Using microelectrode structures, various forms of electric fields, such as non-uniform, rotating and travelling wave, can
be imposed on particles of sizes ranging from proteins and viruses to micro-organisms and cells. Each type of particle
responds to the forces exerted on them in a unique way, allowing for their controlled and selective manipulation as well
as their characterization. Moreover, particles of the same type but of different viability can be distinguished in a simple,
reliable manner. This review outlines the principles that govern the way in which bioparticles respond to these various
field types, and how they can be exploited. Examples of current and potential biotechnological and biomedical applications
are given, along with a critical comparison of current techniques.