention for at-risk adults. School-based interventions combined with parent/carer interventions were cost-effective in preventing alcohol use among those aged under 18 years. No interventions were cost-effective for preventing alcohol use in older adults.
ConclusionsAlcohol prevention interventions show promising evidence of cost-effectiveness. Further economic analyses are needed to facilitate policy-making in low- and middle-income countries, and among child, adolescent and older adult populations.