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Differences in gut microbiota composition in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes subjects in a multi-ethnic population: the HELIUS study
- Mélanie Deschasaux, Kristien Bouter, Andrei Prodan, Evgeni Levin, Albert Groen, Hilde Herrema, Valentina Tremaroli, Marieke Snijder, Mary Nicolaou, Aeilko Zwinderman, Fredrik Bäckhed, Max Nieuwdorp
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E183
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- Article
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Recently, increased attention has been drawn to the composition of the intestinal microbiota and its possible role in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, potential variation in gut microbiota composition across ethnic groups is rarely considered despite observed unequal prevalence for these diseases. Our objective was therefore to study the gut microbiota composition across health, metabolic syndrome and T2DM in a multi-ethnic population residing in the same geographical area. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on fecal samples from 3926 participants to the HELIUS cohort (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), representing 6 ethnic groups (Dutch, Ghanaians, Moroccans, Turks, Surinamese of either African or South-Asian descent). Included participants completed a questionnaire and underwent a physical examination and overnight fasted blood sampling. Gut microbiota composition was compared across metabolic status (diabetes with and without metformin use, metabolic syndrome and its subsequent components, health) and ethnicities using Wilcoxon-Mann-Withney tests and logistic regressions. Overall, the gut microbiota alpha-diversity (richness, Shannon index and phylogenetic diversity) decreased with worsening of the metabolic state (comparing health to metabolic syndrome to T2DM) but this was only partially reproduced in ethnic-specific analyses. In line, a lower alpha-diversity was found in relation to all metabolic syndrome components as well as in T2DM subjects using metformin compared to non-users. Alterations, mainly decreased abundances, were also observed at the genus level (many Clostridiales) in metabolic syndrome subjects and more strongly in T2DM subjects with differences across ethnic groups. In particular, we observed decreased abundances of members of the Peptostreptococcaceae family and of Turicibacter and an increased abundance of a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Our data highlight several compositional differences in the gut microbiota of individuals with metabolic syndrome or T2DM. These features, confirming prior observations, give some insights into potential key intestinal bacteria related to a worsening of metabolic state. Our results also underscore possible ethnic-specific profiles associated with these microbiota alterations that should be further explored.
75 - Endothelial Luminal Glycocalyx: Protective Barrier between Endothelial Cells and Flowing Blood
- from PART II - ENDOTHELIAL CELL AS INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICE
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- By Bernard M. van den Berg, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Max Nieuwdorp, Academic Medical Center and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Erik Stroes, Academic Medical Center and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Hans Vink, Academic Medical Center and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Edited by William C. Aird, Harvard University, Massachusetts
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- Book:
- Endothelial Biomedicine
- Published online:
- 04 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 03 September 2007, pp 689-695
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Summary
All cells – from single-cell microorganisms to highly organized mammalian cells – are shielded from their surrounding milieu by a membranous, carbohydrate-rich layer, or glycocalyx. The glycocalyx also is involved in nutrient uptake, and it facilitates the binding and concentrating of factors necessary for proper cell function. In the vasculature, the endothelial glycocalyx protects the vascular wall from direct exposure to flowing blood, contributes to the vascular permeability barrier and its antiadhesive properties, and stimulates the endothelial release of nitric oxide in response to fluid shear stress.
Historically, studies aimed at understanding mechanisms of endothelial permeability led to the concept that vessel walls are lined with an extracellular layer of membrane-bound substances (1,2). Danielli (1), and Chambers and Zweifach (2) hypothesized the existence of a thin, noncellular layer on the endothelial surface, termed the endocapillary layer. In the latter study, the perfusion of frog mesentery with an Evans blue–containing solution revealed blue-colored thin strands and sheets of translucent material on the inner surface of the capillary (2). In subsequent experiments involving intravenous injections of pontamine sky blue and intravital microscopy of the hamster cheek pouch, Copley and Staple observed an unstained plasmatic zone adjacent to the endothelial surface, giving rise to the notion that the endothelial surface is covered by a thin molecular layer (the endoendothelial fibrin lining) and an adjacent immobile plasma region (3).
To date, although both concepts, in essence, still hold true, novel data on the structural and compositional properties of the endothelial glycocalyx implicate a highly active role for this noncellular layer in vascular wall homeostasis.