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22 results

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  • 23 - Geophysical Studies, Natural Hazards, and Climate Change

  • from Part VII - Future Earth and Risk, Safety and Security
  • Edited by Tom Beer, Jianping Li, Beijing Normal University, Keith Alverson
  • Book:
    Global Change and Future Earth
    Published online:
    22 October 2018
    Print publication:
    18 October 2018, pp 313-327

  • Summary

    Case studies, such as the multi-year droughts and wildfires in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico and the intense precipitation and flooding disasters in southern Mexico, illustrate the impacts of repeat events in identified disaster-prone areas. A geophysical perspective indicates that there are a range of tools available, including Earth satellite observation systems, instrumental networks, geophysical observatories, geographic information systems and high-resolution aerial, marine and ground-based geophysical methods. These tools coupled with improved understanding of phenomena, higher computational capacity, risk analysis, databases and numerical simulations provide a scientific-technical framework for developing improved monitoring and response strategies.

  • Late Pleistocene and Holocene Paleoenvironments of Chalco Lake, Central Mexico

  • Maria Socorro Lozano-Garcı́a, Beatriz Ortega-Guerrero, Margarita Caballero-Miranda, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi
  • Journal:
    Quaternary Research / Volume 40 / Issue 3 / November 1993
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    20 January 2017, pp. 332-342

  • In order to establish paleoenvironmental conditions during the late Quaternary, four cores from the Basin of Mexico (central Mexico) were drilled in Chalco Lake, located in the southeastern part of the basin. The upper 8 m of two parallel cores were studied, using paleomagnetic, loss-on-ignition, pollen, and diatom analyses. Based on 11 14C ages, the analyzed record spans the last 19,000 14C yr B.P. Volcanic activity has affected microfossil abundances, both directly and indirectly, resulting in absence or reduction of pollen and diatom assemblages. Important volcanic activity took place between 19,000 and 15,000 yr B.P. when the lake was a shallow alkaline marsh and an increase of grassland pollen suggests a dry, cold climate. During this interval, abrupt environmental changes with increasing moisture occurred. From 15,000 until 12,500 yr B.P. the lake level increased and the pollen indicates wetter conditions. The highest lake level is registered from 12,500 to ca. 9000 yr B.P. The end of the Pleistocene is characterized by an increase in humidity. From 9000 until ca. 3000 yr B.P. Chalco Lake was a saline marsh and the pollen record indicates warmer conditions. After 3000 yr B.P. the lake level increased and human disturbance dominates the lacustrine record.

  • High-resolution chronology for the Mesoamerican urban center of Teotihuacan derived from Bayesian statistics of radiocarbon and archaeological data

  • Laura E. Beramendi-Orosco, Galia Gonzalez-Hernandez, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Linda R. Manzanilla, Ana M. Soler-Arechalde, Avto Goguitchaishvili, Nick Jarboe
  • Journal:
    Quaternary Research / Volume 71 / Issue 2 / March 2009
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    20 January 2017, pp. 99-107

  • A high-resolution 14C chronology for the Teopancazco archaeological site in the Teotihuacan urban center of Mesoamerica was generated by Bayesian analysis of 33 radiocarbon dates and detailed archaeological information related to occupation stratigraphy, pottery and archaeomagnetic dates. The calibrated intervals obtained using the Bayesian model are up to ca. 70% shorter than those obtained with individual calibrations. For some samples, this is a consequence of plateaus in the part of the calibration curve covered by the sample dates (2500 to 1450 14C yr BP). Effects of outliers are explored by comparing the results from a Bayesian model that incorporates radiocarbon data for two outlier samples with the same model excluding them. The effect of outliers was more significant than expected. Inclusion of radiocarbon dates from two altered contexts, 500 14C yr earlier than those for the first occupational phase, results in ages calculated by the model earlier than the archaeological records. The Bayesian chronology excluding these outliers separates the first two Teopancazco occupational phases and suggests that ending of the Xolalpan phase was around cal AD 550, 100 yr earlier than previously estimated and in accordance with previously reported archaeomagnetic dates from lime plasters for the same site.

Extreme Natural Hazards, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications
  • Edited by Alik Ismail-Zadeh, Jaime Urrutia Fucugauchi, Andrzej Kijko, Kuniyoshi Takeuchi, Ilya Zaliapin
  • Published online:
    05 May 2014
    Print publication:
    17 April 2014
  • This book presents a unique, interdisciplinary approach to disaster risk research, combining cutting-edge natural science and social science methodologies. Bringing together leading scientists, policy makers and practitioners from around the world, it presents the risks of global hazards such as volcanoes, seismic events, landslides, hurricanes, precipitation floods and space weather, and provides real-world hazard case studies from Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East, Asia and the Pacific region. Avoiding complex mathematics, the authors provide insight into topics such as the vulnerability of society, disaster risk reduction policy, relations between disaster policy and climate change, adaptation to hazards, and (re)insurance approaches to extreme events. This is a key resource for academic researchers and graduate students in a wide range of disciplines linked to hazard and risk studies, including geophysics, volcanology, hydrology, atmospheric science, geomorphology, oceanography and remote sensing, and for professionals and policy makers working in disaster prevention and mitigation.

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