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Patterns of daily energy drink consumption differ by gender among Belgian adolescents
- Theresa Lebacq, Maud Dujeu, Camille Pedroni, Nathalie Moreau, Véronique Desnouck, Emma Holmberg, Isabelle Godin, Katia Castetbon
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E202
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Over the past decade, energy drinks (ED) have become increasingly popular among adolescents. Due to their high content in caffeine, sugar and other energy-promoting components, frequent ED consumption may have adverse health effects, like cardiovascular symptoms, sleep impairment, and nervousness. Previous studies have shown that ED consumption was more frequent among males. To extend this knowledge, our analysis examined how sociodemographic and lifestyle determinants of frequent ED consumption may differ by gender among Belgian adolescents. This study was based on data self-reported by 9,119 12–19 year-old French-speaking Belgian adolescents in secondary school, within the 2014 cross-sectional Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children survey. Pupils reporting they usually consumed ED once a day or more were considered as “high ED consumers”. Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics were described in relation to ED consumption, for boys and girls separately. We used multiple logistic regression models, stratified by gender, to assess the associations between the sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, with high ED consumption. Daily ED consumption was reported by 7.9% of boys and 4.6% of girls. In both genders, the proportion of high ED consumers was significantly higher among adolescents of grades 1–3, those of lower family affluence, in first- and second-generation immigrants, those watching TV more than 6 hours/day, those reporting later bedtimes, and those consuming soft drinks daily. In girls only, higher percentages were observed in girls from single- (7.6%) or blended-families (5.2%), than in girls from two-parent families (3.5%). In boys only, this percentage was higher among adolescents meeting physical activity recommendations (14.5% vs 6.5%). Multivariate analyses showed that high ED consumption was associated with lower grades, long screen time, later bedtimes, and daily soft drink consumption in both genders. In girls only, adolescents from single-parent families were more likely to consume ED daily (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.23–2.37) (vs. two-parent families). In boys only, first-generation immigrants (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.06–2.21) (vs. natives) and youth sufficiently physically active (OR 2.19; 95% CI 1.65–2.90) were more likely to consume ED daily. High ED consumption was more frequent among boys and showed gender-specific patterns, with associations with family structure in girls only, and with migration status and physical activity in boys only. Our findings provide evidence about patterns of high ED consumption among adolescents and should be used to inform the development of prevention strategies.
Alcohol consumption in early adolescence is differently associated with sociodemographic and psychosocial factors according to gender (HBSC 2014, Wallonia, Belgium)
- Camille Pedroni, Maud Dujeu, Thérésa Lebacq, Nathalie Moreau, Véronique Desnouck, Emma Holmberg, Isabelle Godin, Katia Castetbon
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E338
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- Article
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Introduction
During adolescence, while the body is still in development, alcohol consumption can cause irreversible damages. Well-being and family, social and school environment may influence alcohol consumption among adolescents. According to their gender, they may be more or less receptive to some of these influences. Our aim was to identify potential gender differences in the correlates of alcohol consumption in early adolescence.
MethodsAnalyses were based on 4,714 10–14-year-old adolescents attending schools in Wallonia, and included in the 2014 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) cross-sectional survey. Information were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Alcohol consumption was defined as having drunk at least one day during the last 30 days before the survey. Gender-stratified associations were estimated using multivariable logistic regressions.
ResultsTwenty percent of 10–14-year-old adolescents (boys: 21.6%; girls: 18.0%) reported having consumed alcohol during the past month. After adjustment, associations with age, frequency of contacts via social networks and frequency of outings with friends after class hours, were similar in both genders. Adolescents aged 13–14 years (vs. 10–12 years), those who communicated at least every week via social networks (vs. less than once a week) and those who met their friends at least once after class hours (vs. less than once a week) were more likely to consume alcohol.
Boys’ and girls’ 2nd-generation migrants and boys’ 1st-generation migrants (vs. natives) were less likely to have consumed alcohol in the past month. Furthermore, boys and girls with “low” Family Affluence Scale (FAS) and boys from “medium” FAS (vs. “high”) were less likely to have consumed alcohol.
In boys only, school satisfaction was significantly associated with alcohol consumption during the past month (vs. those who liked school a lot: those who liked school a bit (OR = 1.88 [1.13–0.84]) or did not like school very much (OR = 2.20 [1.32–3.66]) or did not like school at all (OR = 2.91 [1.69–5.02]).
In girls, family status (vs. two-parent families: stepfamilies (OR = 1.43 [1.05–1.95])) and life satisfaction (vs. “high”: “low” (OR = 1.63 [1.19–2.26])) were significantly associated with alcohol consumption.
ConclusionAlthough both genders share common risk factors (age, peer relationships, migration status and socioeconomic status), some differences have been highlighted. In boys only, school satisfaction was inversely associated with alcohol consumption. High life satisfaction and living in two-parent families seemed to play a protective role in girls only. These results should help better identify adolescents to be targeted in campaigns preventing early alcohol consumption.
5 - A polarized view of string topology
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- By Ralph L. Cohen, Stanford University, Véronique Godin, Stanford University
- Edited by Ulrike Tillmann, University of Oxford
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- Book:
- Topology, Geometry and Quantum Field Theory
- Published online:
- 06 November 2009
- Print publication:
- 28 June 2004, pp 127-154
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Summary
Abstract
Let M be a closed, connected manifold, and LM its loop space. In this paper we describe closed string topology operations in h*(LM), where h* is a generalized homology theory that supports an orientation of M. We will show that these operations give h*(LM) the structure of a unital, commutative Frobenius algebra without a counit. Equivalently they describe a positive boundary, two-dimensional topological quantum field theory associated to h*(LM). This implies that there are operations corresponding to any surface with p incoming and q outgoing boundary components, so long as q ≥ 1. The absence of a counit follows from the nonexistence of an operation associated to the disk, D2, viewed as a cobordism from the circle to the empty set. We will study homological obstructions to constructing such an operation, and show that in order for such an operation to exist, one must take h*(LM) to be an appropriate homological pro-object associated to the loop space. Motivated by this, we introduce a prospectrum associated to LM when M has an almost complex structure. Given such a manifold its loop space has a canonical polarization of its tangent bundle, which is the fundamental feature needed to define this prospectrum. We refer to this as the ‘polarized Atiyah-dual’ of LM. An appropriate homology theory applied to this prospectrum would be a candidate for a theory that supports string topology operations associated to any surface, including closed surfaces.