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82 results

Page 1 of 5

  • Who Does and Who Does Not Engage in Strategic Litigation in European Law?

  • Andreas Hofmann
  • Journal:
    German Law Journal / Volume 25 / Issue 6 / August 2024
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    24 January 2025, pp. 856-872
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  • Both European Union law and the European Convention on Human Rights offer an opportunity structure for a broad array of interests to pursue their objectives through strategic litigation. The spectrum of rights that litigants can claim is sufficiently broad that no consensus has emerged on the general consequences of such litigation. While much research has emphasized European law as a resource for civil society groups, EU law in particular has also been identified as a boon for businesses who challenge cornerstones of coordinated capitalism. This paper sets out to provide a better empirical basis for a normative evaluation of the consequences of strategic litigation in European law by asking who engages in it and who does not. It draws on data from a large-scale survey among interest groups in eight European countries. While results show significant differences in country-level litigation rates, the focus of this analysis is on the impact of group characteristics on the choice of litigation as a strategy. The findings confirm that litigation requires specific resources but highlight that groups with a prior interest in European affairs and those with antagonistic relations to national authorities are the most likely to turn to strategic litigation based in European law.

  • 6 - The Role of National Courts in Redressing Fundamental Rights Violations by the EU

  • from Part II - Remedies beyond the CJEU
  • Edited by Melanie Fink, Leiden University
  • Book:
    Redressing Fundamental Rights Violations by the EU
    Published online:
    21 December 2024
    Print publication:
    12 December 2024, pp 155-176
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  • Summary

    National courts are central actors in the EU legal system. In a system of remedies against EU acts, they take on a filtering function. Comparatively few civil society actors – individuals, groups, or companies – have direct access to the EU courts. This chapter focuses on the autonomous role that national courts can and do take on in addressing alleged rights violations by the EU. The chapter explores how enterprising civil society actors seize on the ambiguities inherent in a multi-level jurisdiction with contested hierarchies. In focusing on such efforts, this chapter is less interested in doctrinal questions of how to resolve conflicts inherent in a pluralist legal order. Rather, it looks at the circumstances under which civil society litigants – individuals, groups, and companies – address a claim to a national court and where national courts have historically been open to such claims.

  • Behavior of Smectite in Strong Salt Brines under Conditions Relevant to the Disposal of Low- to Medium-Grade Nuclear Waste

  • Heiko Hofmann, Andreas Bauer, Laurence N. Warr
  • Journal:
    Clays and Clay Minerals / Volume 52 / Issue 1 / February 2004
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 January 2024, pp. 14-24
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  • Two industrial bentonites, IBECO SEAL-80 and TIXOTON TE, have been proposed as potential backfill material in the German Asse salt dome, a test field for the disposal of low- to medium-grade active nuclear waste. Considering the unlikely but possible case of a barrier breakdown with infiltration of a highly concentrated salt brine, the physicochemical stability and material behavior of these bentonites in a saturated salt brine (predominantly MgCl2) at 25°C were studied over the time period of 150 days. The results show that no mineral transformations occurred throughout the duration of the experiments and minor dissolution was only active during the first days. Some chemical properties, namely sorption capability and swelling, were reduced during contact with the salt brine, but could be reversed by removing the salt after treatment. Despite restriction of the CEC in the presence of salt solution, interlayer cation exchange reactions are still active in this environment. The long-term chemical stability of smectite in salt brine is predicted under these low-temperature conditions, but the increased permeability during aggregate formation could lead to physical breakdown of the backfill component.

  • Impact of compulsory admission on treatment and outcome: A propensity score matched analysis

  • Part of
  • Andreas B. Hofmann, Hanna M. Schmid, Lena A. Hofmann, Vanessa Noboa, Erich Seifritz, Stefan Vetter, Stephan T. Egger
  • Journal:
    European Psychiatry / Volume 65 / Issue 1 / 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 January 2022, e6
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  • Background

    Despite multiple ethical issues and little evidence of their efficacy, compulsory admission and treatment are still common psychiatric practice. Therefore, we aimed to assess potential differences in treatment and outcome between voluntarily and compulsorily admitted patients.

    Methods

    We extracted clinical data from inpatients treated in an academic hospital in Zurich, Switzerland between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2019. Observation time started upon the first admission and ended after a one-year follow-up after the last discharge. Several sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, including Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) scores, were retrospectively obtained. We then identified risk factors of compulsory admission using logistic regression in order to perform a widely balanced propensity score matching. Altogether, we compared 4,570 compulsorily and 4,570 voluntarily admitted propensity score-matched patients. Multiple differences between these groups concerning received treatment, coercive measures, clinical parameters, and service use outcomes were detected.

    Results

    Upon discharge, compulsorily admitted patients reached a similar HoNOS sum score in a significantly shorter duration of treatment. They were more often admitted for crisis interventions, were prescribed less pharmacologic treatment, and received fewer therapies. During the follow-up, voluntarily admitted patients were readmitted more often, while the time to readmission did not differ.

    Conclusions

    Under narrowly set circumstances, compulsory admissions might be helpful to avert and relieve exacerbations of severe psychiatric disorders.

  • An Upper Ediacaran Glacial Period in Cadomia: the Granville tillite (Armorican Massif) – sedimentology, geochronology and provenance

  • Ulf Linnemann, Mandy Hofmann, Andreas Gärtner, Jessica Gärtner, Johannes Zieger, Rita Krause, Robert Haenel, Katja Mende, Maria Ovtcharova, Urs Schaltegger, Pat Vickers-Rich
  • Journal:
    Geological Magazine / Volume 159 / Issue 7 / July 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    09 December 2021, pp. 999-1013
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  • In the Cadomian orogenic belt a package of glacigenic sedimentary deposits have been recently described in the Armorican Massif (Normandy, France). The Granville Tillite Member, the middle part of the upper Granville Formation, is late Ediacaran in age. Maximum depositional ages of the pre- and syn-glacial sedimentary deposits obtained by LA-ICP-MS U–Pb detrital zircon dating indicate a maximum age of 561 ± 3 Ma. Combined with geochronological data on the previously described glacial deposits in Cadomia, West Africa, Arabia and Iran, the Granville Tillite Member appears to represent an Upper Ediacaran Glacial Period in northern peri-Gondwana, clearly younger than the c. 580 Ma old Gaskiers glaciation. Detailed mapping and analysis of the depositional regime of two sections near the city of Granville are indicative of two independent glaciomarine lower and upper tillite deposits separated by a distinct conglomeratic marker horizon, evidently a massive gravel beach horizon deposited during an interglacial stage. Age spectra of detrital zircon U–Pb ages constrain the palaeogeographical position of the upper Granville Formation to the periphery of the West African Craton. Post-Gaskiers aged glaciations in Cadomia and in West Africa should be grouped into an Upper Ediacaran Glacial Period dated at c. 565 Ma. This glacial period seems not to be related to the negative δ13C Shuram–Wonoka anomaly. Sedimentary deposits formed during the Upper Ediacaran Glacial Period show a scattered distribution along the marginal orogens of the Gondwana supercontinent independent of palaeolatitude and are coupled most likely to contemporaneous orogenic processes and uplift.

  • Trochaic bias overrides stress typicality in English lexical development

  • Klaus HOFMANN, Andreas BAUMANN
  • Journal:
    Journal of Child Language / Volume 48 / Issue 4 / July 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    07 October 2020, pp. 645-669
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  • This paper investigates whether typical stress patterns in English nouns and verbs are available as a prosodic cue for categorisation and accelerated word learning during first language acquisition. The stress typicality hypothesis states that left-stressed nouns and right-stressed verbs should be acquired earlier than the reverse configurations if stress effectively signals lexical class membership. In this view, class-typical stress patterns are expected to facilitate learning of novel items. A series of generalized additive models (GAMs) based on a comprehensive set of lexical data (CELEX) as well as a large set of age-of-acquisition (AoA) and concreteness ratings reveals that stress typicality plays a minor role in early acquisition, as it is generally superseded by a preference for left-hand (or ‘trochaic’) patterns in both nouns and verbs. This may be explained by general cognitive constraints (perceptual salience and recency) or exposure to the dominant pattern in the ambient language.

  • Health-related quality of life in pre-school age children with single-ventricle CHD

  • Kristina N. Heye, Walter Knirsch, Ianina Scheer, Ingrid Beck, Kristina Wetterling, Andreas Hahn, Karoline Hofmann, Beatrice Latal, Bettina Reich, Markus A. Landolt
  • Journal:
    Cardiology in the Young / Volume 29 / Issue 2 / February 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2019, pp. 162-168
  • Background

    Little is known about health-related quality of life in young children undergoing staged palliation for single-ventricle CHD. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of CHD on daily life in pre-schoolers with single-ventricle CHD and to identify determinants of health-related quality of life.

    Method

    Prospective two-centre cohort study assessing health-related quality of life using the Preschool Paediatric Cardiac Quality of Life Inventory in 46 children at a mean age of 38 months and 3 weeks. Children with genetic anomalies were excluded. Scores were compared with reference data of children with biventricular CHD. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify determinants of health-related quality of life.

    Results

    Health-related quality of life in pre-schoolers with single-ventricle CHD was comparable to children with biventricular CHD. Preterm birth and perioperative variables were significant predictors of low health-related quality of life. Notably, pre-Fontan brain MRI findings and neurodevelopmental status were not associated with health-related quality of life. Overall, perioperative variables explained 24% of the variability of the total health-related quality of life score.

    Interpretation

    Despite substantial health-related burden, pre-schoolers with single-ventricle CHD showed good health-related quality of life. Less-modifiable treatment-related risk factors and preterm birth had the highest impact on health-related quality of life. Long-term follow-up assessment of self-reported health-related quality of life is needed to identify patients with poorer health-related quality of life and to initiate supportive care.

Wilson and Walker's Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • 8th edition
  • Edited by Andreas Hofmann, Samuel Clokie
  • Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    19 April 2018
  • Bringing this best-selling textbook right up to date, the new edition uniquely integrates the theories and methods that drive the fields of biology, biotechnology and medicine, comprehensively covering both the techniques students will encounter in lab classes and those that underpin current key advances and discoveries. The contents have been updated to include both traditional and cutting-edge techniques most commonly used in current life science research. Emphasis is placed on understanding the theory behind the techniques, as well as analysis of the resulting data. New chapters cover proteomics, genomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics, as well as data analysis and visualisation. Using accessible language to describe concepts and methods, and with a wealth of new in-text worked examples to challenge students' understanding, this textbook provides an essential guide to the key techniques used in current bioscience research.

  • Resistance against the Court of Justice of the European Union

  • Andreas Hofmann
  • Journal:
    International Journal of Law in Context / Volume 14 / Issue 2 / June 2018
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    29 May 2018, pp. 258-274

  • This contribution reviews different forms of resistance against the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). While backlash is rare, various forms of pushback are more common than accounts of the CJEU's apparent success suggest. It is not uncommon that national policy-makers, administrations and the judiciary fail to comply with individual rulings. Moreover, Member State authorities have developed multiple strategies to limit the practical effect of controversial lines of CJEU case-law. The availability of ‘work-arounds’ that national authorities can live with shields the CJEU against significant backlash. At the same time, the multiple processes of pushback in the Member States lead to an outcome of considerable heterogeneity.

  • 2 - Basic Principles

  • Edited by Andreas Hofmann, Griffith University, Queensland, Samuel Clokie
  • Book:
    Wilson and Walker's Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    19 April 2018, pp 8-39

  • Summary

    BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES

    Molecules of biological interest can be classified into ions, small molecules and macromolecules. Typical organic small molecules include the ligands of enzymes, substrates such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and effector molecules (inhibitors, drugs). Ions such as Ca 2+ play a key role in signalling events. Biological macromolecules are polymers which, by definition, consist of covalently linked monomers, the building blocks. The four types of biologically relevant polymers are summarised in Table 2.1.

    Proteins

    Proteins are formed by a condensation reaction of the α-amino group of one amino acid (or the imino group of proline) with the α-carboxyl group of another. Concomitantly, a water molecule is lost and a peptide bond is formed. The peptide bond possesses partial double-bond character and thus restricts rotation around the C–N bond. The progressive condensation of many amino acids gives rise to an unbranched polypeptide chain. Since biosynthesis of proteins proceeds from the N- to the C-terminal amino acid, the N-terminal amino acid is taken as the beginning of the chain and the C-terminal amino acid as the end. Generally, chains of amino acids containing fewer than 50 residues are referred to as peptides, and those with more than 50 are referred to as proteins. Most proteins contain many hundreds of amino acids; ribonuclease, for example, is considered an extremely small protein with only 103 amino-acid residues. Many biologically active peptides contain 20 or fewer amino acids, such as the mammalian hormone oxytocin (nine amino-acid residues) which is clinically used to induce labour since it causes contraction of the uterus, and the neurotoxin apamin (18 amino-acid residues) found in bee venom.

    THE IMPORTANCE OF STRUCTURE

    Three main factors determine the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule:

  • • allowable backbone angles

  • • i nteractions between the monomeric building blocks

  • • interactions between solvent and macromolecule.

    • The solvent interactions can be categorised into two types: binding of solvent molecules (solvation) and hydrophobic interactions. The latter arise from the inability or reluctance of parts of the macromolecule to interact with solvent molecules (hydrophobic effect), which, as a consequence, leads to exclusive solvent–solvent interactions. Phenomenologically, a collection of molecules that cannot be solvated will stick close to one another and minimise solvent contact.

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