47 results
Moderators of peak respiratory exchange ratio during exercise testing in children and adolescents with Fontan physiology
- Patricia M. Carey, Hung-Wen Yeh, Karoline Krzywda, Kelli M. Teson, Jessica S. Watson, Suma Goudar, Daniel Forsha, David A. White
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- Journal:
- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 33 / Issue 11 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 February 2023, pp. 2334-2341
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Objectives:
Many patients with Fontan physiology are unable to achieve the minimum criteria for peak effort during cardiopulmonary exercise testing. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of physical activity and other clinical predictors related to achieving peak exercise criteria, signified by respiratory exchange ratio ≥ 1.1 in youth with Fontan physiology.
Methods:Secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study of 8–18-year-olds with single ventricle post-Fontan palliation who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (James cycle protocol) and completed a past-year physical activity survey. Bivariate associations were assessed by Wilcoxon rank-sum test and simple regression. Conditional inference forest algorithm was used to classify participants achieving respiratory exchange ratio > 1.1 and to predict peak respiratory exchange ratio.
Results:Of the n = 43 participants, 65% were male, mean age was 14.0 ± 2.4 years, and 67.4% (n = 29) achieved respiratory exchange ratio ≥ 1.1. Despite some cardiopulmonary exercise stress test variables achieving statistical significance in bivariate associations with participants achieving respiratory exchange ratio > 1.1, the classification accuracy had area under the precision recall curve of 0.55. All variables together explained 21.4% of the variance in respiratory exchange ratio, with peak oxygen pulse being the most informative.
Conclusion:Demographic, physical activity, and cardiopulmonary exercise test measures could not classify meeting peak exercise criteria (respiratory exchange ratio ≥ 1.1) at a satisfactory accuracy. Correlations between respiratory exchange ratio and oxygen pulse suggest the augmentation of stroke volume with exercise may affect the Fontan patient’s ability to sustain high-intensity exercise.
Catullus’ Lament for Lesbia's Passer in the Context of Pet-Keeping
- Patricia Watson
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- Journal:
- Antichthon / Volume 55 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 February 2022, pp. 21-34
- Print publication:
- 2021
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In the last three lines of Catullus’ ‘dead sparrow’ poem (. . . o miselle passer! / tua nunc opera meae puellae / flendo turgiduli rubent ocelli, Catull. 3.16–18), the poet turns his attention from the fate of the passer to the effect that its death has on Lesbia. What is remarkable here is the accumulation of diminutives (miselle, puellae, turgiduli, ocelli), a feature which most translators fail to take sufficiently into account. In particular, the employment of two (comparatively rare) diminutive adjectives is especially striking. The effect of such overkill is mock pathos, but why does Catullus end his poem on a parodic note? I would like to suggest that we view this in the light of the Romans’ tendency to criticise excessive emotional display regarding pets and especially to their deaths, the implication being that Lesbia's reaction is overdone. Catullus’ mocking of his girl's unbounded grief for her pet is also to be linked to poem 2 where, it could be argued, the poet displays jealousy of Lesbia's emotional commitment to the passer.
Patients’ experiences and preferences for primary care delivery: a focus group analysis
- Patrícia Norwood, Isabel Correia, Paula Veiga, Verity Watson
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- Journal:
- Primary Health Care Research & Development / Volume 20 / 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 June 2019, e106
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Background:
In 2005, the Portuguese government launched a primary care (PC) reform. After a promising start, the reform is still incomplete and has been compromised by low investment. The incomplete nature of the reforms has resulted in the coexistence of different models of care delivery and heterogeneity in resource allocation and performance. PC has been extensively evaluated, but little is known about the patients’ views and preferences regarding PC and the ongoing reform.
Aim:This study aims to examine patients’ experiences of and preferences for PC in Portugal and to explore their experience of the recent reforms.
Methods:A qualitative study was undertaken which collected data from eight focus groups in the city of Braga, Portugal. Participants were recruited with the collaboration of eight local institutions. Focus groups’ discussions focused on patients’ experiences of and preferences for PC as well as their views on the reforms. Audio recordings were transcribed and analysed using an inductive thematic content analysis.
Findings:The majority of participants perceived that the reform was positive. However, the improvements achieved by the reform were insufficient to lead to most participants having a positive experience of PC delivery in Portugal. Participants’ satisfaction/dissatisfaction with primary care was strongly associated with interpersonal relations and communication with doctors. Participants valued continuity of care, but felt the levels of responsiveness, flexibility and coordination in the current system were still unsatisfactory. Access and waiting times were seen as challenging and led participants to seek PC from emergency departments and private doctors.
Policy Implications:The perception of increased inequity and the lack of effective choice undermined the social acceptability of the reform. Policies aimed at improving doctor–patient communication and continuity of care, as well as choice, may therefore lead to better satisfaction and more efficient use of health care settings.
Importance of Participant-Centricity and Trust for a Sustainable Medical Information Commons
- Amy L. McGuire, Mary A. Majumder, Angela G. Villanueva, Jessica Bardill, Juli M. Bollinger, Eric Boerwinkle, Tania Bubela, Patricia A. Deverka, Barbara J. Evans, Nanibaa' A. Garrison, David Glazer, Melissa M. Goldstein, Henry T. Greely, Scott D. Kahn, Bartha M. Knoppers, Barbara A. Koenig, J. Mark Lambright, John E. Mattison, Christopher O'Donnell, Arti K. Rai, Laura L. Rodriguez, Tania Simoncelli, Sharon F. Terry, Adrian M. Thorogood, Michael S. Watson, John T. Wilbanks, Robert Cook-Deegan
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- Journal:
- Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics / Volume 47 / Issue 1 / Spring 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 January 2021, pp. 12-20
- Print publication:
- Spring 2019
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Drawing on a landscape analysis of existing data-sharing initiatives, in-depth interviews with expert stakeholders, and public deliberations with community advisory panels across the U.S., we describe features of the evolving medical information commons (MIC). We identify participant-centricity and trustworthiness as the most important features of an MIC and discuss the implications for those seeking to create a sustainable, useful, and widely available collection of linked resources for research and other purposes.
6 - Early Interventions for Trauma-Related Problems
- from Part III - Clinical Care and Interventions
- Edited by Robert J. Ursano, Carol S. Fullerton, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Maryland, Lars Weisaeth, Universitetet i Oslo, Beverley Raphael, Australian National University, Canberra
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- Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry
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- 02 June 2017
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- 23 May 2017, pp 87-100
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Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Assessment and Treatment of Adult Acute Responses to Traumatic Stress Following Mass Traumatic Events
- Patricia J. Watson, Arieh Y. Shalev
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- CNS Spectrums / Volume 10 / Issue 2 / February 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 November 2014, pp. 123-131
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Assessment and treatment of acute responses to traumatic stress has received much attention since September 11, 2001. This article elucidates principles of early intervention with adults in the immediate (within 48 hours) and early recovery phase (within the first week). The principles have been drawn from research on risk and recover factors, stress and traumatic stress theory, and expert consensus recommendations. The debriefing model is discussed, and principle interventions of psychological first aid, pharmacology, and mass trauma systems are described. This article concludes with brief guidelines for longer-term interventions and recommendations for future research.
1 - Juvenal: life and work
- from Introduction
- Juvenal
- Edited by Lindsay Watson, University of Sydney, Patricia Watson, University of Sydney
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- Juvenal: <I>Satire</I> 6
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- 28 May 2018
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- 22 May 2014, pp 1-8
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Summary
Almost nothing is known about J.'s life. Whereas his main predecessors in satire, Lucilius, Horace and, to a lesser degree, Persius, had incorporated personal information and confidences in their poems, as one element in the fashioning of the intimate, confessional and conversational tone which characterised their works, J. – particularly in his first two books (Sat. 1–6) – adopts a hectoring, declamatory voice which precludes the vouchsafing of intimacies and is, it is generally agreed, a rhetorical creation having limited connection with the historical Juvenal. Furthermore, even the best of the various biographies attached to the MSS of J. seemingly represents no more than a tissue of extrapolations from the poems themselves. Nor can a now lost inscription from Aquinum (CIL x 5382), which speaks of a Iuuenalis as tribune of a cohort of Dalmatians and flamen of the deified Vespasian, be reliably associated with our Juvenal, for all that the latter had a demonstrable association with the place (Sat. 3.319 tuo…Aquino). Arguably the most concrete and salient information about J. comes from his older contemporary Martial, who, addressing him as a friend in three epigrams, describes him traipsing round the city to attend on wealthy patrons (12.18.1–6: cf. Sat. 1.99–101), and as facundus, possessing oratorical skill (7.91.1). Interestingly, there is no mention of poetic activities on J.'s part in even the last of the epigrams, which dates to the very beginning of the second century ad, but facundus connects with the satirist's remark that he received the conventional rhetorical education of any well-to-do Roman (Sat. 1.15–17) and with the pervasive influence of rhetoric in his Satires, discussed below.
Works cited
- Juvenal
- Edited by Lindsay Watson, University of Sydney, Patricia Watson, University of Sydney
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- Juvenal: <I>Satire</I> 6
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- 28 May 2018
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- 22 May 2014, pp 287-312
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Contents
- Juvenal
- Edited by Lindsay Watson, University of Sydney, Patricia Watson, University of Sydney
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- Juvenal: <I>Satire</I> 6
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- 28 May 2018
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- 22 May 2014, pp vii-viii
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Dedication
- Juvenal
- Edited by Lindsay Watson, University of Sydney, Patricia Watson, University of Sydney
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- Juvenal: <I>Satire</I> 6
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- 22 May 2014, pp v-vi
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D. IVNI IVVENALIS SATVRA VI
- from D. IVNI IVVENALIS SATVRA VI
- Juvenal
- Edited by Lindsay Watson, University of Sydney, Patricia Watson, University of Sydney
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- Juvenal: <I>Satire</I> 6
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- 28 May 2018
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- 22 May 2014, pp 59-76
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4 - Misogyny in literature
- from Introduction
- Juvenal
- Edited by Lindsay Watson, University of Sydney, Patricia Watson, University of Sydney
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- Juvenal: <I>Satire</I> 6
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- 28 May 2018
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- 22 May 2014, pp 26-35
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Summary
Irrespective of whether Satire 6 is a satire against women or against marriage, it is, beyond question, profoundly coloured by a Graeco-Roman tradition of misogyny which built up a litany of stock complaints against the female sex. J.'s debt to such misogynistic themes has been extensively exemplified in the commentary. But the corpus of writings from which these are drawn deserves analysis in its own right, partly because of the differing emphases adopted by each and subsequently reflected in J., partly because certain topics are omitted by J. in a way that helps clarify the primary focus of his attack, lastly because he introduces a number of misogynistic themes which are specific to the cultural landscape of Rome.
At the fountainhead of the ‘remarkably homogeneous’ Greek discourse about women stand Hesiod's Theogony and Works and Days. In two accounts of the first woman, Theog. 507–616 and Works 42–105, Hesiod depicts females as irresistibly alluring to men but also ruinous (Theog. 585, 589, Days 78), shameless (cf. Juv. 284–5) and intrinsically deceitful (Works 67, 78, also 373–5), in sum an ‘evil’ (Theog. 570 etc.), but a necessary one (Theog. 602–12). In addition, women are lustful, making unwanted sexual demands (Works 586–7), a theme which finds many later echoes. Notoriously too, Hesiod spoke of the ‘race of women’ (Theog. 590–1), making them a separate species from men, and characterised them as a poverty-inducing, unproductive burden on the household (Theog. 590–602): ideas perhaps reflected in Juv. 6.359–62 tamen utile quid sit | prospiciunt aliquando uiri, frigusque famemque | formica tandem quidam expauere magistra: | prodiga non sentit pereuntem femina censum.
General Index
- from Indexes
- Juvenal
- Edited by Lindsay Watson, University of Sydney, Patricia Watson, University of Sydney
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- 28 May 2018
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- 22 May 2014, pp 313-318
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Commentary
- Juvenal
- Edited by Lindsay Watson, University of Sydney, Patricia Watson, University of Sydney
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- Juvenal: <I>Satire</I> 6
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- 28 May 2018
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- 22 May 2014, pp 77-282
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Summary
It may be true that Chastity lingered upon the earth in the early, rural phase of human existence, when wives were coarse and unsophisticated, unlike the libertine ladies of latter days. Perhaps too traces of her remained at the very beginning of the Silver Age. But afterwards she gradually migrated to heaven. Adultery, Postumus, started in the Silver era: other crimes began much later, in the Iron Age.
J.'s arguments against marriage in the first half of the Satire centre on the impossibility of finding a wife who will be sexually faithful (pudica). Accordingly, he begins with a prologue which demonstrates that adultery is so long-established that pudicitia is to be sought only in the most remote past. It assumes the form of a playful, characteristically Juvenalian take on the Myth of the Ages, first found in Hesiod's Works and Days, whereby the goddess Pudicitia is substituted for Hesiod's Aidos or the Maiden Justice of later versions (see moratam 1, 19–20nn.), the primordial colour of the passage being reinforced syntactically by the opening ten-line period, ‘itself an archaic feature’ (Kenney 2012: 127). J. is also influenced by Propertius’ association of pudicitia with the Golden Age (2.32.49–56).
In keeping with the Satire's main theme – Roman matronae – the section on the Golden Age (1–13) focuses not on primitive humans in general, as in other versions of the myth, but on a woman who is the paradigm of the ideal matrona: homemaker (domos, laremque 3), sharer of her husband's bed (5n.) and mother to his children (9). But J. superimposes onto the Hesiodic material the ‘hard primitivism’ of Lucretius, with the result that the ideal woman and her lifestyle are made to seem far from attractive. The Lucretian coloration is reinforced in lines 9–10, which recall the Roman ideal whereby a pristine rustic simplicity is allied to moral innocence, especially of women (e.g. Hor. Epod. 2, Virg. G. 2.523–35, Tib. 1.5.21–34) – but, importantly, the lines are infused with an irony which recalls a similarly debunking treatment by writers such as Ovid: see 10n.
7 - Textual tradition and the oxford fragment
- from Introduction
- Juvenal
- Edited by Lindsay Watson, University of Sydney, Patricia Watson, University of Sydney
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- Juvenal: <I>Satire</I> 6
- Published online:
- 28 May 2018
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- 22 May 2014, pp 51-55
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Summary
Excellent general accounts of J.'s text are available and do not need repeating here, other than to state the central fact that the manuscript tradition is divided into two classes, the first represented by the ninth-century P and its congeners, the latter by an inferior, interpolated strain designated Φ by Clausen. Satire 6 has its share of problematical lines, the majority of which are most probably to be deleted as interpolations (see nn. on 65, 126, 138, 188, 209–11, 460, 558–9, 561, 614A–C), while the status of others is more controversial (cf. 133–5, 588nn.). On occasion, difficulties with meaning or train of thought have been explained by positing a lacuna (38n., 461n., 585–6n.) or else by assuming that lines have been misplaced, a solution being found either in simply reversing the order of a pair of lines (nn. on 43–4, 307–8, 347–8) or in more radical transpositions (e.g. Braund, following Ruperti, transposes 464–6 to follow 470).
By far the most distinctive feature of the sixth Satire from the textual viewpoint is the presence in a single manuscript of lines not elsewhere attested in the MS tradition: the so-called ‘Oxford fragment’. This consists of two passages, one of 34 lines (O1–34), the other of two, occurring after 365 and 373 respectively in a manuscript (Canon. Class. Lat. 41) probably written at Monte Cassino round 1100 and now held in the Bodleian library in Oxford. They were first recorded by an undergraduate, E. O. Winstedt, who had been working on textual problems in the manuscript (Winstedt 1899: 201–2).
The discovery provoked considerable scholarly debate, especially with regard to the longer passage, O1–34, which is replete with problems, both textual and interpretational, giving rise to widespread concerns about its authenticity. Three major hypotheses have been advanced: (1) the lines are the work of a forger; (2) they belong to an earlier draft by J. which the poet later rejected; (3) they are genuine, but at some stage were lost.
3 - Juvenal's anti-matrona
- from Introduction
- Juvenal
- Edited by Lindsay Watson, University of Sydney, Patricia Watson, University of Sydney
-
- Book:
- Juvenal: <I>Satire</I> 6
- Published online:
- 28 May 2018
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Summary
That the matronae of Satire 6 exhibit masculine characteristics and encroach on traditionally male spheres of activity has often been noted. Less attention has been paid to an important corollary of this, the comprehensive overturning by J.'s wicked wives of key conjugal and female virtues. First among the former is pudicitia, which for present purposes may be broadly defined as the restriction of female sexual activity to an exclusively marital context. As the elder Seneca put it (Contr. 2.7.9), feminae quidem unum pudicitia decus est: itaque ei curandum est esse et uideri pudicam. Numerous epitaphs for Roman wives praise their exemplary chastity; there were shrines to Pudicitia Patricia and Pudicitia Plebeia; Augustus criminalised wifely impudicitia as part of his long-lived marriage legislation of 18 bc and ad 9; and marital chastity and fidelity are touted as ideals on imperial coinage. But J.'s matronae affront pudicitia in every conceivable way: not merely by straightforward adultery (Sat. 6 passim), but by more exotic variations, which include prostitution in a low brothel (114–32), incest (133–4, 403–4), octogenarian sex (191–9), lesbian couplings before the Altar of Chastity (306–13), contests of erotic dancing (320–6), bestiality (333–4) and sex with specially primed eunuchs (366–78). Their behaviour is summed up in two passages of the Satire: iamque eadem summis pariter minimisque libido (349) and the pseudo-Sallustian claptrap of 294–5 nullum crimen abest facinusque libidinis ex quo | paupertas Romana perit: indeed Braund has persuasively argued that the sexual immorality of wives is the thematic glue which holds Satire 6 together.
Appendix
- Juvenal
- Edited by Lindsay Watson, University of Sydney, Patricia Watson, University of Sydney
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- Juvenal: <I>Satire</I> 6
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Summary
i nunc et dubita qua sorbeat aera sanna
Tullia, quid dicat notae collactea Maurae
Maura Pudicitiae ueterem cum praeterit aram.
(306–8)These lines have been the subject of much discussion. As they stand, two senses are possible, depending on punctuation: (1) [inserting a comma after Maura] ‘…with what derisive gesture Tullia sniffs the air, what Maura, fellow nursling of the well-known Maura, says when she passes the ancient altar of Pudicitia’; (2) [with the comma after Maurae] ‘…with what derisive gesture Tullia sniffs the air, what the fellow nursling of the well-known Maura says when Maura passes the ancient altar of Pudicitia’. The difficulty with (1) is how to explain the phrase notae collactea Maurae. The second reading is more problematical. Does collactea Maurae refer to Tullia, or to a third person? More importantly, given that Tullia's contemptuous sniff must be directed towards the goddess Pudicitia, it makes best sense if dicat is also a mark of derision, in which case it should be spoken by the person who is passing the altar (i.e. Maura), not another party.
In some MSS the order of 307 and 308 is reversed (‘…with what derisive gesture Maura sniffs the air when she passes the ancient altar of Pudicitia, what Tullia, the fellow nursling of the well-known Maura, says’). But the verb dicat is now left hanging in the air and it is odd that Maura is not given her epithet nota till her second mention (Courtney). It is possible that Maura in the first line alludes to Tullia's companion, in the second, to her notorious namesake, nota being added to distinguish the two. This, however, invites the question: what is the point of giving Tullia's friend the same name as Tullia's collactea, thus necessitating the rather clumsy explanatory nota and the repetition of the word Maura?
Preface
- Juvenal
- Edited by Lindsay Watson, University of Sydney, Patricia Watson, University of Sydney
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- Juvenal: <I>Satire</I> 6
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- 22 May 2014, pp ix-ix
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The present work has been ten years in the making (we do not belong to the ranks of ‘more expeditious colleagues’ lauded by a previous contributor to the series). The reasons are many, but one will be wearisomely familiar (in a commentary on Juvenal some libertas dicendi is permissible): the endless proliferation of administrative tasks which make a mockery of the principle that 20 per cent of one's working hours should be expended on this; in addition, an intellectual environment hostile to commentaries as methodologically antiquated, with consequent diversions into extremely time-consuming and unproductive byways. Gratitude is accordingly due to Sydney University for grants of study leave which permitted temporary alleviation of these and other burdens.
Different sections of the work were drafted by LW and PW, but the work of one was subjected to rigorous scrutiny by the other, with occasional bruising of feelings, but no serious domestic disputes (nothing at least approaching the matrimonial battlefield depicted in Satire 6). The volume was researched mainly in Oxford's Sackler Library, an ideal venue for those whose interests straddle classical literature and social history.
Heartfelt thanks are due to those who have commented on part or the whole of previous drafts: Anne Rogerson, for constructive criticism of an early account of the Oxford Fragment, Peta Fowler, for suggestions which were fed into several of the notes, and Maxine Lewis, who used a partial draft of the commentary in her undergraduate teaching and on that basis indicated what might profitably be added. An especial debt is owed to two scholars: Kathleen Coleman, who, with her incomparable knowledge of ancient gladiators, made various suggestions which improved our commentary on the two substantial passages of Satire 6 which deal with the arena, and James Uden, who read the whole of the penultimate draft and produced with astonishing quickness a host of perspicacious criticisms and suggestions, on virtually all of which we have acted with gratitude.
D. IVNI IVVENALIS SATVRA VI
- Juvenal
- Edited by Lindsay Watson, University of Sydney, Patricia Watson, University of Sydney
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- Book:
- Juvenal: <I>Satire</I> 6
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- 28 May 2018
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- 22 May 2014, pp 57-58
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