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To evaluate nudge strategies that increase the consumption of plant-based foods, defined as vegetarian or vegan food items, compared with meat-based options in post-secondary dining hall settings.
Design:
A pilot study.
Setting:
This study took place in the University of British Columbia Vancouver Campus’s Gather Dining Hall (GDH) over a 6-week intervention period and two control periods. The intervention incorporated several nudges (proportion increases, item placement, taste-focused labelling, Chef’s featured special verbal prompts, social media and promotional posters) into the menu and dining hall area with the goal of increasing the purchases of plant-based items. Sales data from meals that were purchased during the intervention period were compared with sales data from the two control periods.
Participants:
Students and staff who purchased meals in the GDH.
Results:
The proportion of plant-based items sold significantly increased during the intervention period (56·7 %; P < 0·01) compared with the last 6 weeks of term one (53·6 %) and the first 6 weeks of term two (53·4 %). The proportion of plant-based ‘main’ menu items was significantly higher in the intervention period (46·4; P < 0·01) when compared with the last 6 weeks of term one (40·9 %) and the first 6 weeks of term two (41·7 %).
Conclusions:
The combination of nudges was effective at significantly increasing the selection of plant-based options over meat-based options in a post-secondary dining hall setting.
The technique of scanning force microscopy (SFM) was used to study the nanometer-scale structure of Cu(II)-exchanged hectorite thin films. Supporting data were also obtained from Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The surfaces studied included pure Cu(II)-exchanged hectorite, Cu(II)-exchanged hectorite exposed to benzene and Cu(II)-exchanged hectorite exposed to aniline. SFM images of the unexposed Cu(II)-exchanged hectorite surface revealed a smooth surface composed of interlocking platelets. The lateral dimension of these platelets ranged from a few nm to about 1 μm. After exposure to refluxing benzene, the SFM showed that the platelets underwent vertical shifts in position. This is believed to have occurred from intercalated benzene that polymerized in the interlayer region. No SFM evidence was obtained for benzene polymerization on the surface of the hectorite. Hectorite films exposed to aniline at room temperature revealed a post-polymerization structure on the hectorite surface consisting of small polymer bundles. The diameter of these bundles was measured to be 300–3000 Å, similar to the structure seen on electropolymerized polyaniline films. Aniline polymerized on the surface of hectorite films at 180 °C revealed a structure similar to undoped n-methyl-pyrrolidinone (NMP) cast polyaniline films. In this case, the polymer bundles are only 300 Å in dimension on average. XRD and ESR data also indicated interlayer aniline polymerization in Cu(II) exchanged hectorite. Mechanistic considerations affecting these polymerization reactions are presented.
This chapter argues that composing and singing plainchant for the medieval liturgy was enhanced by the creative practice of intertextuality, the citation and referencing of other textual and musical sources. For Hildegard of Bingen, one of the few medieval composers whose plainchants are firmly attributable, this was no exception. This chapter contextualizes the use of her musical compositions in medieval liturgical practice and establishes their interconnectedness with her own works and those of others. The author compares manuscript layout, presentation, and ordering of her plainchants with standard presentations of music in medieval liturgical manuscripts and discusses their liturgical function. Hildegard’s writings about music are considered, in terms of crossover of musical texts and themes within her output as well as her intertextual use of other sources, including biblical passages and Boethius’ De Institutione Musica. Finally, this chapter examines Hildegard’s practice of musical intertextuality through quotation and referencing in her compositions of her own plainchants as well as melodic material from chants commonly used in Office feasts.
This introduction provides an overview of the collection of thirteen chapters on the life and works of Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179). The editor compares the content and style of this volume with two earlier multiauthored collections of essays on Hildegard of Bingen (Voice of the Living Light and Brill’s A Companion to Hildegard of Bingen) and enumerates the range of publications, both in print and online, which necessitates an updated study. The volume is organized into three main sections: Hildegard’s life and monastic context, considering the education of women religious in medieval Germany; her writings and reputation, focusing on her visionary and theological output (Scivias, Liber vitae meritorum, and Liber divinorum operum), her extensive correspondence, her sermonizing, her scientific and medical texts, and the reception of her works in subsequent centuries; and finally her music, manuscripts, illuminations and scribes, engaging with the materiality of the transmission of Hildegard’s output. The author closes by discussing potential new areas of Hildegard research, brought to light in various chapters throughout the volume.
This specially commissioned collection of thirteen essays explores the life and works of Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179), monastic founder, leader of a community of nuns, composer, active correspondent, and writer of religious visions, theological treatises, sermons, and scientific and medical texts. Aimed at advanced university students and new Hildegard researchers, the essays provide a broad context for Hildegard's life and monastic setting, and offer comprehensive discussions on each of the main areas of her output. Engagingly written by experts in medieval history, theology, German literature, musicology, and the history of medicine, the essays are grounded in Hildegard's twelfth-century context, and investigate her output within its monastic and liturgical environments, her reputation during and after her life, and the materiality of the transmission of her works, considering aspects of manuscript layout, illumination, and scribal practices at her Rupertsberg monastery.