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32 results

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  • 23 - The role of tuberomammillary nucleus histaminergic neurons, and of their receptors, in the regulation of sleep and waking

  • from Section IV - Neuroanatomy and neurochemistry
  • Edited by Birendra N. Mallick, Jawaharlal Nehru University, S. R. Pandi-Perumal , Robert W. McCarley, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Adrian R. Morrison, University of Pennsylvania
  • Book:
    Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
    Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    14 July 2011, pp 223-233

  • Summary

    Summary

    Neuroanatomical, neurochemical, genetic, and neuropharmacological evidence presently indicates a role for histamine (HA) in the control of behavioral states. The known neuroanatomical connections of the HA-ergic pathways resemble those of the ascending noradrenergic and serotonergic components of the reticular activating system. Also, the arousing effect of intracerebroventricular (icv) HA administration indicates an important role for HA in this system as a major determinant of the waking state. This is further supported by findings in which 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)histamine, the selective H1 receptor agonist, and thioperamide, the H3 receptor antagonist, increase waking while the HA synthesis inhibitor α-FMH, the H1 receptor antagonists mepyramine, diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, and promethazine, and the H3 receptor agonist AMH produce the opposite effects.

    It has been proposed that HA may act to modulate REM sleep, such that inhibition of HA functional activity would be followed by increased amounts of REM sleep (permissive role). Accordingly, during REM sleep HA-containing neurons become silent. Moreover, rats treated with α-FMH and HD-KO mice show a significant increase of REM sleep. However, stimulation or blockade of the H1 or H3 receptor suppresses REM sleep. These seemingly conflicting sets of data could be partly related to the lack of specificity of drugs that modify HA transmission. However, experimental manipulations involving direct interactions with receptors may not necessarily have the same consequences for REM sleep as would manipulations that result in reduced HA availability. In this respect, the suppression of REM sleep after stimulation of H1 receptors could be related to the activation of GABAergic interneurons located within and around the LDT/PPT that express these receptors. On the other hand, the reduction of REM sleep after activation of H3 heteroreceptors located in cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons of the LDT/PPT and the mPRF involved in the induction and maintenance of REM sleep could be related to the inhibition of the release of ACh and GLU.

Principles and Practice of Geriatric Sleep Medicine
  • Edited by S. R. Pandi-Perumal, Jaime M. Monti, Andrew A. Monjan
  • Published online:
    04 August 2010
    Print publication:
    26 November 2009
  • Sleep disorders cause considerable morbidity and distress in the aging population. By highlighting the clinical diagnosis and management of sleep disorders, this volume provides a valuable resource for all those involved in health care of older individuals. The changes in sleep patterns that occur during normal aging are described, followed by authoritative chapters on the presentation of various age-related sleep disorders. The book deals with the range of therapeutic measures available for managing these disorders and gives insight to potential areas of research that have emerged in the last few years, such as the study of circadian rhythms in later life, sleep patterns associated with co-morbidities and the use of quality-of-life measurement tools to determine sleep quality as we age. This volume is relevant to sleep disorders specialists, psychiatrists, geriatricians and gerontologists, and any professionals and researchers working in the interdisciplinary areas of sleep and aging.

  • 33 - Management of insomnia in the elderly: the efficacy and safety of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics

  • from Part 4 - Treatment of sleep disorders in the elderly
  • Edited by S. R. Pandi-Perumal, Jaime M. Monti, Universidad de la República, Uruguay, Andrew A. Monjan, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
  • Book:
    Principles and Practice of Geriatric Sleep Medicine
    Published online:
    04 August 2010
    Print publication:
    26 November 2009, pp 344-361

  • Summary

    This chapter summarizes the recent knowledge on diagnosis, etiology, and treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in the elderly. In the elderly, the ability to express experienced bodily sensations verbally may be limited by the impact of co-morbid conditions such as cognitive impairment, speech disorders, or aphasic syndromes. A potential central role of iron pathology for the pathophysiology of RLS is indicated primarily by secondary forms of the disorder, i.e. iron deficiency, end-stage renal disease, and pregnancy. The dopamine precursor levodopa in combination with a dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor is an effective therapeutic agent with high tolerability and without serious side effects, also in patients with concomitant medical disorders. The most clinically relevant problem with dopaminergic drugs in treating RLS is the development of augmentation, a medication use-related increase of symptoms, which usually occurs after an initial improvement. In severe cases, augmentation demands a switch of medication.

Neurochemistry of Sleep and Wakefulness
  • Edited by Jaime Monti, S. R. Pandi-Perumal, Christopher M. Sinton
  • Published online:
    23 October 2009
    Print publication:
    17 January 2008
  • Pharmacological approaches to our understanding of sleep have been at the forefront of sleep research for many years. Traditional techniques have included the use of pharmacological agonists and antagonists, as well as transmitter-specific lesions. These have been enhanced by the introduction of molecular genetics and the use of transgenes and targeted gene deletion. Neurochemistry of Sleep and Wakefulness is an exceptional, single source of information on the role of the major mammalian neurotransmitter systems involved in the regulation of sleep and waking. With contributions from internationally recognized experts, this book clearly describes how researchers have made use of the myriad techniques in their armamentarium to characterize the role of a given neurotransmitter in the regulation of sleep and waking. Suitable for experimental and clinical pharmacologists, the book will have wider appeal to sleep researchers, psychiatrists and any professional interested in the interdisciplinary areas of neurobiology and pharmacology.

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