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Neuronal correlates of appetite regulation in patients with schizophrenia: Is there a basis for future appetite dysfunction?
- O. Lungu, K. Anselmo, G. Letourneau, A. Mendrek, B. Stip, O. Lipp, P. Lalonde, L. Ait Bentaleb, E. Stip
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 28 / Issue 5 / June 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 April 2020, pp. 293-301
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- Article
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Background
Given the undesired metabolic side effects of atypical antipsychotic medication it is important to understand the neuronal basis related to processing of appetite regulation in patients affected by schizophrenia.
Methods:Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess brain activity in response to food cues and neutral stimuli in twenty patients with schizophrenia and eleven healthy individuals. In addition to clinical and dietary habits assessments, we collected, in patients, measurements of fasting glucose, ghrelin, leptin, insulin, prolactin and lipids blood concentration and we correlated the cerebral activity with clinical and metabolic measures.
Results:Both groups engaged a common neuronal network while processing food cues, which included the left insula, primary sensorimotor areas, and inferior temporal and parietal cortices. Cerebral responses to appetitive stimuli in thalamus, parahippocampus and middle frontal gyri were specific only to schizophrenic patients, with parahippocampal activity related to hunger state and increasing linearly over time. Antipsychotic medication dosage correlated positively with a cognitive measure reflecting food cravings, whereas the severity of the disease correlated negatively with a cognitive measure indicating dietary restraint in eating habits. These cognitive variables correlated, in turn, with parahippocampal and thalamic neuronal activities, respectively.
Conclusions:We identified a specific neural substrate underlying cognitive processing of appetitive stimuli in schizophrenia, which may contribute to appetite dysfunction via perturbations in processing of homeostatic signals in relation to external stimuli. Our results also suggest that both antipsychotic medication and the disease severity per se could amplify these effects, via different mechanisms and neuronal networks.
Mad Midrash in the Diaries of Etty Hillesum
- Edited by Klaas A. D. Smelik
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- Book:
- Lasting Significance of Etty Hillesum's Writings
- Published by:
- Amsterdam University Press
- Published online:
- 21 November 2020
- Print publication:
- 24 October 2019, pp 229-240
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Summary
Abstract
The purpose of this essay is to examine Etty Hillesum's wartime reflections on the divine-human relation as a species of “mad midrash.” According to the modern Jewish philosopher Emil Fackenheim, mad midrash entails an inventive, theological narrative that responds to the inconceivable bond that joins the world, the divine and “the anti-world” that is Auschwitz. It is “mad” because the relation strikes as impossible, yet relation there is. In answer to such aberration, mad midrash as mad dares to voice, protest against and partially mend an unthinkable history that is the Holocaust. Hillesum's mad midrash, the author claims, involves a depiction of God without recourse and a human(e) existence that bears witness “that God lived, even in these times.” These creative theological stories express, protest and restore, in some measure, the unimaginable history that is the Holocaust. To flesh this out, the author explores the character of the diary as such; as that which proliferates in times of historical turmoil, including the Holocaust; and finally, as a type of mad midrash.
Keywords:“ mad midrash”, Auschwitz, Shoah, God, wartime diary writing, Emil Fackenheim, trauma
The purpose of this essay is to examine Etty Hillesum's wartime reflections on the divine-human relation as a species of “mad midrash.” According to the modern Jewish philosopher Emil Fackenheim, mad midrash entails an inventive, theological narrative that responds to the inconceivable bond that joins the world, the divine and “the anti-world” that is Auschwitz. It is “mad” because the relation strikes as impossible, yet relation there is. In answer to such aberration, mad midrash as mad dares to voice, protest against and partially mend an unthinkable history that is the Holocaust. Such is its spirited yet precarious aim. Hillesum's mad midrash, I claim, involves a depiction of God without recourse and a human(e) existence that bears witness “that God lived, even in these times.” These creative theological stories express, protest, and restore, in some measure, the unimaginable history that is the Holocaust. To flesh this out, I explore the character of the diary as such; as that which proliferates in times of historical turmoil, including the Holocaust; and finally, as a type of mad midrash.
List of contributors
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- By Nazia M. Alam, Enrico Alleva, Hiroyuki Arakawa, Robert H. Benno, Fred G. Biddle, D. Caroline Blanchard, Robert J. Blanchard, Richard J. Bodnar, John D. Boughter, Igor Branchi, Richard E. Brown, Abel Bult-Ito, Jonathan M. Cachat, Peter R. Canavello, Francesca Cirulli, Giovanni Colacicco, John C. Crabbe, Jacqueline N. Crawley, Wim E. Crusio, Sietse F. de Boer, Ekrem Dere, Brenda A. Eales, Robert T. Gerlai, Howard K. Gershenfeld, Thomas J. Gould, Martin E. Hahn, Peter C. Hart, Andrew Holmes, Joseph P. Huston, Allan V. Kalueff, Benjamin Kest, Robert Lalonde, Sarah R. Lewis-Levy, Hans-Peter Lipp, Sheree F. Logue, Stephen C. Maxson, Jeffrey S. Mogil, Douglas A. Monks, Dennis L. Murphy, Lee Niel, Timothy P. O’Leary, Susanna Pietropaolo, Peter K.D. Pilz, Claudia F. Plappert, Bernard Possidente, Glen T. Prusky, Laura Ricceri, Heather Schellinck, Herbert Schwegler, Burton Slotnick, Frans Sluyter, Shad B. Smith, Catherine Strazielle, Douglas Wahlsten, Hans Welzl, James F. Willott, David P. Wolfer, Armin Zlomuzica
- Edited by Wim E. Crusio, Université de Bordeaux, Frans Sluyter, Robert T. Gerlai, University of Toronto, Susanna Pietropaolo, Université de Bordeaux
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- Book:
- Behavioral Genetics of the Mouse
- Published online:
- 05 May 2013
- Print publication:
- 25 April 2013, pp ix-xii
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