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6 results

  • Chapter 19 - Neuroimaging in the Evaluation of Pattern and Timing of Fetal and Neonatal Brain Abnormalities

  • from Section 3 - Diagnosis of the Infant with Brain Injury
  • Edited by Sonia Lomeli Bonifacio, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Courtney J. Wusthoff, University of California, Davis, Valerie Y. Chock, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Susan R. Hintz, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Maurice L. Druzin, Emeritus of Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Alistair Jan Gunn, University of Auckland, David K. Stevenson, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
  • Book:
    Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury
    Published online:
    31 July 2026
    Print publication:
    27 August 2026, pp 294-312

  • Summary

    We provide an updated overview of standard and advanced neuroimaging techniques used in the evaluation of brain abnormalities in fetuses, newborns, and young infants, emphasizing how imaging can identify patterns and estimate the timing of brain injury, helping to distinguish between static malformations, acquired injuries, and progressive or metabolic conditions. Common developmental abnormalities (e.g., neural tube defects, disorders of brain folding and growth, and structural anomalies like cephaloceles and Dandy–Walker malformation) are discussed. The chapter also covers trauma, stroke, brain hemorrhage, infections before or around birth (cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, and rubella), and bacterial infections like meningitis or abscesses. Inherited and acquired metabolic disorders affecting gray and white matter are also illustrated. Techniques such as functional imaging, brain perfusion studies, and chemical analysis using spectroscopy are included. Practical considerations regarding radiation safety, sedation, and use of infant-friendly equipment are addressed, alongside recent technological advances like artificial intelligence–based image enhancement and low-dose CT.

  • Chapter 23 - Congenital Malformations of the Brain

  • from Section 4 - Specific Conditions Associated with Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury
  • Edited by Sonia Lomeli Bonifacio, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Courtney J. Wusthoff, University of California, Davis, Valerie Y. Chock, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Susan R. Hintz, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Maurice L. Druzin, Emeritus of Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Alistair Jan Gunn, University of Auckland, David K. Stevenson, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
  • Book:
    Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury
    Published online:
    31 July 2026
    Print publication:
    27 August 2026, pp 359-379

  • Summary

    Congenital brain malformations are abnormalities present at birth that result from developmental disruptions of the central nervous system at various stages of brain development. Recognizing and understanding the precise sequence of normal brain development is foundational for grouping certain types of brain malformations. Broadly, these include disorders of neurulation (disruptions of neural tube closure), disorders of ventral patterning (derangements of prosencephalic formation, cleavage, and midline development), disorders of cell generation and proliferation (imbalances in neuronal and glial cell proliferation and apoptosis), disorders of neuronal migration (issues with neuronal cells relocation from their place of origin to the cortex or deep gray nuclei), and disorders of cortical organization (problems with neuronal differentiation and aggregation to form the cortical cytoarchitecture). This chapter will review the primary types of brain malformations within this framework and highlight the key imaging features used by the pediatric neuroradiologist to assist in making the correct diagnosis.

  • Chapter 5 - MRI features of pediatric multiple sclerosis

  • from Section 1 - Pediatric MS Diagnosis
  • Edited by Dorothée Chabas, University of California, San Francisco, Emmanuelle L. Waubant, University of California, San Francisco
  • Book:
    Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System in Childhood
    Published online:
    11 April 2011
    Print publication:
    17 March 2011, pp 48-57

  • Summary

    This chapter describes the specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS). It also discusses proposed MRI criteria for pediatric MS and compares these to the MRI diagnostic criteria well established for adult patients who present with a first demyelinating event. MRI studies in children help to understand early pathogenic events that lead to clinical symptoms and signs of MS. MRI detects white matter pathology that represents clinically silent demyelination in adults. The absence of brain or spine lesions on the initial MRI study seems to be associated with very low risk of progression to MS. Studies in adult MS patients have shown that the initial lesion burden on brain imaging may be an important prognostic factor. The MRI criteria for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) include the presence of poorly defined lesions and a high lesion load, associated with thalamus and basal ganglia involvement.