27 results
Cognitive determinants of affective forecasting errors
- Michael Hoerger, Stuart W. Quirk, Richard E. Lucas, Thomas H. Carr
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- Journal:
- Judgment and Decision Making / Volume 5 / Issue 5 / August 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 January 2023, pp. 365-373
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Often to the detriment of human decision making, people are prone to an impact bias when making affective forecasts, overestimating the emotional consequences of future events. The cognitive processes underlying the impact bias, and methods for correcting it, have been debated and warrant further exploration. In the present investigation, we examined both individual differences and contextual variables associated with cognitive processing in affective forecasting for an election. Results showed that the perceived importance of the event and working memory capacity were both associated with an increased impact bias for some participants, whereas retrieval interference had no relationship with bias. Additionally, an experimental manipulation effectively reduced biased forecasts, particularly among participants who were most distracted thinking about peripheral life events. These findings have theoretical implications for understanding the impact bias, highlight the importance of individual differences in affective forecasting, and have ramifications for future decision making research. The possible functional role of the impact bias is discussed within the context of evolutionary psychology.
17 - The Early Mars Climate System
- Edited by Robert M. Haberle, R. Todd Clancy, François Forget, Michael D. Smith, NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, Richard W. Zurek, NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
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- The Atmosphere and Climate of Mars
- Published online:
- 05 July 2017
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- 29 June 2017, pp 526-568
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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- By Lola Adewale, Nargis Ahmad, James Bennett, Stephanie Bew, Michael Broadhead, Peter Bromley, Alison S. Carr, David Chisholm, David de Beer, Bruce Emerson, Philippa Evans, Lisa Flewin, Michael W. Frost, Simon R. Haynes, Jane Herod, Alet Jacobs, Ian James, Ian A. Jenkins, Adrian R. Lloyd-Thomas, Daniel Lutman, Angus McEwan, Su Mallory, Vaithianadan Mani, George H. Meakin, Anthony Moriarty, Neil Morton, Reema Nandi, Naveen Raj, Steve Roberts, Steven Scuplak, Judith A. Short, Jonathan Smith, Ben Stanhope, Peter A. Stoddart, Mike R. J. Sury, Dan Taylor, Karl C. Thies, Mark Thomas, Isabeau Walker, Agnes Watson, Kathy A. Wilkinson, Glyn Williams, Sally Wilmshurst
- Edited by Ian James, Isabeau Walker
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- Core Topics in Paediatric Anaesthesia
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- 05 August 2013
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- 04 July 2013, pp viii-x
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- By Shamsuddin Akhtar, Greg Albert, Sidney Allison, Muhammad Anwar, Haruo Arita, Amanda Barker, Mary Hanna Bekhit, Jeanna Blitz, Tyson Bolinske, David Burbulys, Asokumar Buvanendran, Gregory Cain, Keith A. Candiotti, Daniel B. Carr, Derek Chalmers, John Charney, Rex Cheng, Roger Chou, Keun Sam Chung, Anna Clebone, Frederick Conlin, Susan Dabu-Bondoc, Tiffany Denepitiya-Balicki, Jeanette Derdemezi, Anahat Kaur Dhillon, Ho Dzung, Juan Jose Egas, Stephen M. Eskaros, Zhuang T. Fang, Claudia R. Fernandez Robles, Victor A. Filadora, Ellen Flanagan, Dan Froicu, Allison Gandey, Nehal Gatha, Boris Gelman, Christopher Gharibo, Muhammad K. Ghori, Brian Ginsberg, Michael E. Goldberg, Jeff Gudin, Thomas Halaszynski, Martin Hale, Dorothea Hall, Craig T. Hartrick, Justin Hata, Lars E. Helgeson, Joe C. Hong, Richard W. Hong, Balazs Horvath, Eric S. Hsu, Gabriel Jacobs, Jonathan S. Jahr, Rongjie Jaing, Inderjeet Singh Julka, Zeev N. Kain, Clinton Kakazu, Kianusch Kiai, Mary Keyes, Michael M. Kim, Peter G. Lacouture, Ryan Lanier, Vivian K. Lee, Mark J. Lema, Oscar A. de Leon-Casasola, Imanuel Lerman, Philip Levin, Steven Levin, JinLei Li, Eric C. Lin, Sharon Lin, David A. Lindley, Ana M. Lobo, Marisa Lomanto, Mirjana Lovrincevic, Brenda C. McClain, Tariq Malik, Jure Marijic, Joseph Marino, Laura Mechtler, Alan Miller, Carly Miller, Amit Mirchandani, Sukanya Mitra, Fleurise Montecillo, James M. Moore, Debra E. Morrison, Philip F. Morway, Carsten Nadjat-Haiem, Hamid Nourmand, Dana Oprea, Sunil J. Panchal, Edward J. Park, Kathleen Ji Park, Kellie Park, Parisa Partownavid, Akta Patel, Bijal Patel, Komal D. Patel, Neesa Patel, Swati Patel, Paul M. Peloso, Danielle Perret, Anthony DePlato, Marjorie Podraza Stiegler, Despina Psillides, Mamatha Punjala, Johan Raeder, Siamak Rahman, Aziz M. Razzuk, Maggy G. Riad, Kristin L. Richards, R. Todd Rinnier, Ian W. Rodger, Joseph Rosa, Abraham Rosenbaum, Alireza Sadoughi, Veena Salgar, Leslie Schechter, Michael Seneca, Yasser F. Shaheen, James H. Shull, Elizabeth Sinatra, Raymond S. Sinatra, Neil Singla, Neil Sinha, Denis V. Snegovskikh, Dmitri Souzdalnitski, Julie Sramcik, Zoreh Steffens, Alexander Timchenko, Vadim Tokhner, Marc C. Torjman, Co T. Truong, Nalini Vadivelu, Ashley Vaughn, Anjali Vira, Eugene R. Viscusi, Dajie Wang, Shu-ming Wang, J. Michael Watkins-Pitchford, Steven J. Weisman, Ira Whitten, Bryan S. Williams, Jeremy M. Wong, Thomas Wong, Christopher Wray, Yaw Wu, Anthony T. Yarussi, Laurie Yonemoto, Bita H. Zadeh, Jill Zafar, Martha Zegarra, Keren Ziv
- Edited by Raymond S. Sinatra, Jonathan S. Jahr, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, J. Michael Watkins-Pitchford
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- The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics
- Published online:
- 06 December 2010
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- 14 October 2010, pp xi-xviii
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5 - Antarctic McMurdo Dry Valley stream ecosystems as analog to fluvial systems on Mars
- Edited by Peter T. Doran, University of Illinois, Chicago, W. Berry Lyons, Ohio State University, Diane M. McKnight, University of Colorado, Boulder
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- Life in Antarctic Deserts and other Cold Dry Environments
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- 06 July 2010
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- 29 April 2010, pp 139-159
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Summary
Introduction
The stream systems of the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica represent a relatively simple end member of terrestrial hydrologic systems. Many Dry Valley streams are prominent landscape features, especially in summer when they carry glacial meltwater from the alpine and outlet glaciers to the perennially ice-covered lakes on the valley floors (Fig. 5.1). Observations beginning in 1968 indicate that these channels carry water for 8–12 weeks each year, though some are only wetted in warm, high flow years, and others have been deactivated because of changes to flow routing. In addition to obvious channels incised in the landscape, smaller, less frequent fluvial features may become active in the Dry Valleys, such as small rivulets (shallow, broad gullies that are not wetted annually) carrying snowmelt or meltwater from buried ice down steep valley walls in particularly warm summers. Although these fluvial systems are relatively unique on Earth, the surface of Mars holds evidence of ancient fluvial features that are similar to snowmelt rivulets observed in the Dry Valleys.
In this chapter, we compare the contemporary status and function of streams of the Dry Valleys with those that may have existed on ancient Mars. Our current understanding of martian fluvial processes is limited to what can be inferred by the “leftover” drainages that are readily observed, some of which are quite large.
3 - Volcanism
- Michael H. Carr
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- The Surface of Mars
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- 12 August 2009
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- 11 January 2007, pp 43-76
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In the late 1960s the Mariner 6 and 7 spacecraft sent back images of Mars that seemed to indicate that it was a dead, cratered planet, much like the Moon. The volcanoes gave us the first indications that this was a false impression. When Mariner 9 approached Mars late in 1971, the planet was engulfed in a global dust storm. The surface in the equatorial regions could barely be seen. There were, however, four dark spots, and in the center of each spot was a complex crater. The craters resembled terrestrial summit calderas, volcanic depressions that form by collapse as a result of withdrawal of magma from below. Most calderas look very different from impact craters because they form by collapse rather than by excavation, and because they are commonly the result of multiple events rather than a single event. The craters were clearly calderas and the dark spots were clearly volcanoes poking up above the surrounding dust storm.
We now know that Mars has had a long and complex history of volcanism, and that the planet is probably still active today. The largest volcanoes and the most extensive lava plains are in and around the region of Tharsis. Volcanism probably started very early in the planet's history. By the end of the Noachian, around 3.8 billion years ago, the Tharsis bulge, a volcanic pile 10 km high and 5000 km across, had been largely built.
10 - Poles
- Michael H. Carr
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- The Surface of Mars
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- 12 August 2009
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- 11 January 2007, pp 211-228
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Summary
The advance and retreat of the martian polar caps have been observed for almost two hundred years. The seasonal caps are solid CO2, a possibility that was recognized as early as the end of the nineteenth century. The prevailing view until the 1960s was, however, that the seasonal caps are water ice. This view changed when in 1965 Mariner 4 determined the surface pressure and it was realized that Mars had a thin atmosphere composed predominantly of CO2. In 1966 Leighton and Murray published a remarkably prescient paper in which they demonstrated not only that the seasonal caps are composed of CO2, but also that the atmospheric pressure must vary seasonally because of growth and dissipation of the caps. From temperature measurements and spectra, Mariners 6 and 7 soon confirmed that the seasonal caps are indeed CO2. Subsequently, the Viking orbiter instruments showed that during northern summer, the northern CO2 cap dissipates almost completely and uncovers a residual water-ice cap (Farmer et al., 1976; Kieffer et al., 1976). No water ice was detected at the south pole. More recently, however, water ice has been detected there beneath a meters-thick veneer of CO2 ice (Byrne and Ingersoll, 2003b). The CO2 ice appears to be dissipating on decadal time scales, creating strange patterns at the surface.
The unique geological characteristic of the poles is the presence of 3 km thick mounds of finely layered deposits.
2 - Impact craters
- Michael H. Carr
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- The Surface of Mars
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- 12 August 2009
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- 11 January 2007, pp 23-42
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Summary
Impact craters are the most distinctive landforms on solid planetary bodies other than the Earth. Almost every solid surface on every planet and satellite observed so far is cratered to some degree. Craters form as a result of high-velocity collisions between planetary bodies and comets and asteroids in orbit around the Sun. Impact velocities range from ten to a few tens of kilometers per second. The cratering rate today on all planetary bodies is very low. From the terrestrial crater record, Grieve and Shoemaker (1994) estimated that, on the Earth, the rate of formation of craters 20 km or larger is 5.6 × 10−15 km−2 yr−1 and that the rate is proportional to D−1.8 where D is the diameter of the crater. This implies that a 10 km diameter crater forms in the United States (10 million km2) every 5 Myr and a 1 km diameter crater forms every 80 kyr. Comparably low rates occur today on other planetary bodies of the inner Solar System. The present low rates are thought to have been typical for the last 3 Gyr (Neukum et al., 2001). The lunar record shows, however, that early in the history of the Solar System, prior to 3.5 Gyr ago, the rate of crater formation was dramatically higher. The rate 4 Gyr ago was 500 times higher than the roughly constant rate of the last 3 Gyr.
Frontmatter
- Michael H. Carr
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- The Surface of Mars
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- 12 August 2009
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- 11 January 2007, pp i-vi
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13 - Implications for life
- Michael H. Carr
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- The Surface of Mars
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- 12 August 2009
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- 11 January 2007, pp 267-276
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Summary
From the beginnings of telescopic observations of Mars, people have speculated about whether life could have started on the planet and what that life might be like. While the concerns of early observers were mostly with intelligent beings with whom we might communicate, the focus now is on life's origins, microbial communities, and the limits to their survival. Views on the prospects for life on Mars have varied greatly in recent decades. During the 1960s it was thought plausible that vegetation could be present on the martian surface. Some observers noted a seasonal wave of darkening that moved from the poles to the equator in spring and attributed it to vegetation. The Mariner-Mars program originally planned to launch two spacecraft to the planet in 1971. One was to systematically map the planet, the other was to be put into a Mars-synchronous orbit to carefully monitor surface changes that might have a biological cause. One of the spacecraft was lost at launch and the two objectives were ultimately combined in Mariner 9. The search for life continued with the Viking landers. Each carried a sensitive instrument for detecting organic molecules and an elaborate array of biology experiments devoted to detecting metabolism. The negative results from both these experiments in the late 1970s, and a better understanding of the harsh conditions that prevail at the surface today, resulted in considerable pessimism about the prospects for life on Mars, which persisted through the 1980s.
1 - Overview
- Michael H. Carr
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- The Surface of Mars
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- 12 August 2009
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- 11 January 2007, pp 1-22
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Summary
This chapter has several goals. The first is to provide some general historical background on how Mars was perceived before spacecraft exploration started with the launch of Mariner 4 in 1964. The second goal is to provide an overview of what conditions are like on Mars today. Most of the book concerns the record of past events as preserved in the landscape and in the rocks at the surface. Although conditions may have been different in the past, those that prevail today provide strong constraints on how we interpret that past record. A third purpose is to give a brief overview of topics that are important for our understanding of the planet, but which are a little off the main theme of the book, which is to describe the major geological features of the planet and their origin. A brief description of the present atmosphere is included here, for example. We also include a section on martian meteorites. These are both huge topics with a vast literature, and no attempt is made in the book to treat them comprehensively. A fourth aim of the chapter is to provide a short geological overview so that the subsequent, more detailed chapters can be read in light of a general knowledge of the planet's geology. Most geological topics are just touched upon here and referenced to later chapters.
Telescopic observations
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun.
8 - Ice
- Michael H. Carr
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- The Surface of Mars
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- 12 August 2009
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- 11 January 2007, pp 173-192
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Summary
Ice has likely played many different roles in the evolution of the surface, depending on where and when the ice was located. One can think of ice as being in two reservoirs: one on the surface exchanging with the atmosphere and with the upper meter or so of the surface, and one deep below the surface. The amount at the surface is rather modest, probably no more than 50 m spread over the whole planet, and most is at the poles (Chapter 10). We have known that the northern remnant cap is composed of water ice since the time of Viking (Farmer et al., 1976; Kieffer et al., 1976). Suspicion from that time that a water-ice cap also underlies the remnant CO2 cap in the south has recently been confirmed (Byrne and Ingersoll, 2003b; Bibring et al., 2004). The amount buried deep in the ground is probably substantially larger than the amount on the surface. While we have no direct measure of how much is there, radar sounding suggests that significant amounts may be present (Picardi et al., 2005). In the present epoch, ice is continually being redistributed across the surface and exchanged with the near-surface materials as a result of seasonal changes in insolation and astronomically induced changes (Mellon and Jakosky, 1995). During periods of high obliquity, much of the water now locked up in the poles may move to lower latitudes, and there may be a redistribution of ice that resides within a few meters of the surface.
Contents
- Michael H. Carr
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- The Surface of Mars
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- 12 August 2009
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- 11 January 2007, pp vii-viii
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![](https://assets.cambridge.org/97811084/62754/cover/9781108462754.jpg)
The Surface of Mars
- Michael H. Carr
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- Published online:
- 12 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 11 January 2007
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Our knowledge of Mars has grown enormously over the last decade as a result of the Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and the two Mars Rover missions. This book is a systematic summary of what we have learnt about the geological evolution of Mars as a result of these missions. It describes the diverse Martian surface features and summarizes current ideas as to how, when, and under what conditions they formed, and explores how Earth and Mars differ and why the two planets evolved so differently. The author also discusses possible implications of the geologic history for the origin and survival of indigenous Martian life. Up-to-date and highly illustrated, this book will be a principal reference for researchers and graduate students in planetary science. The comprehensive list of references will also assist readers in pursuing further information on the subject. Colour images can be found at www.cambridge.org/9780521872010.
14 - Summary
- Michael H. Carr
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- The Surface of Mars
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- 12 August 2009
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- 11 January 2007, pp 277-282
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Summary
From the discussion in the previous chapters we can reconstruct the broad outlines of the geological history of the planet. The history that is potentially decipherable from the surface morphology has been divided into three eras: the Noachian, which extends from roughly 4.1 Gyr ago to 3.7 Gyr ago, the Hesperian from roughly 3.7 to 3 Gyr ago, and the Amazonian from 3 Gyr ago to the present. The era prior to the Noachian has not been formally named because the geological record for that era has been largely erased. Arguably the most important era of the planet's history was the first 800 million years. When Mars emerged from the Noachian around 3.7 Gyr ago it was on an evolutionary path very different from that of the Earth and the other terrestrial planets. Its geology had a distinctively martian style that was sustained for the rest of the planet's history.
Mars accreted and differentiated to form a core remarkably quickly. The core formed within 20 Myr of the age of the formation of the Ca–Al-rich inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites, which, with an age of 4.567 Gyr, are the oldest objects in the Solar System (Chapter 4). It had formed before creation of the Earth's Moon, which is regarded as the terminal event in the formation of the Earth and dated at 30–50 Myr after the formation of the Solar System. Core formation probably released enough energy to leave the core liquid and convecting, thereby creating a magnetic field around 4.5 Gyr ago.
5 - Canyons
- Michael H. Carr
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- Book:
- The Surface of Mars
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- 12 August 2009
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- 11 January 2007, pp 95-112
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Summary
Just south of the equator between longitudes 250°E and 320°E are several enormous, interconnected canyons, collectively called Valles Marineris. They extend roughly east–west for over 4000 km from Noctis Labyrinthus at the summit of the Tharsis bulge, down the crest of broad rise on the eastern flank of the bulge, to some low-lying areas of chaotic terrain in Margaritifer Terra, south of Chryse Planitia (Figure 5.1). Regional elevations drop from over 7000 m at the western end of the canyons to less than 1000 m at the eastern end. Most individual canyons range in width up to 150 km, but Melas Chasma is almost 300 km wide, and in the central part of the system three canyons merge to form a depression 600 km across. Along much of the canyon's length, depths are over 6000 m. The deepest parts, in western Coprates Chasma, are over 10,000 m below the canyon rim. By comparison, the Grand Canyon, Arizona, is 450 km long, 30 km across at its widest, and 1700 m below the north rim at its deepest.
The relief of the canyons probably results mostly from faulting. Their origin is thus fundamentally different from that of the Grand Canyon, which was produced almost entirely by erosion, and more akin to that of the African Rift Valleys. Because of the scarcity of fluvial features in the canyons, Sharp (1973a) suggested that the term “canyon,” with connotations of water erosion, was inappropriate. However, we will continue to use the term with the understanding that it has no genetic implication.
6 - Channels, valleys, and gullies
- Michael H. Carr
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- Book:
- The Surface of Mars
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- 12 August 2009
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- 11 January 2007, pp 113-148
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Summary
The discovery of seemingly water-worn valleys during the Mariner 9 mission remains one of the most transforming events in the history of our exploration of the Solar System. Our perception of Mars as a dry, cold, sterile planet was changed forever to that of a planet that likely had experienced warm and wet surface conditions under which life could have originated and survived. When the channels and valleys were first observed, there was considerable resistance to accepting them as water-worn because of the cold conditions that prevail on Mars today. Several alternative origins were proposed, including erosion by lava, hydrocarbons, and liquid CO2, glaciation, and mobilization of the surface materials as debris flows. However, the close resemblance of the channels and valleys to terrestrial water-worn features, the abundant presence of water ice, the finding of evaporites in Meridiani Planum and elsewhere, and the difficulties with other erosive agents, make it almost certain that the principal erosive agent that cut most of the channels and valleys was liquid water. While liquid water is likely the main agent, the source of the water and the conditions under which the channels and valleys formed are still controversial. In this chapter we explore how the channels and valleys formed and what they might imply about the abundance of water and past conditions on the planet. Climate history is discussed more fully in Chapter 12.
Valley is a general term used to describe any linear depression.
Reference
- Michael H. Carr
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- Book:
- The Surface of Mars
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- 12 August 2009
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- 11 January 2007, pp 283-296
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Maps
- Michael H. Carr
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- Book:
- The Surface of Mars
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- 12 August 2009
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- 11 January 2007, pp xi-xiv
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