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Improving Learning in Low- and Lower-Middle-Income Countries
- Noam Angrist, Elisabetta Aurino, Harry A. Patrinos, George Psacharopoulos, Emiliana Vegas, Ralph Nordjo, Brad Wong
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- Journal:
- Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis / Volume 14 / Issue S1 / Spring 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 August 2023, pp. 55-80
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The current challenge of education systems is learning. Across low-income countries (LICs) and lower-middle-income countries (LMCs), 62 % of 10-year-olds could not read at a minimally sufficient level in 2015. This study provides an overview of recent spending on education and its correlation with learning outcomes. We show that the relationship between education spending and learning is historically weak. From 2000 to 2015, LICs and LMCs increased spending on education in primary schools by ~$137 per student, an 80 % inflation-adjusted increase, with no corresponding change on the average learning outcomes. We then conduct a benefit-cost analysis of candidate interventions that could increase learning at low cost. Two interventions – structured pedagogy and, teaching at the right level, with and without a technology component generate large benefit-cost ratios. If deployed uniformly to reach 90 % of the 467 million students in LICs and LMCs, these interventions would cost on average $18 per student per year or $7.6 billion annually, generating $65 in benefits for every $1 spent. The economic logic behind this finding is that the hard and costly work of getting children into primary schools has mostly been accomplished, leaving open the possibility of learning interventions that improve the efficiency of the existing education system at low cost. Our results show that increasing education expenditure by just 6 % could increase learning by 120 % if directed toward these highly cost-effective interventions.
Stakeholder engagement in methodological research: Development of a clinical decision support tool
- Denise H. Daudelin, Robin Ruthazer, Manlik Kwong, Rebecca C. Lorenzana, Daniel J. Hannon, David M. Kent, Timothy E. McAlindon, Norma Terrin, John B. Wong, Harry P. Selker
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 4 / Issue 2 / April 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 February 2020, pp. 133-140
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Introduction:
Shared patient–clinician decision-making is central to choosing between medical treatments. Decision support tools can have an important role to play in these decisions. We developed a decision support tool for deciding between nonsurgical treatment and surgical total knee replacement for patients with severe knee osteoarthritis. The tool aims to provide likely outcomes of alternative treatments based on predictive models using patient-specific characteristics. To make those models relevant to patients with knee osteoarthritis and their clinicians, we involved patients, family members, patient advocates, clinicians, and researchers as stakeholders in creating the models.
Methods:Stakeholders were recruited through local arthritis research, advocacy, and clinical organizations. After being provided with brief methodological education sessions, stakeholder views were solicited through quarterly patient or clinician stakeholder panel meetings and incorporated into all aspects of the project.
Results:Participating in each aspect of the research from determining the outcomes of interest to providing input on the design of the user interface displaying outcome predications, 86% (12/14) of stakeholders remained engaged throughout the project. Stakeholder engagement ensured that the prediction models that form the basis of the Knee Osteoarthritis Mathematical Equipoise Tool and its user interface were relevant for patient–clinician shared decision-making.
Conclusions:Methodological research has the opportunity to benefit from stakeholder engagement by ensuring that the perspectives of those most impacted by the results are involved in study design and conduct. While additional planning and investments in maintaining stakeholder knowledge and trust may be needed, they are offset by the valuable insights gained.
The role of DNA damage as a therapeutic target in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
- Jennifer Q. J. Zhang, Sayanthooran Saravanabavan, Alexandra Munt, Annette T. Y. Wong, David C. Harris, Peter C. Harris, Yiping Wang, Gopala K. Rangan
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- Journal:
- Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine / Volume 21 / 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 November 2019, e6
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Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common monogenic kidney disease and is caused by heterozygous germ-line mutations in either PKD1 (85%) or PKD2 (15%). It is characterised by the formation of numerous fluid-filled renal cysts and leads to adult-onset kidney failure in ~50% of patients by 60 years. Kidney cysts in ADPKD are focal and sporadic, arising from the clonal proliferation of collecting-duct principal cells, but in only 1–2% of nephrons for reasons that are not clear. Previous studies have demonstrated that further postnatal reductions in PKD1 (or PKD2) dose are required for kidney cyst formation, but the exact triggering factors are not clear. A growing body of evidence suggests that DNA damage, and activation of the DNA damage response pathway, are altered in ciliopathies. The aims of this review are to: (i) analyse the evidence linking DNA damage and renal cyst formation in ADPKD; (ii) evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of biomarkers to assess DNA damage in ADPKD and finally, (iii) evaluate the potential effects of current clinical treatments on modifying DNA damage in ADPKD. These studies will address the significance of DNA damage and may lead to a new therapeutic approach in ADPKD.
The use of patient-specific equipoise to support shared decision-making for clinical care and enrollment into clinical trials
- Harry P. Selker, Denise H. Daudelin, Robin Ruthazer, Manlik Kwong, Rebecca C. Lorenzana, Daniel J. Hannon, John B. Wong, David M. Kent, Norma Terrin, Alejandro D. Moreno-Koehler, Timothy E. McAlindon
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 3 / Issue 1 / February 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 June 2019, pp. 27-36
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Background:
To enhance enrollment into randomized clinical trials (RCTs), we proposed electronic health record-based clinical decision support for patient–clinician shared decision-making about care and RCT enrollment, based on “mathematical equipoise.”
Objectives:As an example, we created the Knee Osteoarthritis Mathematical Equipoise Tool (KOMET) to determine the presence of patient-specific equipoise between treatments for the choice between total knee replacement (TKR) and nonsurgical treatment of advanced knee osteoarthritis.
Methods:With input from patients and clinicians about important pain and physical function treatment outcomes, we created a database from non-RCT sources of knee osteoarthritis outcomes. We then developed multivariable linear regression models that predict 1-year individual-patient knee pain and physical function outcomes for TKR and for nonsurgical treatment. These predictions allowed detecting mathematical equipoise between these two options for patients eligible for TKR. Decision support software was developed to graphically illustrate, for a given patient, the degree of overlap of pain and functional outcomes between the treatments and was pilot tested for usability, responsiveness, and as support for shared decision-making.
Results:The KOMET predictive regression model for knee pain had four patient-specific variables, and an r2 value of 0.32, and the model for physical functioning included six patient-specific variables, and an r2 of 0.34. These models were incorporated into prototype KOMET decision support software and pilot tested in clinics, and were generally well received.
Conclusions:Use of predictive models and mathematical equipoise may help discern patient-specific equipoise to support shared decision-making for selecting between alternative treatments and considering enrollment into an RCT.
The motion of long drops in rectangular microchannels at low capillary numbers
- Sai Sashankh Rao, Harris Wong
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- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 852 / 10 October 2018
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- 02 August 2018, pp. 60-104
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Drop flow in rectangular microchannels has been utilized extensively in microfluidics. However, the pressure-gradient versus flow-rate relation is still not well understood. We study the motion of a long drop in a rectangular microchannel in the limit the capillary number $Ca\rightarrow 0$ ($Ca=\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}U/\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$, where $U$ is the constant drop velocity, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ is the viscosity of the carrier liquid and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}$ is the interfacial tension). In this limit, the moving drop looks like the static drop and has two end caps connected by a long column, which is surrounded by thin films on the microchannel wall and by menisci along the microchannel corners. Integral axial force balances on the drop fluid and on the carrier liquid surrounding the drop relate the carrier-liquid pressure gradient to the drop-fluid pressure gradient and the contact-line drag. The contact-line drag is argued to be the same as that for a long bubble (which has been determined by Wong et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 292, 1995b, pp. 95–110)) if the viscosity ratio $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\ll Ca^{-1/3}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\ll L$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=\bar{\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$, $\bar{\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}}$ is the drop viscosity and $L~(\gg 1)$ is the dimensionless drop length. Thus, the force balances yield one equation relating the two pressure gradients. The two pressure gradients also drive unidirectional flows in the drop and in the corner channels along the long middle column. These coupled flows are solved by a finite-element method to yield another equation relating the two pressure gradients. From the two equations, we determine the pressure gradients and thus the unidirectional velocity fields inside and outside the drop for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=0$–100 and various microchannel aspect ratios. We find that in the limit $LCa^{1/3}\rightarrow 0$, the contact-line drag dominates and the carrier liquid bypasses the drop through the corner channels alongside the drop. For $LCa^{1/3}\gg 1$, the contact-line drag is negligible and the corner fluid is stationary. Thus, the drop moves as a leaky piston. We extend our model to a train of long drops, and compare our model predictions with published experiments.
Axial flow in a two-dimensional microchannel induced by a travelling temperature wave imposed at the bottom wall
- Chenguang Zhang, Harris Wong, Krishnaswamy Nandakumar
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 848 / 10 August 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 June 2018, pp. 1040-1072
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Fluid flow in microchannels has wide industrial and scientific applications. Hence, it is important to explore different driving mechanisms. In this paper, we study the net transport or fluid pumping in a two-dimensional channel induced by a travelling temperature wave applied at the bottom wall. The Navier–Stokes equations with the Boussinesq approximation and the convection–diffusion heat equation are made dimensionless by the height of the channel and a velocity scale obtained by a dominant balance between buoyancy and viscous resistance in the momentum equation. The system of equations is transformed to an axial coordinate that moves with the travelling temperature wave, and we seek steady solutions in this moving frame. Four dimensionless numbers emerge from the governing equations and boundary conditions: the Reynolds number $Re$, a Reynolds number $Rc$ based on the wave speed, the Prandtl number $Pr$ and the dimensionless wavenumber $K$. The system of equations is solved by a finite-volume method and by a perturbation method in the limit $Re\rightarrow 0$. Surprisingly, the leading and first-order perturbation solutions agree well with the computed axial flow for $Re\leqslant 10^{3}$. Thus, the analytic perturbation solutions are used to study systematically the effects of $Re$, $Rc$, $Pr$ and $K$ on the dimensionless induced axial flow $Q$. We find that $Q$ varies linearly with $Re$, and $Q/Re$ versus any of the three remaining dimensionless groups always exhibits a maximum. The global maximum of $Q/Re$ in the parameter space is subsequently determined for the first time. This induced axial flow is driven solely by the Reynolds stress.
Geospatial Distribution of Local Health Department Tweets and Online Searches About Ebola During the 2014 Ebola Outbreak
- Roger Wong, Jenine K. Harris
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- Journal:
- Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 12 / Issue 3 / June 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 August 2017, pp. 287-290
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Objective
This study compared the geospatial distribution of Ebola tweets from local health departments (LHDs) to online searches about Ebola across the United States during the 2014 Ebola outbreak.
MethodsBetween September and November 2014, we collected all tweets sent by 287 LHDs known to be using Twitter. Coordinates for each Ebola tweet were imported into ArcGIS 10.2.2 to display the distribution of tweets. Online searches with the search term “Ebola” were obtained from Google Trends. A Pearson’s correlation test was performed to assess the relationship between online search activity and per capita number of LHD Ebola tweets by state.
ResultsEbola tweets from LHDs were concentrated in cities across the northeast states, including Philadelphia and New York City. In contrast, states with the highest online search queries for Ebola were primarily in the south, particularly Oklahoma and Texas. A weak, negative, non-significant correlation (r=−0.03, P=0.83, 95% CI: −0.30, 0.25) was observed between online search activity and per capita number of LHD Ebola tweets by state.
ConclusionsWe recommend that LHDs consider using social media to communicate possible disease outbreaks in a timely manner, and that they consider using online search data to tailor their messages to align with the public health interests of their constituents. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018; 12: 287–290)
Intersectoral policy for severe and persistent mental illness: review of approaches in a sample of high-income countries
- S. Diminic, G. Carstensen, M. G. Harris, N. Reavley, J. Pirkis, C. Meurk, I. Wong, B. Bassilios, H. A. Whiteford
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- Journal:
- Global Mental Health / Volume 2 / 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 August 2015, e18
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Background
It is increasingly recognised that intersectoral linkages between mental health and other health and support sectors are essential for providing effective care for individuals with severe and persistent mental illness. The extent to which intersectoral collaboration and approaches to achieve it are detailed in mental health policy has not yet been systematically examined.
MethodsThirty-eight mental health policy documents from 22 jurisdictions in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Canada were identified via a web search. Information was extracted and synthesised on: the extent to which intersectoral collaboration was an objective or guiding principle of policy; the sectors acknowledged as targets for collaboration; and the characteristics of detailed intersectoral collaboration efforts.
ResultsRecurring themes in objectives/guiding principles included a whole of government approach, coordination and integration of services, and increased social and economic participation. All jurisdictions acknowledged the importance of intersectoral collaboration, particularly with employment, education, housing, community, criminal justice, drug and alcohol, physical health, Indigenous, disability, emergency and aged care services. However, the level of detail provided varied widely. Where detailed strategies were described, the most common linkage mechanisms were joint service planning through intersectoral coordinating committees or liaison workers, interagency agreements, staff training and joint service provision.
ConclusionsSectors and mechanisms identified for collaboration were largely consistent across jurisdictions. Little information was provided about strategies for accountability, resourcing, monitoring and evaluation of intersectoral collaboration initiatives, highlighting an area for further improvement. Examples of collaboration detailed in the policies provide a useful resource for other countries.
Impaired connectivity in amygdala pathways may explain disorganization symptoms of patients with first-episode schizophrenia
- P Das, D Alexander, P Boord, K Brown, G Flynn, C Galletly, E Gordon, A Harris, T Whitford, L Williams, W Wong
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- Journal:
- Acta Neuropsychiatrica / Volume 18 / Issue 6 / December 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 June 2014, p. 282
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11-01 Identifying cognitive, affective and neural synchrony markers which predict real-world functional outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: an integrative neuroscience approach
- L Williams, TJ Whitford, BJ Liddell, D Alexander, G Flynn, W Wong, P Das, AWF Harris, E Gordon
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- Acta Neuropsychiatrica / Volume 18 / Issue 6 / December 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 June 2014, p. 338
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Reduced fMRI activity in response to salient stimuli in first-episode schizophrenia
- K Brown, D Alexander, P Boord, P Das, G Flynn, C Galletly, E Gordon, A Harris, TJ Whitford, W Wong, L Williams
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- Acta Neuropsychiatrica / Volume 18 / Issue 6 / December 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 June 2014, pp. 279-280
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Understanding altered neural synchrony in first-episode schizophrenia
- L (Lea) Williams, E Gordon, A Harris, P Das, W Wong, G Flynn, D Alexander, T Whitford
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- Acta Neuropsychiatrica / Volume 18 / Issue 6 / December 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 June 2014, pp. 274-275
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First-episode psychosis and direction of wave propagation at 1 Hz in the EEG
- D Alexander, P Boord, K Brown, P Das, G Flynn, C Galletly, E Gordon, A Harris, L Williams, W Wong
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- Acta Neuropsychiatrica / Volume 18 / Issue 6 / December 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 June 2014, p. 240
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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Fluid flow and heat transfer in a dual-wet micro heat pipe
- JIN ZHANG, STEPHEN J. WATSON, HARRIS WONG
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- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 589 / 25 October 2007
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- 08 October 2007, pp. 1-31
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Micro heat pipes have been used to cool micro electronic devices, but their heat transfer coefficients are low compared with those of conventional heat pipes. In this work, a dual-wet pipe is proposed as a model to study heat transfer in micro heat pipes. The dual-wet pipe has a long and narrow cavity of rectangular cross-section. The bottom-half of the horizontal pipe is made of a wetting material, and the top-half of a non-wetting material. A wetting liquid fills the bottom half of the cavity, while its vapour fills the rest. This configuration ensures that the liquid–vapour interface is pinned at the contact line. As one end of the pipe is heated, the liquid evaporates and increases the vapour pressure. The higher pressure drives the vapour to the cold end where the vapour condenses and releases the latent heat. The condensate moves along the bottom half of the pipe back to the hot end to complete the cycle. We solve the steady-flow problem assuming a small imposed temperature difference between the two ends of the pipe. This leads to skew-symmetric fluid flow and temperature distribution along the pipe so that we only need to focus on the evaporative half of the pipe. Since the pipe is slender, the axial flow gradients are much smaller than the cross-stream gradients. Thus, we can treat the evaporative flow in a cross-sectional plane as two-dimensional. This evaporative motion is governed by two dimensionless parameters: an evaporation number E defined as the ratio of the evaporative heat flux at the interface to the conductive heat flux in the liquid, and a Marangoni number M. The motion is solved in the limit E→∞ and M→∞. It is found that evaporation occurs mainly near the contact line in a small region of size E−1W, where W is the half-width of the pipe. The non-dimensional evaporation rate Q* ~ E−1 ln E as determined by matched asymptotic expansions. We use this result to derive analytical solutions for the temperature distribution Tp and vapour and liquid flows along the pipe. The solutions depend on three dimensionless parameters: the heat-pipe number H, which is the ratio of heat transfer by vapour flow to that by conduction in the pipe wall and liquid, the ratio R of viscous resistance of vapour flow to interfacial evaporation resistance, and the aspect ratio S. If HR≫1, a thermal boundary layer appears near the pipe end, the width of which scales as (HR)−1/2L, where L is the half-length of the pipe. A similar boundary layer exists at the cold end. Outside the boundary layers, Tp varies linearly with a gradual slope. Thus, these regions correspond to the evaporative, adiabatic and condensing regions commonly observed in conventional heat pipes. This is the first time that the distinct regions have been captured by a single solution, without prior assumptions of their existence. If HR ~ 1 or less, then Tp is linear almost everywhere. This is the case found in most micro-heat-pipe experiments. Our analysis of the dual-wet pipe provides an explanation for the comparatively low effective thermal conductivity in micro heat pipes, and points to ways of improving their heat transfer capabilities.
Plate section
- Edited by Evelyne Sernagor, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Stephen Eglen, University of Cambridge, Bill Harris, University of Cambridge, Rachel Wong, Washington University, St Louis
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- Retinal Development
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- 22 August 2009
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- 14 September 2006, pp -
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Preface
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- By Evelyne Sernagor, Senior Lecturer in Developmental Neuroscience, Newcastle University Medical School in the School of Neurology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry., Stephen Eglen, Lecturer in Computational, Biology Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge., Bill Harris, Professor, Cambridge University in the Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience., Rachel Wong, Professor of Biological Structure, University of Washington in Seattle, USA
- Edited by Evelyne Sernagor, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Stephen Eglen, University of Cambridge, Bill Harris, University of Cambridge, Rachel Wong, Washington University, St Louis
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- Retinal Development
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- 22 August 2009
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Summary
Vision is undoubtedly our most ‘cherished’ sense, and blindness the most tragic loss in perceiving the world around us. Visual perception begins in the eye, of which the retina is the most important component for interpreting visual signals, including colour, shape and movement. The retina is an ocular extension of the brain specialized in receiving and processing light and images. Although it is merely a few 100 micrometres thick and contains only seven cell types, the retina performs very sophisticated visual processing. Ultimately, it sends ALL information about the outside world to visual centres of the brain via the optic nerve in the form of coded electrical impulses. Understanding how the retina is organized and how it functions is thus of fundamental importance for understanding the entire visual system. It is therefore not surprising that the retina has been the focus of attention of many scientists since the late nineteenth century, when Cajal, in 1893, provided the first account of the anatomical organization of the vertebrate retina.
Although our knowledge of how the retina is organized and functions in adult organisms is absolutely essential, understanding how it is assembled during development is no less important. Indeed, when normal development is impaired, irreversible damage can result, in some cases even blindness. Moreover, understanding how the retina develops is attractive not only to developmental neuroscientists interested in vision, but to all neuroscientists interested in development, because the retina is ‘an approachable part of the brain’, and developmental processes required to build this exquisitely organized system, with well-defined layers and a limited number of cell types, are ultimately relevant to all other parts of the central nervous system.
List of contributors
- Edited by Evelyne Sernagor, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Stephen Eglen, University of Cambridge, Bill Harris, University of Cambridge, Rachel Wong, Washington University, St Louis
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- Retinal Development
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- 22 August 2009
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Acknowledgements
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- By Evelyne Sernagor, Senior Lecturer in Developmental Neuroscience, Newcastle University Medical School in the School of Neurology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry., Stephen Eglen, Lecturer in Computational Biology, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge., Bill Harris, Professor, Cambridge University in the Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience., Rachel Wong, Professor of Biological Structure, University of Washington in Seattle, USA
- Edited by Evelyne Sernagor, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Stephen Eglen, University of Cambridge, Bill Harris, University of Cambridge, Rachel Wong, Washington University, St Louis
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- Retinal Development
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- 22 August 2009
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- 14 September 2006, pp xv-xvi
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Retinal Development
- Edited by Evelyne Sernagor, Stephen Eglen, Bill Harris, Rachel Wong
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- Published online:
- 22 August 2009
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- 14 September 2006
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This advanced text, first published in 2006, takes a developmental approach to the presentation of our understanding of how vertebrates construct a retina. Written by experts in the field, each of the seventeen chapters covers a specific step in the process, focusing on the underlying molecular, cellular, and physiological mechanisms. There is also a special section on emerging technologies, including genomics, zebrafish genetics, and stem cell biology that are starting to yield important insights into retinal development. Primarily aimed at professionals, both biologists and clinicians working with the retina, this book provides a concise view of vertebrate retinal development. Since the retina is 'an approachable part of the brain', this book will also be attractive to all neuroscientists interested in development, as processes required to build this exquisitely organized system are ultimately relevant to all other parts of the central nervous system.