4 results
The Role of IR-4 in The Herbicide Registration Process for Specialty Food Crops
- Daniel L. Kunkel, Frederick P. Salzman, Marija Arsenovic, Jerry J. Baron, Michael P. Braverman, Robert E. Holm
-
- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 22 / Issue 2 / June 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 373-377
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
The Interregional Research Project Number 4 (IR-4) Specialty Food Crops Program is a publicly-funded program initiated in 1963 to develop and submit regulatory data to support registration of pest control products for specialty crops. In the early to mid 1990s, nearly 45% of the IR-4 residue projects supported new herbicide registrations for fruits and vegetables with the other 55% devoted to fungicides, insecticides, and nematacides. In 2005, the number of residue projects conducted by IR-4 to support herbicide fruit and vegetable registrations was less than 30%. The three main factors that have contributed to this decline are: fewer herbicides available for registration; product liability concerns; and an increased focus on new, safer, and Reduced Risk Pesticides for insect and disease control. It has been a number of years since a new herbicide has been developed for a major crop that could be extended to specialty food crops. Many of the current IR-4 herbicide projects are with products that have been on the market for 20 or more years. Product liability is a concern because of the high value of many specialty crops relative to the potential market opportunity. In many cases, the registrant requires product performance data before IR-4 can proceed with a residue project. With limited funds for developing these data, many new projects never proceed to the regulatory stage. Although registrants can seek indemnification for some of these uses, it is a complicated often state-specific process. IR-4 has been successful in a number of areas, including the registration of a large numbers of uses through reduced data extrapolations for products such as glyphosate and carfentrazone-ethyl. Additionally, IR-4 submitted the first successful petition establishing an exemption of tolerance for a conventional herbicide (imazamox). Future IR-4 initiatives include collaboration with industry, growers, and academia to develop new herbicide technologies such as plant breeding or transgenic crops and generation of appropriate data to extend those products to specialty food crops. IR-4 will also assist in registering products that can be used on crops that have been selected (or developed through biotechnological approaches) to be tolerant to existing herbicides. Registrants should strongly consider developing herbicides for specialty food crops, with IR-4's assistance, as a means to expand markets and also as a means to extend data protection of their products, as allowed under the Food Quality Protection Act.
4 - Black Carbon Mitigation
- Edited by Bjørn Lomborg, Copenhagen Business School
-
- Book:
- Smart Solutions to Climate Change
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 09 September 2010, pp 142-171
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
Much attention has been given to mitigation policies designed to limit the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) that contribute to atmospheric warming. However, it is generally agreed that as much as 40% of current net warming (10–20% of gross warming) is attributable to black carbon (Jacobsen 2007: 3). Because of its large effect on radiative forcing and relatively short residence time in the atmosphere, black carbon presents some unique opportunities for postponing the effects of climate change. Whereas CO2 has a lifetime of up to about forty years, black carbon remains in the atmosphere for as little as several weeks. As such, reducing emissions of black carbon can have an immediate near-term impact on atmospheric warming. Furthermore, since black carbon is considered responsible for about 30% of the Arctic melting, black carbon emission reductions can rapidly reduce the rate at which Arctic ice is melting and avert associated consequences. Black carbon reduction policies can also result in large health benefits, especially to citizens of developing countries.
Black carbon emissions originate in both industrial countries (mostly from diesel emissions) and developing countries (from residential activities, crop management, and diesel emissions). Over the past century, technological advances have significantly mitigated black carbon emissions in industrial countries. Developing countries, on the other hand, have often been unable to afford the same technological advances and, in turn, as their populations have grown, so have black carbon emissions.
Pediatric and Neonatal Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Outcome
- Robert E. Burke, Meira S. Halpern, Ellen Jo Baron, Kathleen Gutierrez
-
- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 30 / Issue 7 / July 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 636-644
- Print publication:
- July 2009
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Objective.
To evaluate the impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on the prevalence of S. aureus bloodstream infection among children.
Methods.Retrospective analysis of demographic data, risk factors for infection, and clinical outcomes for children (age, less than 18 years) with S. aureus bacteremia hospitalized at a children's hospital during 2001–2006.
Results.We identified 164 episodes of S. aureus bacteremia among 151 children. The prevalence of bacteremia due to methicillin-susceptible S. aureus during 2001–2003 was approximately the same as that during 2004–2006 (29 and 30 cases, respectively, per 10,000 hospitalized children [hereafter, “per 10,000 hospitalizations”]), but the prevalence of bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus increased from 4 to 11 cases, respectively, per 10,000 hospitalizations (P = .015). A total of 48% of infections involved children who had S. aureus-positive blood cultures less than 3 days after hospital admission. Seventy-four percent of these children had a preexisting comorbidity. When the prevalence of S. aureus bacteremia was stratified by race, sex, or age, neonates hospitalized at birth and Hispanic children had significantly reduced risks of infection. Children younger than 1 year of age (excluding neonates hospitalized at birth) had an increased prevalence of hospital-onset S. aureus bacteremia. There was a disproportionate increase in the risk of S. aureus bacteremia for each additional week of hospitalization among children with hospital-onset S. aureus bacteremia. Children with methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia had a longer hospital stay, were transferred to another facility at a greater rate than they were discharged home, and had a greater mortality rate, compared with children with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus bacteremia.
Conclusion.This study documents the prevalence of S. aureus bacteremia among children with a high risk for acquiring this infection, and it describes populations of children who are at higher risk for bacteremia due to either methicillin-susceptible or methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Methods to improve prevention of S. aureus bacteremia are needed for children with healthcare-associated risk factors for S. aureus bacteremia.
DIVISION VIII / WORKING GROUP SUPERNOVA
- Wolfgang Hillebrandt, Brian P. Schmidt, Edward Baron, Stefano Benetti, Sergey I. Blinnikov, Sergey I. Blinnikov, David R. Branch, Enrico Cappellaro, Alexei V. Filippenko, Claes Fransson, Peter M. Garnavich, Daniel W. E. Green, Ariel M. Goobar, Mario Hamuy, Peter H. Hauschildt, Robert P. Kirshner, Bruno Leibundgut, Daniel J. Lennon, Eric J. Lentz, Peter Lundqvist, Robert McGraw, Paolo A. Mazzali, W. Peter S. Meikle, Anthony Mezzacappa, Jens C. Niemeyer, Ken'ichi Nomoto, Reynald Pain, Nino Panagia, Ferdinando Patat, Mark M. Phillips, Elena Pian, Guiliano Pignata, Philipp Podsiadlowski, María Pilar Ruiz-Lapuente, Elaine M. Sadler, Brian P. Schmidt, Peter O. Shull, Jason Spyromilio, Nicholas B. Suntzeff, Friedrich-Karl Thielemann, Christopher Tout, Virginia L. Trimble, James W. Truran, Dmitry Yu. Tsvetkov, Massimo Turatto, Massimo della Valle, Schuyler Van Dyk, Wolfgang H. Voges, Nicholas A. Walton, Lifan Wang, J. Craig Wheeler, Kurt W. Weiler, Patricia A. Whitelock, Stanford E. Woosley, Hitoshi Yamaoka, Gang Zhao
-
- Journal:
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 4 / Issue T27A / December 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 December 2008, pp. 295-297
- Print publication:
- December 2008
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
The Supernova Working Group was re-established at the IAU XXV General Assembly in Sydney, 21 July 2003, sponsored by Commissions 28 (Galaxies) and 47 (Cosmology). Here we report on some of its activities since 2005.