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Comparative analysis of the Cancer Council of Victoria and the online Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation FFQ
- Samantha L. Gardener, Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith, S. Lance Macaulay, Kevin Taddei, Alan Rembach, Paul Maruff, Kathryn A. Ellis, Colin L. Masters, Christopher C. Rowe, David Ames, Jennifer B. Keogh, Ralph N. Martins, The AIBL Research Group
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 114 / Issue 10 / 28 November 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 September 2015, pp. 1683-1693
- Print publication:
- 28 November 2015
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FFQ are commonly used to examine the association between diet and disease. They are the most practical method for usual dietary data collection as they are relatively inexpensive and easy to administer. In Australia, the Cancer Council of Victoria FFQ (CCVFFQ) version 2 and the online Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation FFQ (CSIROFFQ) are used. The aim of our study was to establish the level of agreement between nutrient intakes captured using the online CSIROFFQ and the paper-based CCVFFQ. The CCVFFQ and the online CSIROFFQ were completed by 136 healthy participants. FFQ responses were analysed to give g per d intake of a range of nutrients. Agreement between twenty-six nutrient intakes common to both FFQ was measured by a variety of methods. Nutrient intake levels that were significantly correlated between the two FFQ were carbohydrates, total fat, Na and MUFA. When assessing ranking of nutrients into quintiles, on average, 56 % of the participants (for all nutrients) were classified into the same or adjacent quintiles in both FFQ, with the highest percentage agreement for sugar. On average, 21 % of participants were grossly misclassified by three or four quintiles, with the highest percentage misclassification for fibre and Fe. Quintile agreement was similar to that reported by other studies, and we concluded that both FFQ are suitable tools for dividing participants’ nutrient intake levels into high- and low-consumption groups. Use of either FFQ was not appropriate for obtaining accurate estimates of absolute nutrient intakes.
Profile: The de novo evolution of cooperation: an unlikely event
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- By Paul B. Rainey, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Edited by Tamás Székely, University of Bath, Allen J. Moore, University of Exeter, Jan Komdeur, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
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- Book:
- Social Behaviour
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 18 November 2010, pp 357-359
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Summary
My interest in the evolution of diversity in microbial populations began more than 20 years ago. For the first 10 of those years I was oblivious to the fact that one of the most dramatic forms to emerge during the course of selection experiments, the so-named wrinkly spreader (WS) type, owed its success to cooperation among individual cells. Rather ashamedly, despite having recognised the novelty of what I had witnessed, it took me another 10 years to get round to publishing this work. Perhaps, however, an attempt to publish in the early 1990s, in the absence of studies that gave credibility to the microcosm experiments (see Chapter 13), would have met with limited success.
There was no eureka moment of realisation, although with hindsight there ought to have been. I was aware that WS genotypes formed cellular mats that grew at the air–liquid interface of broth-filled microcosms (Rainey & Travisano 1998). I was also aware that the ability to occupy the air–liquid interface was the secret of their evolutionary success (the broth phase rapidly become anaerobic due to microbial growth). Most tellingly, I was aware that the mats sank into the broth when they became old and heavy.
The genetics of phenotypic innovation
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- By Hubertus J. E. Beaumont, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand, Stefanie M. Gehrig, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK, Rees Kassen, Department of Biology and Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada, Christopher G. Knight, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Faraday Building, Box 88, Sackville St, Manchester M60 1QD, UK, Jacob Malone, Division of Molecular Microbiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Andrew J. Spiers, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK, Paul B. Rainey, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
- Edited by N. A. Logan, Glasgow Caledonian University, H. M. Lappin-Scott, University of Exeter, P. C. F Oyston, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down
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- Book:
- Prokaryotic Diversity
- Published online:
- 06 July 2010
- Print publication:
- 20 April 2006, pp 91-104
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Summary
EVOLUTIONARY EMERGENCE OF DIVERSITY
The majority of phenotypic and ecological diversity on the planet has arisen during successive adaptive radiations, that is, periods in which a single lineage diverges rapidly to generate multiple niche-specialist types. Microbiologists tend not to think of bacteria as undergoing adaptive radiation, but there is no reason to exclude them from this general statement – in fact, rapid generation times and large population sizes suggest that bacteria may be particularly prone to bouts of rapid ecological diversification. Indeed, there is evidence from both experimental bacterial populations (Korona et al., 1994; Rainey & Travisano, 1998) and natural populations (Stahl et al., 2002). This being so, insight into the evolutionary emergence of diversity requires an understanding of the causes of adaptive radiation.
The causes of adaptive radiation are many and complex, but at a fundamental level there are just two: one genetic and the other ecological. Put simply, heritable phenotypic variation arises primarily by mutation, while selection working via various ecological processes shapes this variation into the patterns of phenotypic diversity evident in the world around us.
The ecological causes of adaptive radiation are embodied in theory that stems largely from Darwin's insights into the workings of evolutionary change (Darwin, 1890), but owes much to developments in the 1940s and 1950s attributable to Lack (1947), Dobzhansky (1951) and Simpson (1953). Recent work has seen a reformulation of the primary concepts (Schluter, 2000).
5 - The use of model Pseudomonas fluorescens populations to study the causes and consequences of microbial diversity
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- By Paul B. Rainey, University of Auckland and University of Oxford, Michael Brockhurst, University of Oxford, Angus Buckling, University of Bath, David J. Hodgson, University of Exeter, Rees Kassen, University of Oxford
- Edited by Richard Bardgett, Lancaster University, Michael Usher, University of Stirling, David Hopkins, University of Stirling
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- Book:
- Biological Diversity and Function in Soils
- Published online:
- 17 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 22 September 2005, pp 83-99
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Summary
SUMMARY
The microbial world is tremendously diverse. This fact was established in the early days of microbiology and is supported by ever increasing lists of 16S rDNA sequences and more recently by whole genome comparisons.
It is now time to divert attention from lists of organisms – even though these lists are undoubtedly incomplete – to questions such as the evolutionary and ecological causes of diversity; the ecological factors maintaining diversity and the significance of diversity in terms of ecosystem function.
Recognising the inherent difficulties of addressing these questions within the soil environment we have chosen to use experimental populations of bacteria maintained in simple laboratory environments. These populations have allowed us to reduce complexity to the point where insights into mechanistic processes become possible and have permitted rigorous empirical tests of fundamental ecological and evolutionary concepts.
Particularly significant has been clear demonstrations of the importance of ecological opportunity and competition in driving diversification of microbial populations. In addition, it has been possible to show how productivity, disturbance and predation can shape patterns of diversity by affecting the outcome of competition and how the observed patterns of diversity depend upon environmental complexity.
Most recently we have begun to explore the consequences of microbial diversity in terms of ecosystem properties and have been able to show, at a mechanistic level, how diversity, productivity and invasibility are connected.
Introduction
Recent technological advances have confirmed a long-held suspicion that soils are biologically diverse.