2 results
69 Poor Sleep is Associated with Bias for Negative Sleep-Related Images: Development of the Sleep Approach-Avoidance Task (SAAT)
- Daniel Erik Everhart, Eric Watson, Alexandra Nicoletta, Andrea Winters, Taylor Zurlinden, Amy Gencarelli, Anne Sorrell, Anya Savransky, Gillian Falletta
-
- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 578-579
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
Objective:
Insomnia affects 30-45% of the world population, is related to mortality (i.e., auto accidents and job-related accidents), and is related to mood and affect disorders such as anxiety and depression. Better understanding of insomnia via increased research will decrease the burden on insomnia. The neurocognitive model of sleep proposes that conditioned somatic and cognitive hyperarousal develop in response to repeated pairings of sleep-related stimuli with insomnia-related wakefulness. The purpose of this study was to examine the neurocognitive model of sleep using a novel laboratory paradigm, the Sleep Approach Avoidance Task (SAAT). It was hypothesized that individuals who report symptoms of insomnia will display a bias for negative sleep-related images from the SAAT, which is presumably a reflection of cognitive, behavioral and physiological processes associated with hyperarousal. It was also hypothesized that participants who report poor sleep would provide different subjective ratings for negative images (i.e., stronger valence and arousal) than individuals who reported better sleep.
Participants and Methods:An initial sample of 66 healthy college-aged participants completed the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) the Dysfunctional Attitudes and Beliefs about Sleep (DBAS) scale and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Participants also completed the SAAT. The SAAT was developed to assess sleep-related bias in adults. The SAAT is a visual, joystick controlled reaction time task that measures implicit bias for positive and negative sleep-related images. At the end of the task the participants are also asked to rate each image along three dimensions included valence, arousal and dominance.
Results:There was a positive correlation between the SAAT and the ISI [r(61) = .30, p = .01], indicating that symptoms of insomnia are related to negative approach-related bias for sleep-related images. No other correlations were observed between the SAAT and self-report sleep measures. With regard to rating of images, higher dominance ratings for negative images were correlated with the SAAT [r(62) = .24, p = .03], which indicates that the approach bias for negative images is associated with “being in control.” Multiple linear regression was used to test if ISI scores and dominance ratings for negative images significantly predicted SAAT bias scores. The overall regression was statistically significant [r2 = .13, F(2, 58) = 4.15, p = .02]. ISI scores significantly predicted SAAT scores (ß = .27, p = .04), whereas dominance ratings for negative images did not significantly predict SAAT scores (ß = .20, p = .11). Exploratory correlational analyses were also completed for ratings of images and other sleep self-report measures. Valence ratings for positive sleep-related images were positively correlated with the ESS [r(64) = .36, p = .01], whereas valence ratings for negative sleep-related images were negatively correlated with the ESS [r(64) = -.24, p = .03].
Conclusions:Hypotheses were partially supported with the ISI being the only self-report measure associated with negative bias for sleep-related images. While ratings of dominance are associated with bias for negative sleep-related images, these ratings do not provide unique variance. These findings indicate a cognitive processing bias for sleep-related stimuli among young adult poor sleepers. Limitations, implications for assessment and intervention are discussed.
10 Accuracy of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Knowledge Across Three Diverse Samples
- Gillian T Falletta, Taylor Zurlinden, Daniel Erik Everhart
-
- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 121-122
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
Objective:
There are many common beliefs within the general public about Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) that contradict research findings and scientific evidence. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine the accuracy of CTE knowledge across three diverse samples.
Participants and Methods:The three groups included in the sample were 333 college students (54%), 196 individuals from the public (32%), and 90 psychology trainees/clinicians (54%) for a total of 619 participants. Online surveys were used to collect the CTE knowledge accuracy (i.e., the number correct divided by the total number of questions) of the sample. The questions about CTE were adapted from Merz et al. (2017) and from the Sports Neuropsychology Society’s “CTE: A Q and A Fact Sheet.”
Results:Overall, CTE knowledge accuracy was 52% (M = 51%, SD = .24). Regarding inaccurate beliefs, two-thirds of the sample believed that CTE was related to sports participation alone even if a head injury did not occur, and most participants believed that CTE could be caused by a single injury. Additionally, confidence in CTE knowledge was positively correlated with willingness to allow their child to play a high contact sport despite overall low CTE knowledge accuracy. Last, many participants reported education (67%) and health care providers (61%) as their main sources of CTE information while only 18% of participants cited television/movies. However, when asked to provide additional details about their CTE information source, many participants cited ESPN specials and the movie “Concussion” as the main reason they learned of the condition and sought out additional information.
Conclusions:The results of this study are consistent with previous research on CTE knowledge accuracy. This further supports the need for clinicians and researchers to address misconceptions by providing information and scientific facts.