9 results
The Deposition of Edward II: The Kenilworth Embassies
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- By Samuel Lane
- Edited by James Bothwell, J. S. Hamilton
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- Book:
- Fourteenth Century England XII
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 11 January 2023
- Print publication:
- 14 June 2022, pp 65-78
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Summary
The deposition of Edward II was a seminal event in the history of later medieval England. In the memorable words of May McKisack, it was ‘the great divide in our later medieval history, the greatest since 1066’. Yet it is also an event which has proved notoriously difficult to unravel, since the chronicle narratives which describe proceedings are partial, contradictory and ultimately defy full reconciliation. A hitherto neglected document – although it has been published for 300 years in Thomas Rymer’s Foedera, and has been available in calendared form in the Calendar of Close Rolls for over a century – sheds much new light on Edward’s deposition, not only on the course of events, but also potentially on Edward’s response to them and the sources upon which we found our accounts. Dated 9 February 1327, it is an order by the new king, Edward III, to the treasurer and barons of the exchequer to cancel two recognizances imposed by his father on John Stratford, bishop of Winchester, in 1324 (‘the Order’). The first of these was for £10,000, and entered into by Stratford to secure the release of his temporalities, while the second was for £2,460 5s. 10d., and made for the release of corn growing in his bishopric and ‘divers other things’. This essay aims to analyse the Order at length for the first time, and to explore its significance for our understanding of Edward II’s downfall.
Despite the difficulties with the chronicle sources, research – and particularly the work of Claire Valente, Michael Prestwich and Seymour Phillips – has now established the broad picture of what happened in January 1327 to bring about Edward’s removal. In outline, following a successful invasion by Isabella (the queen) and Mortimer (her political ally and possible lover), Edward was captured, incarcerated and stripped of the government of the realm. Two bishops were dispatched to the imprisoned king at Kenilworth castle, to invite him to come to Westminster, where a parliament had assembled on 7 January. His refusal to attend was announced by the bishops, who returned to the parliament on 12 January. That evening, there was a meeting of prelates and magnates, where it was agreed that Edward II should be replaced by his son, and articles of accusation were drawn up.
The Bishops and the Deposition of Edward II
- Samuel Lane
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- Journal:
- Studies in Church History / Volume 56 / June 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 May 2020, pp. 131-151
- Print publication:
- June 2020
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The deposition of Edward II was a watershed in the legal history of later medieval England. However, the significance of the church in its accomplishment has remained controversial. This article offers a reassessment by providing a brief narrative of the episcopate's involvement in events; analysing the importance of their contribution, with particular reference to the quasi-legal aspect of proceedings; considering whether this participation reflected their own initiative or was something about which they had no choice; and questioning why so many bishops turned to oppose Edward II. It becomes evident that prelates played a key part in Edward II's downfall, and that they became involved as a consequence of the oppressive treatment which he had meted out to them, to their families and to political society more broadly.
Propaganda, Piety and Politics in the Fifteenth Century: Henry V’s Vernacular War Letters to the City of London, 1417–21
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- By Samuel Lane
- Edited by Linda Clark
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- Book:
- The Fifteenth Century XVII
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 19 August 2020
- Print publication:
- 20 March 2020, pp 17-34
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Summary
Henry V's vernacular war dispatches to the city of London are among the most famous letters of the fifteenth century. Preserved in the Corporation of London's ninth letter book, these seven letters, written between the capture of Touques castle in August 1417 and Henry's advance to Paris in July 1421, publicised news of his conquests as well as his requests for supplies. More remarkably, a series of six vernacular replies from the city of London also survives, from December 1417 to August 1421, rendering the correspondence the oldest sequence of connected English letters yet discovered. They were also some of the first documents issued under the signet to have been written in English, and among the first royal letters known to have been penned in the vernacular since Henry III's dispatches of 1258. This ostensibly momentous significance means that they have been briefly alluded to in almost every account of the development of English in the fifteenth century, including those by Malcolm Richardson, John Fisher, Gwilym Dodd and Malcolm Vale. Yet in spite – or perhaps because – of their remarkable linguistic interest, almost every treatment of the letters has focused on the simple fact that they were in English and the reasons behind this, as opposed to looking in detail at the contents of the letters and asking what their English was being used to communicate. This concern underpinned Paul Strohm's exhortation for more to be said about these dispatches to the citizens of London.
This relative neglect of the letters’ content is even more noteworthy because they are some of the closest surviving documents to texts written by Henry V himself. The signet required the king's personal authentication, and was widely recognised as the one seal which was under his sole control. Henry V's direct involvement with his signet correspondence is evidenced by several letters, including one of October 1419, concerning ‘the safe keeping of the duke of Orleans and other French prisoners’, which were written in his own hand. The presumption of close royal engagement with the signet is particularly apparent in the case of Henry's letters to London. There are 175 signet letters surviving from his reign, yet only ten of them impart news or have any purpose other than to give direct orders
Prelates and Political Reform: The Bishops and the Ordinances of 1311
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- By Samuel Lane, Christ Church, Oxford.
- Edited by David Green, Chris Given-Wilson
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- Book:
- Fourteenth Century England XI
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 14 September 2019
- Print publication:
- 21 September 2019, pp 31-56
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The Ordinances of 1311 do not appear to have aroused the interest of contemporary chroniclers to the same extent that they have historians. Many chroniclers evidently found the Ordinances rather dull, not least the author of the Vita Edwardi Secundi, who remarked that he would not include a full account of them in his text, ‘because I would break the flow of the narrative and prove tedious to readers’. In consequence, their accounts of how, why and by whom the Ordinances were drafted are chiefly confined to the most general of outlines, snatches of gossip and colourful anecdote. Indeed, several chronicles do not even mention the Ordinances at all. Yet this has not prevented historians from ascribing them central significance in the politics of the early fourteenth century. While their reasons for doing so have changed, few scholars would dissent from Davies’ judgment of a century ago that ‘of all the experiments in the constitution made during the reign [of Edward II] the Ordinances of 1311 were the most important … all subsequent attempts to restrain the king were based upon them or drew a considerable amount of inspiration from them’. Accordingly, historians of the period have been left in a curious position: agreeing that the Ordinances are essential to understand-ing Edward II's reign, but with frustratingly little evidence to understand the composition of the Ordinances themselves. As Phillips put it, ‘little is known about how the Ordainers carried out their work or who, if anyone, was the major contributor to the Ordinances’.
Yet one aspect of the Ordinances’ creation about which historians have been confident is the absence of ecclesiastical influence behind them. Although scholars like Tout and Davies once considered the bishops to be leading players in the programme of 1310–11, this has been met with short shrift from at least the middle years of the twentieth century, when Edwards acknowledged that that ‘there is little evidence for bishops’ direct influence on the framing of the Ordinances’. This view has been endorsed by many of the leading recent historians of Edward II's reign, with Maddicott remarking that ‘the Ordinances … show few signs of clerical influence’; Prestwich claiming that there exist ‘scant signs of clerical involvement’; and Phillips arguing that ‘there is little in the Ordinances themselves to suggest that the clergy made any significant contribution to their formulation’.
Development of a clinician–parent home care education intervention
- Blake Lane, Samuel P. Hanke, Barbara Giambra, Nicolas L. Madsen, Sandra L. Staveski
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- Journal:
- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 29 / Issue 10 / October 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 August 2019, pp. 1230-1235
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Objectives:
To examine the strengths and opportunities for improvement of current home care education practices to inform the development of the Home Care for Heart Health intervention, and to develop a web-based intervention for parents and clinicians with complimentary print materials that could provide the right education at the right time to foster a safer transition from hospital to home.
Methods:An inter-professional focus group of parents, clinicians, and designers was formed to co-create a home care education intervention for parents of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and their care team. We used the Integrated New Product Development process model created by Jonathon Cagan and Craig Vogel at Carnegie Mellon University to develop the intervention. This process model is a way of thinking that combines horizontal and inter-disciplinary teams, stakeholder-centric focus, and a system of qualitative discovery and development evolving towards quantitative methods of refinement.
Results:Our team developed the Home Care for Heart Health intervention. The evidenced-based intervention includes a quick reference guide for parents of children with CHD, an accompanying app, family-friendly pathways, and clinician education.
Conclusion:Using an inter-professional approach, our team of clinicians, parents, and design experts were able to co-create a clinician–parent home care education intervention with broad application and lifelong relevance to the Congenital Heart Disease Community.
Practice Implications:Our intervention has the potential to be used as a model for other home care education interventions for parents of children with chronic illnesses.
The Political Career of William Ayscough, Bishop of Salisbury, 1438–50
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- By Samuel Lane
- Edited by Linda Clark
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- Book:
- The Fifteenth Century XVI
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 14 August 2020
- Print publication:
- 21 December 2018, pp 63-82
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Summary
The fifteenth century boasts an impressive cast of pantomime villains. William Ayscough, bishop of Salisbury, may not be one of the most famous of these men, but nonetheless ranks among their number. He was roundly denounced by contemporaries, with a London chronicle decrying him as one of the ‘traytours aboute the kynges persone’, the first continuation of the Croyland chronicle alleging that he was guilty of ‘detestable crimes’ and another commentator remarking that he was a ‘covetous’ man, who was ‘holde suspect of meny defautes’. This criticism has been broadly accepted by historians. In particular, R.L. Storey argued that Ayscough was ‘Suffolk's closest associate in the royal court, and a close runner-up in popular odium’; John Gillingham depicted him as one of the villainous ‘gang of three’, who constituted a corrupt influence at the heart of court; and John Hare claimed that he was ‘one of the dominant figures in the government’, who had ‘played a prominent role in some of the more unpopular acts of the regime’, especially the fall of Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, and the loss of France. These denunciations were embraced by Henry VI's leading biographers of the twentieth century: to Ralph Griffiths, he was an ‘infamous’ figure, who was ‘prominently linked with the household’; to Bertram Wolffe he was a slimy ‘courtier bishop’, and one of the most assiduous supporters of William de la Pole, duke of Suffolk. John Watts’ subsequent work dramatically reinterpreted the politics of Henry VI's reign, yet even while he laid the underlying blame on the king himself he still censured Ayscough, asserting that he enjoyed ‘a disproportionate influence in the king's counsels’ and was ‘bound up with the management of curial power’. This condemnation has been sustained in the most recent works on the period, such as the biographies of Henry VI by David Grummitt and James Ross, the latter of which held that Ayscough belonged to a coterie of individuals whose ‘control of government and policy in the 1440s, coupled with a concern to further their own interests … [means that] they must accept a degree of responsibility for the disasters that manifested themselves in the English state and its dominions in 1450’. In short, the image first conjured up by the pens of the fifteenth century – that of Ayscough as a grasping, scheming, courtier bishop – has remained, and is still present today.
Associations between Verbal Learning Slope and Neuroimaging Markers across the Cognitive Aging Spectrum
- Katherine A. Gifford, Jeffrey S. Phillips, Lauren R. Samuels, Elizabeth M. Lane, Susan P. Bell, Dandan Liu, Timothy J. Hohman, Raymond R. Romano III, Laura R. Fritzsche, Zengqi Lu, Angela L. Jefferson, for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 21 / Issue 6 / July 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 July 2015, pp. 455-467
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A symptom of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a flat learning profile. Learning slope calculation methods vary, and the optimal method for capturing neuroanatomical changes associated with MCI and early AD pathology is unclear. This study cross-sectionally compared four different learning slope measures from the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (simple slope, regression-based slope, two-slope method, peak slope) to structural neuroimaging markers of early AD neurodegeneration (hippocampal volume, cortical thickness in parahippocampal gyrus, precuneus, and lateral prefrontal cortex) across the cognitive aging spectrum [normal control (NC); (n=198; age=76±5), MCI (n=370; age=75±7), and AD (n=171; age=76±7)] in ADNI. Within diagnostic group, general linear models related slope methods individually to neuroimaging variables, adjusting for age, sex, education, and APOE4 status. Among MCI, better learning performance on simple slope, regression-based slope, and late slope (Trial 2–5) from the two-slope method related to larger parahippocampal thickness (all p-values<.01) and hippocampal volume (p<.01). Better regression-based slope (p<.01) and late slope (p<.01) were related to larger ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in MCI. No significant associations emerged between any slope and neuroimaging variables for NC (p-values ≥.05) or AD (p-values ≥.02). Better learning performances related to larger medial temporal lobe (i.e., hippocampal volume, parahippocampal gyrus thickness) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in MCI only. Regression-based and late slope were most highly correlated with neuroimaging markers and explained more variance above and beyond other common memory indices, such as total learning. Simple slope may offer an acceptable alternative given its ease of calculation. (JINS, 2015, 21, 455–467)
Contributors
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- By Núria Duran Adroher, Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, Jordi Alonso, Ali Obaid Al-Hamzawi, Laura Helena Andrade, Matthias C. Angermeyer, James Anthony, Corina Benjet, Guilherme Borges, Joshua Breslau, Evelyn J. Bromet, Ronny Bruffaerts, Brendan Bunting, Huibert Burger, José Miguel Caldas de Almeida, Graça Cardoso, Somnath Chatterji, Wai Tat Chiu, Giovanni de Girolamo, Ron de Graaf, Peter de Jonge, Koen Demyttenaere, John Fayyad, Alize J. Ferrari, Silvia Florescu, Anne M. Gadermann, Meyer Glantz, Jen Green, Michael J. Gruber, Oye Gureje, Josep Maria Haro, Yanling He, Steven G. Heeringa, Hristo Hinkov, Chiyi Hu, Yueqin Huang, Irving Hwang, Robert Jin, Elie G. Karam, Norito Kawakami, Ronald C. Kessler, Lola Kola, Viviane Kovess-Masféty, Michael C. Lane, Carmen Lara, William LeBlanc, Sing Lee, Jean-Pierre Lépine, Daphna Levinson, Zhaorui Liu, Gustavo Loera, Herbert Marschinger, Katie A. McLaughlin, Maria Elena Medina-Mora, Elizabeth Miller, Samuel D. Murphy, Aimee Nasser Karam, Matthew K. Nock, Mark A. Oakley Browne, Siobhan O’Neill, Johan Ormel, Beth-Ellen Pennell, Maria V. Petukhova, José Posada-Villa, Rajesh Sagar, Mohammad Salih Khalaf, Nancy A. Sampson, Kathleen Saunders, Michael Schoenbaum, Kate M. Scott, Soraya Seedat, Victoria Shahly, Dan J. Stein, Hisateru Tachimori, Nezar Ismet Taib, Adley Tsang, T. Bedirhan Üstün, Maria Carmen Viana, Gemma Vilagut, Michael R. Von Korff, J. Elisabeth Wells, Harvey A. Whiteford, David R. Williams, Ben Wu, Miguel Xavier, Alan M. Zaslavsky
- Edited by Jordi Alonso, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Somnath Chatterji, World Health Organization, Geneva, Yanling He
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- Book:
- The Burdens of Mental Disorders
- Print publication:
- 09 May 2013, pp ix-xii
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Calibration of Residual Speckle Pattern in a Coronagraph
- Michael Shao, Joseph J. Green, Benjamin Lane, James Kent Wallace, Bruce Martin Levine, Rocco Samuele, Shanti Rao, Edouard Schmidtlin
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 1 / Issue C200 / October 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 May 2006, pp. 525-528
- Print publication:
- October 2005
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Ground and space based coronagraphs have been proposed to suppress the light of the star so a planet nearby can be imaged. But even when starlight has been suppressed by $10^{10}$, the residual starlight is as bright as the planet, and must be subtracted to $2*10^{-11}$ for a 5 sigma detection of the planet. For a ground based AO coronagraph, the problem is even more severe. Typically suppression of starlight to $10^{-5}$ of the star is possible and the residual speckle pattern must not have any “bumps” that mimic a planet at $10^{-7}-10^{-8}$. This paper describes a speckle calibration approach that measures the electric field of the light after it exits the coronagraph, in order to estimate the speckle pattern in the image plane. This technique makes use of the coherence of star light or rather the incoherence of starlight to planet light, and has very significant advantages compared to other techniques.
For a space based coronagraph, an alternative approach is to rotate the telescope /coronagraph and subtract two images. The calibration interferometer described here has the advantage that the temporal stability of the system can be relaxed by several orders of magnitude. For a ground based AO coronagraph system this approach has none of the serious limitations of the techniques based on the radial expansion of the speckle pattern with wavelength and enables ground based AO coronagraphs to approach the photon limit rather than the atmospheric limit. The calibration interferometer is being built for a NASA sounding rocket experiment by BU, JPL, MIT, and GSFC (PICTURE) with a 50cm telescope and a nulling coronagraph to be launched in 2007. It is also part of a design study for an extreme AO coronagraph for the Gemini Telescope, and a conceptual study of an extreme AO coronagraph for the TMT.