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Ten new insights in climate science 2021: a horizon scan
- Maria A. Martin, Olga Alcaraz Sendra, Ana Bastos, Nico Bauer, Christoph Bertram, Thorsten Blenckner, Kathryn Bowen, Paulo M. Brando, Tanya Brodie Rudolph, Milena Büchs, Mercedes Bustamante, Deliang Chen, Helen Cleugh, Purnamita Dasgupta, Fatima Denton, Jonathan F. Donges, Felix Kwabena Donkor, Hongbo Duan, Carlos M. Duarte, Kristie L. Ebi, Clea M. Edwards, Anja Engel, Eleanor Fisher, Sabine Fuss, Juliana Gaertner, Andrew Gettelman, Cécile A.J. Girardin, Nicholas R. Golledge, Jessica F. Green, Michael R. Grose, Masahiro Hashizume, Sophie Hebden, Helmke Hepach, Marina Hirota, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, Satoshi Kojima, Sharachchandra Lele, Sylvia Lorek, Heike K. Lotze, H. Damon Matthews, Darren McCauley, Desta Mebratu, Nadine Mengis, Rachael H. Nolan, Erik Pihl, Stefan Rahmstorf, Aaron Redman, Colleen E. Reid, Johan Rockström, Joeri Rogelj, Marielle Saunois, Lizzie Sayer, Peter Schlosser, Giles B. Sioen, Joachim H. Spangenberg, Detlef Stammer, Thomas N.S. Sterner, Nicola Stevens, Kirsten Thonicke, Hanqin Tian, Ricarda Winkelmann, James Woodcock
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- Journal:
- Global Sustainability / Volume 4 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 October 2021, e25
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Non-technical summary
We summarize some of the past year's most important findings within climate change-related research. New research has improved our understanding about the remaining options to achieve the Paris Agreement goals, through overcoming political barriers to carbon pricing, taking into account non-CO2 factors, a well-designed implementation of demand-side and nature-based solutions, resilience building of ecosystems and the recognition that climate change mitigation costs can be justified by benefits to the health of humans and nature alone. We consider new insights about what to expect if we fail to include a new dimension of fire extremes and the prospect of cascading climate tipping elements.
Technical summaryA synthesis is made of 10 topics within climate research, where there have been significant advances since January 2020. The insights are based on input from an international open call with broad disciplinary scope. Findings include: (1) the options to still keep global warming below 1.5 °C; (2) the impact of non-CO2 factors in global warming; (3) a new dimension of fire extremes forced by climate change; (4) the increasing pressure on interconnected climate tipping elements; (5) the dimensions of climate justice; (6) political challenges impeding the effectiveness of carbon pricing; (7) demand-side solutions as vehicles of climate mitigation; (8) the potentials and caveats of nature-based solutions; (9) how building resilience of marine ecosystems is possible; and (10) that the costs of climate change mitigation policies can be more than justified by the benefits to the health of humans and nature.
Social media summaryHow do we limit global warming to 1.5 °C and why is it crucial? See highlights of latest climate science.
The Last Interglacial Ocean
- Rose Marie L. Cline, James D. Hays, Warren L. Prell, William F. Ruddiman, Ted C. Moore, Nilva G. Kipp, Barbara E. Molfino, George H. Denton, Terence J. Hughes, William L. Balsam, Charlotte A. Brunner, Jean-Claude Duplessy, Ann G. Esmay, James L. Fastook, John Imbrie, Lloyd D. Keigwin, Thomas B. Kellogg, Andrew McIntyre, Robley K. Matthews, Alan C. Mix, Joseph J. Morley, Nicholas J. Shackleton, S. Stephen Streeter, Peter R. Thompson
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- Journal:
- Quaternary Research / Volume 21 / Issue 2 / February 1984
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 123-224
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The final effort of the CLIMAP project was a study of the last interglaciation, a time of minimum ice volume some 122,000 yr ago coincident with the Substage 5e oxygen isotopic minimum. Based on detailed oxygen isotope analyses and biotic census counts in 52 cores across the world ocean, last interglacial sea-surface temperatures (SST) were compared with those today. There are small SST departures in the mid-latitude North Atlantic (warmer) and the Gulf of Mexico (cooler). The eastern boundary currents of the South Atlantic and Pacific oceans are marked by large SST anomalies in individual cores, but their interpretations are precluded by no-analog problems and by discordancies among estimates from different biotic groups. In general, the last interglacial ocean was not significantly different from the modern ocean. The relative sequencing of ice decay versus oceanic warming on the Stage 6/5 oxygen isotopic transition and of ice growth versus oceanic cooling on the Stage 5e/5d transition was also studied. In most of the Southern Hemisphere, the oceanic response marked by the biotic census counts preceded (led) the global ice-volume response marked by the oxygen-isotope signal by several thousand years. The reverse pattern is evident in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, where the oceanic response lagged that of global ice volume by several thousand years. As a result, the very warm temperatures associated with the last interglaciation were regionally diachronous by several thousand years. These regional lead-lag relationships agree with those observed on other transitions and in long-term phase relationships; they cannot be explained simply as artifacts of bioturbational translations of the original signals.
Chap. 15 - PORCINE COLLAGEN: EVOLENCE
- from PART THREE - FILLERS AND NEUROTOXINS
- Edited by Sorin Eremia, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine
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- Book:
- Office-Based Cosmetic Procedures and Techniques
- Published online:
- 06 July 2010
- Print publication:
- 08 February 2010, pp 68-70
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Summary
Evolence and Evolence Breeze (ColBar LifeScience Ltd.) are the latest products available in the evolution of collagen-derived fillers. Both Evolence and Evolence Breeze are produced from the same porcine collagen and are formulated at collagen concentrations of 35 mg/mL. The products differ in their rheologic properties, which are reflected in their viscosity and injectability properties. The viscosity of Evolence Breeze is approximately 60% of the viscosity of Evolence and is injectable through a 30-gauge needle. The force that is needed to inject Evolence Breeze from the syringe (extrusion force) through a 30-gauge needle at a flow rate of 1 mL/min is 10 N. Evolence exhibits a similar extrusion force as Evolence Breeze of about 10 N when tested on a 27-gauge needle.
During production, collagen from porcine tendons is broken down into collagen molecules. Next, the antigenic telopeptides are removed from the molecules, which are then purified. Following purification, the monomeric collagen is polymerized to create collagen fibers, which are then cross-linked using d-ribose in a proprietary technique known as Glymatrix Technology. ColBar LifeScience contends that by using a natural and nontoxic cross-linking agent (d-ribose), a higher degree of cross-linking can be achieved than is possible with the use of other agents (e.g., formalin and glutaraldehyde), which are limited by toxicity.
Evolence is indicated for the treatment of moderate to deep facial lines and wrinkles as well as for lip augmentation.
Chap. 13 - REVIEW OF COLLAGEN FILLERS
- from PART THREE - FILLERS AND NEUROTOXINS
- Edited by Sorin Eremia, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine
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- Book:
- Office-Based Cosmetic Procedures and Techniques
- Published online:
- 06 July 2010
- Print publication:
- 08 February 2010, pp 59-64
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Summary
Soft tissue augmentation dates back more than 100 years, and over the past few decades, many agents and techniques have been introduced to cosmetically enhance soft tissue defects. With more patients now seeking aesthetic improvements without major surgery, the emphasis on soft tissue augmentation has received widespread acceptance among patients and physicians. With aging, reduced subcutaneous fat and dermal collagen results in soft tissue volume depletion, which may be superficial, as with facial rhytids, or involve deeper planes.
Collagen is the major insoluble fibrous protein in connective tissue and is the most abundant protein in the body. It provides the major structural component of the dermis, comprising 70% of dry skin mass. There are at least sixteen types of collagen, each denoted by a Roman numeral. Eighty to 90% of the collagen in the body consists of types I, II, and III. Type I collagen was the first to be isolated and characterized. Its fundamental structural unit is a long (300 nm), thin (1.5 nm diameter) protein that consists of three coiled subunits: two α1 chains and one α2 chain. Each chain contains 1,050 amino acids wound around one another in a characteristic right-handed triple helix. The collagen triple-helical structure contains an abundance of three amino acids, glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, making up the characteristic repeating motif Gly-Pro-X, where X can be any amino acid.
Chap. 23 - BIOALKAMIDE
- from PART THREE - FILLERS AND NEUROTOXINS
- Edited by Sorin Eremia, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine
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- Book:
- Office-Based Cosmetic Procedures and Techniques
- Published online:
- 06 July 2010
- Print publication:
- 08 February 2010, pp 94-96
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Summary
Bio-Alcamid (Polymekon) is a nonresorbable polymeric material composed of 4% alkylimide-amide group and 96% apyrogenic water. Alkylimide belongs to the family of acryl derivatives, and its polymeric structure does not contain free monomers. Histologic studies have shown that following implantation, the material is quickly surrounded by a thin collagen capsule, which stabilizes the material and protects it from the host tissues. Bio-Alcamid is indicated for the treatment of congenital and acquired areas of soft tissue depletion. It has been used successfully in the treatment of postliposuction skin irregularities, HIV facial lipoatrophy, Poland's syndrome, pectus excavatum, and posttraumatic soft tissue deficits. Increasingly, Bio-Alcamid is playing an important role in the armamentarium of the aesthetic physician as an alternative to surgical malar and chin augmentation as well as the correction of deep nasolabial folds. Unlike other injectable fillers currently available, Bio-Alcamid can be used to permanently correct large-volume deficits in a single treatment session. Contraindications include cutaneous collagen disease, uncompensated diabetes, and active infectious processes in the area of the implant. Patients are begun on antibiotic therapy aimed at gram-positive organisms one day prior to treatment and for seven days posttreatment. It is recommended that patients avoid direct sun exposure in the area of the implant for six weeks following the procedure to reduce the risk of bruising and edema. It is recommended that patients stop any blood thinning agents two weeks prior to and for one week following treatment.