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- By Blair C. Armstrong, David A. Balota, Lawrence W. Barsalou, Jos J. A. Van Berkum, Lera Boroditsky, Gregory A. Bryant, Cristina Cacciari, Joana Cholin, Morten H. Christiansen, Stella Christie, Eve V. Clark, Herbert H. Clark, Eliana Colunga, John F. Connolly, Michael J. Cortese, Seana Coulson, George S. Cree, Christopher M. Crew, Gary S. Dell, Kevin Diependaele, Judit Druks, Thomas A. Farmer, Anne Fernald, Kelly Forbes, Carol A. Fowler, Michael Frank, Stephen J. Frost, Dedre Gentner, Raymond W. Gibbs, Monica Gonzalez-Marquez, Arthur C. Graesser, Jonathan Grainger, Zenzi M. Griffin, Mary Hare, Harlan D. Harris, Marc F. Joanisse, Leonard Katz, Albert Kim, Gina R. Kuperberg, Nicole Landi, Birte Loenneker-Rodman, Danielle S. MacNamara, James S. Magnuson, Ken McRae, W. Einar Mencl, Daniel Mirman, Jennifer B. Misyak, Srini Narayanan, Kate Nation, Randy L. Newman, Lee Osterhout, Roberto Padovani, Karalyn Patterson, Kenneth R. Pugh, Terry Regier, Douglas Roland, Jay G. Rueckl, Vasile Rus, Jenny R. Saffran, Sarah D. Sahni, Arthur G. Samuel, Rebecca Sandak, Dominiek Sandra, Sophie Scott, Mark S. Seidenberg, Linda B. Smith, Michael J. Spivey, Meghan Sumner, Daniel Tranel, Gabriella Vigliocco, Nicole L. Wilson, Anna Woollams
- Edited by Michael Spivey, Ken McRae, University of Western Ontario, Marc Joanisse, University of Western Ontario
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- The Cambridge Handbook of Psycholinguistics
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. 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Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. 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Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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John C. Wahlke
- Samuel C. Patterson, Milton G. Lodge
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- PS: Political Science & Politics / Volume 41 / Issue 3 / July 2008
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- 18 June 2008, pp. 641-642
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Vernon Van Dyke
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- 02 September 2013, pp. 651-652
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3 - Unsympathetic Audience: Citizens' Evaluations of Congress
- Edited by Herbert F. Weisberg, Ohio State University, Samuel C. Patterson, Ohio State University
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Summary
Today, many Americans think of “Congress as public enemy” – they are the notably unsympathetic audience for congressional politics (Hibbing and Theiss-Morse 1995). Much of the time, Americans' evaluations of Congress and its members are negative. Perhaps this is merely part and parcel of a more general suspicion about, and negativism toward, politics and politicians. But this is not the whole story. Americans are not simply negative about politics and government, or hostile toward Congress. In fact, citizens' attitudes about public affairs are ambivalent. On the one hand, Americans hold the constitutional system and governing institutions in high regard. They revere the Constitution, show patriotism and loyalty, and express admiration for the nation's basic institutional framework. On the other hand, though, Americans can express highly negative sentiments about “politicians,” about the governmental agencies of the moment, and about members of Congress in general. What factors help to account for the relative hostility of Americans toward members of Congress? In this chapter, we address this question by taking an approach rather different from that of previous students of the matter. We want to see whether or not evaluations of Congress are shaped by gaps between the expectations Americans have about members of Congress and their perceptions of the real-world representatives.
PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD CONGRESS
This audience of citizens is interesting for various reasons. First, it has probably always been a relatively hostile audience and a difficult crowd to play before. In recent decades, public esteem for Congress, as it was denoted in citizens' evaluations of congressional job performance, had its ups and downs, reaching fairly high levels in the 1960s and then rapidly declining (Patterson and Caldeira 1990).
Contributors
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Contents
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Introduction
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Figures and Tables
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Congress and Other Actors
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Congress and Its Audience
- Edited by Herbert F. Weisberg, Ohio State University, Samuel C. Patterson, Ohio State University
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1 - Theatre in the Round: Congress in Action
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Summary
From across the nation come the representatives of the people – from cities great and small, from towns and hamlets, a few from farms – to gather in the halls of the U.S. Congress. In the House of Representatives, the sergeant at arms installs the mace, a symbol of authority, and the Speaker of the House strikes the gavel to bring the House to order. The chaplain offers the morning prayer, the House approves the journal of the previous day's business, and a member solemnly delivers the Pledge of Allegiance. In the Senate, in a starker, simpler ceremony, the president pro tempore normally calls the assembly to order. On extraordinary occasions, the Senate may be convened by the vice president of the United States. The chaplain prays, the majority leader is recognized to announce the day's legislative business, and then the leader calls for “morning business” so that senators can make prepared remarks on any subject. Thus, the congressional drama begins.
Congress as theatre? That is not how either the public or political scientists usually think of it. Yet the idea of Congress as theatre resonates with people very naturally. Citizens' political socialization may embrace the drama of presidential campaigns more fully than the theatre of congressional politics (Starobin 1996). Nevertheless, both inside and outside the beltway around Washington, D.C., Congress provides plenty of drama for aficionados and the mass audience alike. The media, especially television, more often than not convey negatives about Congress – spawning “a kind of naive cynicism about the theatre – the ancient and necessary conceits – of politics.”
Conclusion
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Preface
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This book has three major objectives. First and foremost, we intend it as a report on the 104th Congress, the first in forty years to be controlled by the Republican party. Like many of our students, colleagues, and fellow citizens, we have marveled at the historic congressional party change that transpired with the 1994 midterm election. We have sought to account for that change and assay its consequences for the present Congress and for the future. Confirmed by the 1996 congressional elections, the Republican majority and its House and Senate leaders consolidated their dominion, hoping to enjoy an era of congressional hegemony akin to that enjoyed by the Democratic Party for four post–World War II decades.
Congress is the keystone of the American democratic system. In the United States, the legislature truly makes the laws of the land. It is not a rubber stamp for the executive branch. Congress actually is remarkably representative of the American people. It displays their diversity, their strengths and weaknesses, their foibles and indiscretions, and their intelligence and decency. Understanding Congress is an important undertaking in the classrooms, among intellectuals, and within the American citizenry. Where Congress needs to be reformed, effective institutional change requires careful knowledge about how things now work. Knowledge about Congress helps to dispel excessive, myopic, ignorant, and vitriolic negativism about the congressional institution, its members, and its politics.
Our second objective is to set the 104th Congress, meeting in 1995–6, within the perspective of change in Congress in the 1990s more generally. Some of the changes in the 104th Congress had their beginnings in earlier developments.
Congress at Play
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Index
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References
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Great Theatre
- The American Congress in the 1990s
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The 104th Congress, the first in four decades to be Republican-controlled, may prove to have ushered in an era of party dominance by congressional Republicans, or to be a transitory aberration. Either way, the 104th is a watershed in congressional history. Using the theatre metaphor to characterize the actions of Congress and to help make the institution more understandable, Congressional life and behaviour is dissected and placed in the broader context of changes in Congress in the 1990s. The contributors evaluate the way members of Congress play to the media and the larger audience, the electorate; analyze leadership roles in a cast of 535 'leading players'; evaluate the committee systems as 'little theatre'; and analyze relations among the various branches of government. Herbert Weisberg and Samuel Patterson conclude the presentation by reminding us that in Congress, 'the play's the thing'.
Frontmatter
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12 - “The Play's the Thing”: Congress and the Future
- Edited by Herbert F. Weisberg, Ohio State University, Samuel C. Patterson, Ohio State University
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- Book:
- Great Theatre
- Published online:
- 20 January 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 May 1998, pp 271-290
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Summary
Congress is, indeed, great theatre. We have sought to analyze how Congress performs as a representative and law-making institution. In this chapter, we aim to bring together the findings of our inquiry. Then, we want to consider congressional change and speculate about the future development of the institution. We know that institutions change, and we are aware that the scholar's understanding of institutional change is incomplete. The 104th Congress, with its new majority party and changed House and Senate leaderships, pressed against the edges of institutional change, demonstrating possibilities. The electoral verdict of the 1996 election foreshadows further interesting development of Congress as it crosses the proverbial bridge to the twenty-first century.
A CONFIRMING ELECTION
We have focused on the drama of change in Congress in the 1990s, but that drama continues. The chapters of this book have described the Congresses up through the 104th, but inevitably, these Congresses were just a prelude to the 105th. It was on November 5, 1996, that the public went to the polls to choose the cast of players for that new Congress. The election proved to be a “confirming election,” with the public reelecting both a Democratic president and a Republican Congress.
The Elections of the 1990s
It is easier to understand the most recent national election if we view it as part of a sequence of elections. Held every second year, congressional elections supply us with a steady record of electoral trends and fluctuations. The four elections preceding 1996 provide this kind of sequence, and we portray the outcomes in Table 12.1.