4 results
10 - UN sustainability goals and social value: local authority perspectives
- Edited by Adrian Bonner, University of Stirling
-
- Book:
- COVID-19 and Social Determinants of Health
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 18 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 20 January 2023, pp 192-209
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
In this chapter the concepts of social value reviewed by Liddle in Chapter 8 will be developed to include environmental value and, in particular, the wicked issue of climate change. Liddle critically reviews the literature on public and social value, and the historical development of these ideas in relation to New Public Management and the quantification of social value in relation to the relative importance that people place on changes experienced in their lives from a wellbeing perspective. Using a combination of accounting and economic measures, the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy and Deloitte have used international accounting standards and UN Sustainable Goals.
Social value and environmental value is defined with reference to the different approaches through the lens of various organisations and, where focusing on environmental value in this chapter, it covers its impact at an international, national, regional and local level in particular with reference to climate change strategies and with references to housing. More detailed discussion of housing will be presented in Chapter 11, and youth employment in Chapter 12.
Global climate change concern
Concern and debate relating to climate change is not new. While provisions on climate change were adopted in the ‘Declaration of the United Nations Conference’ on 16 June 1972 in Stockholm, it was not until much later that decisive action could be said to have occurred. The size and scale of the problem was noted at the time within a statement released on 16 July 1992 by the Union of Concerned Scientists, a group of leading US scientists dedicated to raising issues around climate change. In its press release it noted that ‘human beings and the natural world are on a collision course’ and went on to outline specific areas of environmental concern, namely, the atmosphere, water resources, oceans, soil, forests and living species Union of Concerned Scientists, 1992).
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
In May 1992, underlining the need for a Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), the UN stated that ‘human activities have been substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, that these increases enhance the natural greenhouse effect, and that this will result on average in an additional warming of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere and may adversely affect natural ecosystems and humankind’ (UN, 1992).
Adipose tissue fatty acid and lipid mediator composition in obesity and response to chronic marine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation
- Helena Fisk, Rob Ayres, Caroline Childs, Elizabeth Miles, Ondrej Kudak, Jan Kopecky, Philip Calder
-
- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E251
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
Introduction:
Obesity is an excess of adipose tissue (AT) and is linked with increased inflammation that enhances risk of type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The BIOCLAIMS study assessed the fatty acid (FA) and lipid mediator composition in normal weight and obese individuals, and their response to chronic omega-3 FA supplementation.
Materials and methods:AT biopsies were collected pre- and post-12 week supplementation with 1.1 g EPA + 0.8 g DHA/day or corn oil. The composition of FA in the total lipid extract (TLE) of AT from 37 normal weight and 44 obese subjects was assessed by gas chromatography (GC) and the concentration of lipid mediators in AT TLE of 36 normal weight and 45 obese subjects by coupled GC-mass spectrometry.
Results:AT of obese subjects had higher concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA), EPA, DPA, PGF2α, arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA), and eicosapentaenoylethanolamine (EPEA) than that of normal weight subjects (P < 0.05). Obese subjects also had and lower concentrations of mediators derived from linoleic and α-linolenic acids, DHA-derived mediators including RvD2 and hydroxydocosahexaenoic acids (HDHAs), AA-derived mediators including lipoxin-B4, hepoxilin-A3, 11,12-dihydroxyeicosatetrienoic acid (DHET), and 6-keto-PGF1α, and the FA ethanolamine of myristic acid and glycerol ester of palmitic acid (P < 0.05 all) than normal weight subjects.
Chronic supplementation with EPA + DHA increased the concentration of EPA (P = 0.006) and EPA-derived lipid mediators including dihydroxyeicosatetrienoic acids, EPEA, and EPA-glycerol ester (P < 0.05), and increased the concentration of DHA (P < 0.001), docosahexaenoylethanolamine, and 8-, 11-, 14-, and 16-HDHA (P < 0.05). Chronic supplementation with EPA + DHA also decreased the concentration 4-, 17-, and 20-HDHA, and AA-derived lipid mediators including DHETs, AEA, and LTs in normal weight subjects (P < 0.05), and decreased 2-AG in obese subjects (P < 0.05).
Discussion:These data indicate altered lipid signalling in AT in obesity (at baseline) suggesting dysregulation of adipose tissue expansion and inflammatory signalling, including lack of self-resolution, as well as dysregulation in the utilization of supplementary EPA + DHA for synthesis of anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. EPA + DHA are able to modulate synthesis of EPA-, DHA- and AA-derived lipid mediators but obesity may involve resistance to these effects particularly in endocannabinoid synthesis.
Adipose tatty acid composition and gene expression in obesity, and response to chronic marine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation.
- Helena Fisk, Rob Ayres, Caroline Childs, Elizabeth Miles, Rebecca Clarke-Harris, Karen Lillycrop, Philip Calder
-
- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E365
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
Introduction:
Obesity is an excess of adipose tissue (AT) and is linked with increased inflammation that enhances risk of type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The BIOCLAIMS study assessed the effect of obesity on AT fatty acid composition and gene expression, and the responses of these to chronic omega-3 FA supplementation.
Materials and methods:AT biopsies were collected pre- and post-12 week supplementation with 1.1 g EPA + 0.8 g DHA/day or corn oil. The composition of FA in the total lipid extract of AT from 37 normal-weight and 44 obese subjects was assessed by gas chromatography, whole AT transcriptome from 10 normal-weight and 10 obese subjects was assessed by RNA-Sequencing, and selected gene expression in AT of 27 normal-weight and 38 obese subjects was assessed by qRT-PCR.
Results:789 AT genes were differentially expressed (623 upregulated, 175 downregulated) in obesity compared to normal-weight (FC > 2, P < 0.05). Differentially expressed genes included EGFL6, MMP-7 and -9, 5-LOX, WNT3 and WNT10B, DACT2, CNR1, SLC27A2 and PLA2G7, and were associated with immune and inflammatory response, cell proliferation, activation and movement, Wnt signalling, remodelling and expansion, and lipid incorporation and degradation.
Chronic supplementation with EPA + DHA increased the concentration of AT EPA, DPA and DHA in normal-weight subjects (P < 0.01), and EPA in obese subjects (P = 0.006). EPA + DHA modulated the expression of 26 genes (14 upregulated, 12 downregulated) in normal-weight subjects and 7 genes (3 upregulated, 5 downregulated) in obese subjects (FC > 2, P < 0.05). Of note, EPA + DHA downregulated IGLV1-44, IGLV1-51, PROK2, and TREM1 in normal weight subjects (P < 0.05), and IGLV1-44, IGLV1-47, DACT2 and IDO1 obese subjects (P < 0.05). Genes of note upregulated by EPA + DHA included KCNH2, GCGR, SLC36A2 and FOXC2 in normal-weight subjects, and MAB21L1, LRRTM4, and COX-2, in obese subjects. Differentially expressed genes were associated with a decrease in complement activation and immunoglobulin secretion, negative regulation of cell proliferation, and positive regulation of remodelling, amino acid and glucose transport, and COX pathway metabolite synthesis.
Discussion:These data indicate an altered AT transcription profile and gene expression in obesity suggesting enhanced immune and inflammatory response, tissue expansion and remodelling, and changes to lipid metabolism, as well as dysregulation in response to supplementary EPA + DHA at a gene expression level. EPA + DHA are able to modulate AT gene expression predominantly associated with reducing immune response, but obesity may involve resistance to the effects on tissue remodelling and nutrient transport.
Contributors
-
- By Krista Adamek, Ana Luisa K. Albernaz, J. Marcio Ayres†, Andrew J. Baker, Karen L. Bales, Adrian A. Barnett, Christopher Barton, John M. Bates, Jennie Becker, Bruna M. Bezerra, Júlio César Bicca-Marques, Richard Bodmer, Jean P. Boubli, Mark Bowler, Sarah A. Boyle, Christini Barbosa Caselli, Janice Chism, Elena P. Cunningham, José Maria C. da Silva, Lesa C. Davies, Nayara de Alcântara Cardoso, Manuella A. de Souza, Stella de la Torre, Ana Gabriela de Luna, Thomas R. Defler, Anthony Di Fiore, Eduardo Fernandez-Duque, Stephen F. Ferrari, Wilsea M.B. Figueiredo-Ready, Tracy Frampton, Paul A. Garber, Brian W. Grafton, L. Tremaine Gregory, Maria L. Harada, Amy Harrison-Levine, Walter C. Hartwig, Stefanie Heiduck, Eckhard W. Heymann, André Hirsch, Leandro Jerusalinsky, Gareth Jones, Richard F. Kay, Martin M. Kowalewski, Shawn M. Lehman, Laura Marsh, Jesús Martinez, William A. Mason, Hope Matthews, Wynlyn McBride, Shona McCann-Wood, W. Scott McGraw, D. Jeffrey Meldrum, Sally P. Mendoza, Nohelia Mercado, Russell A. Mittermeier, Mirjam N. Nadjafzadeh, Marilyn A. Norconk, Robert Gary Norman, Marcela Oliveira, Marcelo M. Oliveira, Maria Juliana Ospina Rodríguez, Erwin Palacios, Suzanne Palminteri, Liliam P. Pinto, Marcio Port-Carvalho, Leila Porter, Carlos Portillo-Quintero, George Powell, Ghillean T. Prance, Rodrigo C. Printes, Pablo Puertas, P. Kirsten Pullen, Helder L. Queiroz, Luis Reginaldo R. Rodrigues, Adriana Rodríguez, Alfred L. Rosenberger, Anthony B. Rylands, Ricardo R. Santos, Horacio Schneider, Eleonore Z.F. Setz, Suleima S.B. Silva, José S. Silva Júnior, Andrew T. Smith, Marcelo C. Sousa, Antonio S. Souto, Wilson R. Spironello, Masanaru Takai, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Cynthia L. Thompson, Diego G. Tirira, Raul Tupayachi, Bernardo Urbani, Liza M. Veiga, Marianela Velilla, João Valsecchi, Jean-Christophe Vié, Tatiana M. Vieira, Suzanne E. Walker-Pacheco, Rob Wallace, Patricia C. Wright, Charles E. Zartman
- Edited by Liza M. Veiga, Universidade Federal do Pará, Brazil, Adrian A. Barnett, Roehampton University, London, Stephen F. Ferrari, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brazil, Marilyn A. Norconk, Kent State University, Ohio
-
- Book:
- Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Titis, Sakis and Uacaris
- Published online:
- 05 April 2013
- Print publication:
- 11 April 2013, pp xii-xv
-
- Chapter
- Export citation