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8 - Bolstering the Bond: Policies and Programs That Support Prenatal Bonding and the Transition to Parenting
- from Part II - Parenting across Development: Social, Emotional, and Cognitive Influences
- Edited by Amanda Sheffield Morris, Oklahoma State University, Julia Mendez Smith, University of North Carolina, Greensboro
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- The Cambridge Handbook of Parenting
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- 01 December 2022
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- 15 December 2022, pp 165-190
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Summary
Infants are born predisposed to develop strong relationships to those most likely to protect them; this emotional connection from the child to the protective adult is described as attachment (Ainsworth, 1979; Bowlby, 1983; Crittenden, 2006; Spierling et al., 2019). In turn, parents’ behavioral and physiological responses prime them to respond to attachment behaviors, such as crying, with protective behaviors (Ainsworth, 1979; Bowlby, 1983; Cong et al., 2015). This emotional connection from the attachment figure to the child is described as bonding (Scatliffe et al., 2019). Parental bonding is more often studied in biological mothers, but similar processes of bonding can occur in fathers and other caregivers who act in the role of parents (Bowlby, 1983; Cong et al., 2015; Dayton, Malone, & Brown, 2020). Relationships are a dyadic experience, influenced by both the parent and the child, dynamically changing over time, and shaped by the family context (Ainsworth, 1979; Crittenden, 2006; Wilson et al., 2000). Bonding and attachment are distinct concepts, even though the labels are sometimes used interchangeably (Habib & Lancaster, 2006; McNamara, Townsend, & Herbert, 2019).
Herman L. Bennett. African Kings and Black Slaves: Sovereignty and Dispossession in the Early Modern Atlantic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018. 240 pp. ISBN: 9780812250633. $34.95.
- W. Russell Robinson
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- Journal:
- Itinerario / Volume 43 / Issue 3 / December 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 December 2019, pp. 545-546
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- December 2019
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Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
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- 05 August 2015
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4 - Mass Contactor Analysis
- from PART I
- T. W. Fraser Russell, University of Delaware, Anne Skaja Robinson, University of Delaware, Norman J. Wagner, University of Delaware
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- Mass and Heat Transfer
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Summary
Portions of this chapter are taken from Introduction to Chemical Engineering Analysis by Russell and Denn (1972) and are used with permission.
In Chapter 2, a constitutive equation for reaction rate was introduced, and the experimental means of verifying it was discussed for some simple systems. The use of the verified reaction-rate expression in some introductory design problems was illustrated in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 expanded on the analysis of reactors presented in Chapter 2 by dealing with heat exchangers and showing how the analysis is carried out for systems with two control volumes. A constitutive rate expression for heat transfer was presented, and experiments to verify it were discussed.
This chapter considers the analysis of mass contactors, devices in which there are at least two phases and in which some species are transferred between the phases. The analysis will produce a set of equations for two control volumes just as it did for heat exchangers. The rate expression for mass transfer is similar to that for heat transfer; both have a term to account for the area between the two control volumes. In heat exchangers this area is determined by the geometry of the exchanger and is readily obtained. In a mass contactor this area is determined by multiphase fluid mechanics, and its estimation requires more effort. In mass contactors in which transfer occurs across a membrane the nominal area determination is readily done just as for heat exchangers, but the actual area for transfer may be less well defined.
Nomenclature for Part I
- from PART I
- T. W. Fraser Russell, University of Delaware, Anne Skaja Robinson, University of Delaware, Norman J. Wagner, University of Delaware
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8 - Technically Feasible Design Case Studies
- from PART II
- T. W. Fraser Russell, University of Delaware, Anne Skaja Robinson, University of Delaware, Norman J. Wagner, University of Delaware
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Summary
Figure 1.2 presents the logic leading to technically feasible analysis and design. In this chapter we illustrate the design process that follows from the analysis of existing equipment, experiment, and the development of model equations capable of predicting equipment performance. Design requests can come in the form of memos, but an ongoing dialogue between those requesting a design and those carrying out the design helps to properly define the problem. This is difficult to illustrate in a textbook but we will try to give some sense of the process in the case studies presented here.
Technically feasible heat exchanger and mass contactor design procedures were outlined in Sections 3.5 and 4.5. In this chapter we present case studies to illustrate how one can proceed to a technically feasible design. Recall that such a design must satisfy only the design criteria, i.e., the volume of a reactor that will produce the required amount of product, the heat exchanger configuration that will meet the heat load needed with the utilities available, or the mass contactor that will transfer the required amount of material from one phase to another given the flow rate of the material to be processed. Even for relatively simple situations, design is always an iterative process and requires one to make decisions that cannot be verified until more information is available and additional calculations are made.
6 - Convective Heat and Mass Transfer
- from PART II
- T. W. Fraser Russell, University of Delaware, Anne Skaja Robinson, University of Delaware, Norman J. Wagner, University of Delaware
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Summary
The coefficients of heat and mass transfer rate expressions depend on any fluid flows in the system. Our personal experience with “wind-chill” factors on chilly winter days and in dissolving sugar or instant coffee in hot liquids by stirring suggests that the rate of heat and mass transfer can be greatly increased with increasing wind speed or mixing rates. The technically feasible design of heat and mass transfer equipment requires calculating the transport coefficients and their variation with the fluid flows in the device, which depend intimately on the design of the device. For example, the area for heat transfer calculated for a tubular–tubular heat exchanger can be achieved by an infinite combination of pipe diameters, lengths, and for shell-and-tube exchanges, the number of tubes. However, selecting a pipe diameter for a given volumetric flow rate sets the fluid velocity in the pipe and the type of flow (i.e., laminar versus turbulent), which sets the overall heat transfer coefficient. This is why the design of heat and mass transfer equipment is often an iterative process. This chapter presents methods for estimating transport coefficients in systems with fluid motion.
The central hypothesis for flowing systems is that the friction, resistance to heat transfer, and resistance to mass transfer are predominately located in a thin boundary layer at the interface between the bulk flowing fluid and either another fluid (liquid or gas) or a solid surface.
Frontmatter
- T. W. Fraser Russell, University of Delaware, Anne Skaja Robinson, University of Delaware, Norman J. Wagner, University of Delaware
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Acknowledgments
- T. W. Fraser Russell, University of Delaware, Anne Skaja Robinson, University of Delaware, Norman J. Wagner, University of Delaware
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5 - Conduction and Diffusion
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- T. W. Fraser Russell, University of Delaware, Anne Skaja Robinson, University of Delaware, Norman J. Wagner, University of Delaware
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Summary
Rate of Thermal Conduction
In Chapter 3 we presented model equations for heat exchangers with our mixed–mixed, mixed–plug, and plug–plug classifications. All these fluid motions generally require some degree of turbulence, and all heat exchangers, except for those for which there is direct contact between phases, require a solid surface dividing the two control volumes of the exchanger. To predict the overall heat transfer coefficient, denoted as U in the analyses in Part I, we must be able to determine how U is affected by the turbulent eddies in the fluids and the physical properties of the fluids and how the rate of heat transfer depends on the conduction of heat through the solid surface of the exchanger.
We begin our study of conductive transport by considering the transfer of heat in a uniform solid such as that employed as the boundary between the two control volumes of any exchanger. This requires a Level III analysis and verification of a constitutive equation for conduction. This is followed by a complementary analysis of molecular diffusion through solids and stagnant fluids.
Experimental Determination of Thermal Conductivity k and Verification of Fourier's Constitutive Equation
Consider an experiment whereby the heat flow through the wall between the tank and the jacket in Figure 3.7 is measured. For the purposes of this analysis, we consider the heat transfer to be essentially one dimensional in the y direction, with the barrier essentially infinite in the z–x plane.
Index
- T. W. Fraser Russell, University of Delaware, Anne Skaja Robinson, University of Delaware, Norman J. Wagner, University of Delaware
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PART I
- T. W. Fraser Russell, University of Delaware, Anne Skaja Robinson, University of Delaware, Norman J. Wagner, University of Delaware
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To the Student
- T. W. Fraser Russell, University of Delaware, Anne Skaja Robinson, University of Delaware, Norman J. Wagner, University of Delaware
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- Mass and Heat Transfer
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Summary
This text is designed to teach you how to carry out quantitative analysis of physical phenomena important to chemical professionals. In the chemical engineering curriculum, this course is typically taught in the junior year. Students with adequate preparation in thermodynamics and reactor design should be successful at learning the material in this book. Students lacking a reactor design course, such as chemists and other professionals, will need to pay additional attention to the material in Chapter 2 and may need to carry out additional preparation by using the references contained in that chapter. This book uses the logic employed in the simple analysis of reacting systems for reactor design to develop the more complex analysis of mass and heat transfer systems.
Analysis is the process of developing a mathematical description (model) of a physical situation of interest, determining behavior of the model, comparing the behavior with data from experiment or other sources, and using the verified model for various practical purposes.
There are two parts in the analysis process that deserve special attention:
developing the mathematical model, and
comparing model behavior with data.
Our experience with teaching analysis for many years has shown that the model development step can be effectively taught by following well-developed logic. Just what constitutes agreement between model behavior and data is a much more complex matter and is part of the art of analysis.
PART II
- T. W. Fraser Russell, University of Delaware, Anne Skaja Robinson, University of Delaware, Norman J. Wagner, University of Delaware
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Summary
In Part I of this text we developed the model equations for analyzing experiments and for the technically feasible design of laboratory-, pilot-, and commercial-scale processing equipment including reactors, heat exchangers, and mass contactors. Our organization in terms of the macroscale fluid motions in such equipment (Table 1.1) has broader applicability because many systems of interest in living organisms and in the natural environment can also be similarly analyzed.
The constitutive equations used in the model equations in Part I are summarized in Table 1.5. The overall heat transfer coefficient U and the mass transfer coefficient Km are engineering parameters defined by these constitutive equations. These transport coefficients depend on both the materials involved and the microscale and macroscale fluid motions of these materials, as well as their thermodynamic state (i.e., temperature and pressure). Our need to determine these parameters by experiment reflects our lack of understanding of the fluid mechanics affecting the transport of energy in a turbulent or laminar fluid to a solid surface, for example, or the transfer of a species at the interface between two phases with complex fluid motions. These boundary layers are critical regions at the fluid–fluid and fluid–solid interfaces where the dominant resistances to heat and mass transfer are located in flowing fluids. Transport coefficients deduced from analysis of existing equipment are accurate only if the model equations correctly describe the fluid motions in the experiment.
Instructors' and Readers' Guide
- T. W. Fraser Russell, University of Delaware, Anne Skaja Robinson, University of Delaware, Norman J. Wagner, University of Delaware
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Summary
This book is designed to teach students how to become proficient in engineering analysis by studying mass and heat transfer, transport phenomena critical to chemical engineers and other chemical professionals. It is organized differently than traditional courses in mass and heat transfer in that more emphasis is placed on mass transfer and the importance of systematic analysis. The course in mass and heat transfer in the chemical engineering curriculum is typically taught in the junior year and is a prerequisite for the design course in the senior year and, in some curricula, also a prerequisite for a course in equilibrium stage design. An examination of most mass and heat transfer courses shows that the majority of the time is devoted to heat transfer and, in particular, conductive heat transfer in solids. This often leads to overemphasis of mathematical manipulation and solution of ordinary and partial differential equations at the expense of engineering analysis, which should stress the development of the model equations and study of model behavior. It has been the experience of the authors that the “traditional” approach to teaching undergraduate transport phenomena frequently neglects the more difficult problem of mass transfer, despite its being an area that is critical to chemical professionals.
At the University of Delaware, chemical engineering students take this course in mass and heat transfer the spring semester of their junior year, after having courses in thermodynamics, kinetics and reactor design, and fluid mechanics.
Contents
- T. W. Fraser Russell, University of Delaware, Anne Skaja Robinson, University of Delaware, Norman J. Wagner, University of Delaware
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1 - Introduction
- from PART I
- T. W. Fraser Russell, University of Delaware, Anne Skaja Robinson, University of Delaware, Norman J. Wagner, University of Delaware
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All physical situations of interest to engineers and scientists are complex enough that a mathematical model of some sort is essential to describe them in sufficient detail for useful analysis and interpretation. Mathematical expressions provide a common language so different disciplines can communicate among each other more effectively. Models are very critical to chemical engineers, chemists, biochemists, and other chemical professionals because most situations of interest are molecular in nature and take place in equipment that does not allow for direct observation. Experiments are needed to extract fundamental knowledge and to obtain critical information for the design and operation of equipment. To do this effectively, one must be able to quantitatively analyze mass, energy, and momentum transfer (transport phenomena) at some level of complexity. In this text we define six levels of complexity, which characterize the level of detail needed in model development. The various levels are summarized in Table 1.1.
Level I, Conservation of Mass and/or Energy. At this level of analysis the control volume is considered a black box. A control volume is some region of space, often a piece of equipment, that is designated for “accounting” purposes in analysis. Only the laws of conservation of mass and/or energy are applied to yield the model equations; there is no consideration of molecular or transport phenomena within the control volume. It is a valuable approach for the analysis of existing manmade or natural systems and is widely employed.
Preface
- T. W. Fraser Russell, University of Delaware, Anne Skaja Robinson, University of Delaware, Norman J. Wagner, University of Delaware
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Chemical engineers educated in the undergraduate programs of departments of chemical engineering have received an education that has been proven highly effective. Chemical engineering educational programs have accomplished this by managing to teach a methodology for solving a wide range of problems. They first did so by using case studies from the chemical process industries. They began case studies in the early part of the 20th century by considering the complete processes for the manufacture of certain chemicals and how they were designed, operated, and controlled. This approach was made much more effective when it was recognized that all chemical processes contained elements that had the same characteristics, and the education was then organized around various unit operations. Great progress was made during the 1940s and 1950s in experimental studies that quantified the analysis and design of heat exchangers and equilibrium stage operations such as distillation. The 1960s saw the introduction of reaction and reactor analysis into the curriculum, which emphasized the critical relationship between experiment and mathematical modeling and use of the verified models for practical design. We have built upon this approach, coupled with the tools of transport phenomena, to develop this text.
Our approach to teaching mass and heat transfer has the following goals:
Teach students a methodology for rational, engineering analysis of problems in mass and heat transport, i.e., to develop model equations to describe mass and heat transfer based on the relationship between experimental data and model.
Using these model equations, teach students to design and interpret laboratory experiments in mass and heat transfer and then to effectively translate this knowledge to the operation and design of mass and heat transfer equipment.
[…]
2 - Chemical Reactor Analysis
- from PART I
- T. W. Fraser Russell, University of Delaware, Anne Skaja Robinson, University of Delaware, Norman J. Wagner, University of Delaware
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Summary
A substantial portion of this chapter is taken from Introduction to Chemical Engineering Analysis by Russell and Denn (1972) and is used with permission.
This short chapter is a review of the analysis of simple reacting systems for chemical engineers. It is also designed to teach the fundamentals of analysis to other chemical professionals.
Reactor analysis is the most straightforward issue that chemical professionals encounter because rates of reaction can be obtained experimentally. The analysis of experimental data for reacting systems with mathematical models and the subsequent use of the verified model equations for design provide a template for the analysis of mass and heat transfer. We begin with simple reacting systems because the laboratory-scale experiments enable determination of reaction-rate constants that, with reasonable assumptions, can be used in model equations for design and operation of pilot- or commercial-scale reactors.
The same general principles apply to the design of mass contactors and heat exchangers, although it is more difficult to get the necessary values for mass and heat transfer coefficients from experiment. As we will see, mass transfer analysis is further complicated by the need to determine interfacial areas.
All chemical reaction and reactor analysis begins with experiment. Most experiments are carried out in batch equipment in a laboratory, and efforts are made to ensure the vessel is well mixed. In batch experiments, the concentrations of critical reacting species and products are measured over a given time period, sometimes until equilibrium is reached.
Mass and Heat Transfer
- Analysis of Mass Contactors and Heat Exchangers
- T. W. Fraser Russell, Anne Skaja Robinson, Norman J. Wagner
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- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 11 February 2008
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- Textbook
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This text allows instructors to teach a course on heat and mass transfer that will equip students with the pragmatic, applied skills required by the modern chemical industry. This new approach is a combined presentation of heat and mass transfer, maintaining mathematical rigor while keeping mathematical analysis to a minimum. This allows students to develop a strong conceptual understanding, and teaches them how to become proficient in engineering analysis of mass contactors and heat exchangers and the transport theory used as a basis for determining how critical coefficients depend upon physical properties and fluid motions. Students will first study the engineering analysis and design of equipment important in experiments and for the processing of material at the commercial scale. The second part of the book presents the fundamentals of transport phenomena relevant to these applications. A complete teaching package includes a comprehensive instructor's guide, exercises, case studies, and project assignments.