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Associations in time between salivary cortisol and emotions in depressed patients and controls
- A.-S. Koning, S. H. Booij, O. C. Meijer, H. Riese, E. J. Giltay
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, p. S159
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Introduction
Depression can be understood as a complex dynamic system, where depressive symptoms can directly affect each other. Knowledge on this symptom-symptom interaction is still scarce and is likely to differ between individuals. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is often implicated in depression, with hypercortisolism and impaired glucocorticoid receptor-mediated feedback inhibition being commonly reported. High salivary cortisol levels may reflect a reaction to symptoms, or may rather be a cause, effectively ‘binding’ symptoms.
ObjectivesWe aimed to analyze the temporal interplay between salivary cortisol and emotions in depressed patients and controls by using the novel Dynamic Time Warp analysis (DTW) approach.
MethodsThe ‘Mood and movement in daily life’ (MOOVD) study consisted of 30 pair-matched (15 depressed and 15 control) participants. Salivary cortisol was collected three times a day for 30 days, resulting in 90 measurements per individual. At the same moments, participants completed questionnaires on an electronic diary, which included different momentary positive (PA) and negative (NA) affect items. The dynamic interplay between salivary cortisol and affect were analyzed by DTW, which extends momentarily associations to include one earlier and one later time point, in both undirected and directed analyses.
ResultsIndividual networks differed substantially within groups. At the group level, undirected and directed network analyses showed differences between depressed patients and controls. In undirected analysis, connectivity of PA items was comparable between depressed patients and controls, but the NA items showed a less dense network in depressed patients. Directed DTW analyses indicated (p = 0.07) that increases in salivary cortisol preceded that of some NA items (e.g., tiredness) in controls, but tended to follow upon NA item increase (e.g., not feeling appreciated) in depressed patients.
ConclusionsAt the group level, connectiveness between NA items was substantially weaker in depressed patients compared to controls. As in complex systems strong internal connectivity facilitates “critical transitions” to different states, this may reflect (or explain) the persistence of a chronically depressed state. We preliminary conclude that high salivary cortisol in depression may be a consequence of NA, rather than a cause. Replication of these first exploratory findings are needed.
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. 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- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
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- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Childhood abuse and neglect in relation to the presence and persistence of psychotic and depressive symptomatology
- D. S. van Dam, M. van Nierop, W. Viechtbauer, E. Velthorst, R. van Winkel, Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) investigators, R. Bruggeman, W. Cahn, L. de Haan, R. S. Kahn, C. J. Meijer, I. Myin-Germeys, J. van Os, D. Wiersma
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- Psychological Medicine / Volume 45 / Issue 7 / May 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 July 2014, pp. 1363-1377
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Background
The association between childhood trauma and psychotic and depressive symptomatology is well established. However, less is known about the specificity and course of these symptoms in relation to childhood trauma.
MethodIn a large sample (n = 2765) of patients with psychosis (n = 1119), their siblings (n = 1057) and controls (n = 589), multivariate (mixed-effects) regression analyses with multiple outcomes were performed to examine the association between childhood trauma and psychotic and depressive symptomatology over a 3-year period.
ResultsA dose–response relationship was found between childhood trauma and psychosis. Abuse was more strongly associated with positive symptoms than with negative symptoms whereas the strength of the associations between neglect and positive and negative symptoms was comparable. In patients, similar associations between childhood trauma and psychotic or depressive symptoms were found, and in siblings and controls, stronger associations were found between trauma and depressive symptomatology. Childhood trauma was not related to a differential course of symptoms over a 3-year time period.
ConclusionsIn congruence with earlier work, our findings suggest that childhood trauma, and abuse in particular, is associated with (subthreshold) psychosis. However, childhood trauma does not seem to be associated with a differential course of symptoms, nor does it uniquely heighten the chance of developing (subthreshold) psychotic symptomatology. Our results indicate that trauma may instead contribute to a shared vulnerability for psychotic and depressive symptoms.