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SYNOPSIS OF THE NEOTROPICAL GENUS OZAENA OLIVIER: CLASSIFICATION AND RECONSTRUCTED EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE: OZAENINI)
- George E. Ball, Danny Shpeley
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- Journal:
- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 122 / Issue 5 / October 1990
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 May 2012, pp. 779-815
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Descriptions and illustrations of structural features of adults, a key, and chorological data provide the basis for characterizing the genus Ozaena Olivier and classifying the 10 included species, two of which are new: O. maxi (type locality: Iracubo, CAYENNE), and O. manu (type locality: Manu National Park, Madre de Dios Province, PERU). With a geographical range that extends from ca. 30°S to 30°N in the New World, all species of Ozaena occur in cis-Andean South America, only two ranging farther north: O. dentipes Olivier, to Panama; and O. lemoulti Bänninger to southern Arizona, USA. A reconstructed phylogeny postulates the following: the genus Platycerozaena Bänninger as the sister-group of Ozaena, together these genera comprising the Ozaena genus-group; within Ozaena, the O. dentipes group as sister-taxon of the O. lemoulti + convexa groups; within the O. dentipes group, O. maxi as sister-taxon of O. linearis Bänninger + dentipes; within the O. lemoulti group, the sequence O. ecuadorica Bänn. (O. elavata Bänn. [O. lemoulti + martinezi Ogueta]); and within the O. convexa group, O. grossa Bänn. as sister-taxon of O. convexa Bänn. + manu. Character evolution involves losses, gains, and shifts, in about equal numbers. Convergence is relatively rare, involving only three of 35 characters. The predominant mode of character evolution is simple, with few examples of sequential changes sustained through several speciation events. Basic modifications in evolution of the ground-plan of the Ozaena genus-group include reduction or loss (for example, tactile sense organs, antennal cleaner of the fore tibia, and adhesive vestiture of the male fore tarsi), and enhancement or gain (for example, scale-like sensilla basiconica on pronotum and elytra, concentration of sensilla basiconica in groups on the antennomeres, particularly antennomere 11). Within Ozaena, many modifications to the antennae and mouthparts indicate the importance of these organs to evolution of the group.
Based on phylogenetic relationships and the distribution pattern of the extant species, a reconstructed geographical history of Ozaena postulates the following: first, a vicariance event in South America separating the ancestral stock of Ozaena into a northern vicar that gave rise to the O. dentipes group, and a southern vicar that gave rise to the O. lemoulti and convexa groups; followed by cycles of range expansion and contraction that allowed for differentiation of successive stocks of species. The temporal range for these speciation events is estimated to extend over a period of about 12 million years, or from the latter part of the Miocene epoch to the Recent. The most recent speciation events are estimated to be of Pliocene age.
Based on lack of differentiation of South American and Middle American representatives of O. dentipes and O. lemoulti respectively, and extent of range in Middle America, these two species are postulated to be relatively recent invaders of the latter area, with O. dentipes being the more recent to arrive.
THE NEW WORLD GENUS STENOMORPHUS DEJEAN (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE: HARPALINI): CLASSIFICATION, ALLOMETRY, AND EVOLUTIONARY CONSIDERATIONS
- George E. Ball, Danny Shpeley, Douglas C. Currie
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- Journal:
- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 123 / Issue 5 / October 1991
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 May 2012, pp. 933-988
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Analysis of structural features of adults (legs, proportions of prothorax, male genitalia, and ovipositor) establishes the hypothesis that Anisocnemus Chaudoir, Trichopselaphus Chaudoir, and Stenomorphus Dejean comprise a monophyletic assemblage, named the Stenomorphus genus-group, with Anisocnemus the adelphotaxon of Trichopselaphus + Stenomorphus. Analysis of form of median lobe, armature of the internal sac, allometric trends in proportions of the prothorax and hind tibia, and chorological considerations, provide the basis for recognition of six species of Stenomorphus and postulation of their phylogenetic relationships, as follows: S. convexior Notman {[S. penicillatus Darlington + S. sinaloae Darlington] + [S. cubanus Darlington + (S. angustatus Dejean + S. californicus Ménétries)]}. Three monophyletic species-groups are recognized: S. convexior, including S. convexior; S. sinaloae, including S. penicillatus and S. sinaloae; and S. angustatus, including S. cubanus, S. angustatus, and S. californicus. The names Stenomorphus dentifemoratus Chaudoir, 1844 and Stenomorphus alius Darlington, 1936 are synonymized, and S. dentifemoratus Darlington, 1936 (not Chaudoir) is renamed S. darlingtoni. Morphometric and chorological features provide evidence for subspecific recognition, each taxon representing a new combination: for S. angustatus, S. a. angustatus, S. a. braziliensis Darlington, and S. a. dentifemoratus Chaudoir; for S. californicus, S. c. californicus, S. c. rufipes LeConte, S. c. manni Darlington, and S. c. darlingtoni Ball and Shpeley. Evolutionary trends postulated include development of allometry with respect to form of the prothorax and hind tibiae, correlated with sexual dimorphism. Driving forces are postulated to be associated with sexual selection and burrowing. The geographical history of Stenomorphus is reconstructed as follows, using the reconstructed phylogeny and chorological affinities interpreted against a background of geological and climatic events in Middle America, during the Late Cretaceous, and Tertiary and Quaternary Epochs: isolation in Middle America from its South American adelphotaxon of the ancestral stock of Stenomorphus; specialization for life in drier tropical forests and savannas; isolation and differentiation of taxa in response to cyclical climatic changes and mountain building; and over-water dispersal to, and isolation and differentiation in, the Greater Antilles. A key, figures of diagnostic features, descriptions of structural features and of geographical ranges (supplemented with maps) provide means of recognition of taxa.