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Cosmology with Phase 1 of the Square Kilometre Array Red Book 2018: Technical specifications and performance forecasts
- Part of
- Square Kilometre Array Cosmology Science Working Group:, David J. Bacon, Richard A. Battye, Philip Bull, Stefano Camera, Pedro G. Ferreira, Ian Harrison, David Parkinson, Alkistis Pourtsidou, Mário G. Santos, Laura Wolz, Filipe Abdalla, Yashar Akrami, David Alonso, Sambatra Andrianomena, Mario Ballardini, José Luis Bernal, Daniele Bertacca, Carlos A. P. Bengaly, Anna Bonaldi, Camille Bonvin, Michael L. Brown, Emma Chapman, Song Chen, Xuelei Chen, Steven Cunnington, Tamara M. Davis, Clive Dickinson, José Fonseca, Keith Grainge, Stuart Harper, Matt J. Jarvis, Roy Maartens, Natasha Maddox, Hamsa Padmanabhan, Jonathan R. Pritchard, Alvise Raccanelli, Marzia Rivi, Sambit Roychowdhury, Martin Sahlén, Dominik J. Schwarz, Thilo M. Siewert, Matteo Viel, Francisco Villaescusa-Navarro, Yidong Xu, Daisuke Yamauchi, Joe Zuntz
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- Journal:
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 37 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 March 2020, e007
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We present a detailed overview of the cosmological surveys that we aim to carry out with Phase 1 of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA1) and the science that they will enable. We highlight three main surveys: a medium-deep continuum weak lensing and low-redshift spectroscopic HI galaxy survey over 5 000 deg2; a wide and deep continuum galaxy and HI intensity mapping (IM) survey over 20 000 deg2 from $z = 0.35$ to 3; and a deep, high-redshift HI IM survey over 100 deg2 from $z = 3$ to 6. Taken together, these surveys will achieve an array of important scientific goals: measuring the equation of state of dark energy out to $z \sim 3$ with percent-level precision measurements of the cosmic expansion rate; constraining possible deviations from General Relativity on cosmological scales by measuring the growth rate of structure through multiple independent methods; mapping the structure of the Universe on the largest accessible scales, thus constraining fundamental properties such as isotropy, homogeneity, and non-Gaussianity; and measuring the HI density and bias out to $z = 6$ . These surveys will also provide highly complementary clustering and weak lensing measurements that have independent systematic uncertainties to those of optical and near-infrared (NIR) surveys like Euclid, LSST, and WFIRST leading to a multitude of synergies that can improve constraints significantly beyond what optical or radio surveys can achieve on their own. This document, the 2018 Red Book, provides reference technical specifications, cosmological parameter forecasts, and an overview of relevant systematic effects for the three key surveys and will be regularly updated by the Cosmology Science Working Group in the run up to start of operations and the Key Science Programme of SKA1.
23 - More than just art on the walls: enhancing fine arts pedagogy in the academic library space
- from Part IV - Knowledge creation
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- By Rachael Muszkiewicz, Research services librarian at Valparaiso University, Jonathan Bull, Scholarly Communications Services Librarian at Valparaiso University, Aimee Tomasek, Chair of the Department of Art at Valparaiso University
- Edited by Paul Glassman, Judy Dyki
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- Book:
- The Handbook of Art and Design Librarianship
- Published by:
- Facet
- Published online:
- 08 June 2018
- Print publication:
- 10 October 2017, pp 231-240
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Summary
Introduction
Much attention has been paid in the academy to creating active learning environments both within and outside the classroom. This focus on experiential and problem-based learning has become widely adopted or at least attempted by many in a relatively short period of time. While active learning in the fine arts has long been part of curricula (studio art, sculpture), little attention has been paid to creating a complete picture of the fine arts industry, specifically introducing the students to the juried selection, finishing and purchasing processes. Many times, collegiate artists leave their institutions with degrees but have never sold a piece of art nor know how even to approach this process.
Similarly, academic libraries’ spaces have become more collaborative in recent years, reflecting ever-changing curricula. However, with new technologies and collaboration areas, outreach and space design for scientific, social science and professional disciplines sometimes overshadow what the library could do for fine arts, specifically as exhibition space as well as curricular space.
This chapter outlines one initiative to include fine arts in the academic library space through a library-led and faculty-advised juried selection and purchasing process for fine arts students. The annual Student Art Purchase Award at Valparaiso University not only enhances fine arts students’ business acumen through experiential learning, but also increases the versatility of the library as multidisciplinary learning space.
Experiential learning as pedagogy
While art in the library is not a new concept, experiential learning in the form of independent undergraduate research is, comparatively. As a pedagogy, undergraduate experiential learning has gained much momentum in recent decades across the academy, but until recently has been largely absent from the library (Chandra, Stoecklin and Harmon, 1998; Kremer and Bringle, 1990; Russell, Hancock and McCullough, 2007).
Previously, librarians concentrated instruction efforts mostly on course-related research with little differentiation between undergraduate research and traditional curriculumbased research (Stamatoplos, 2009, 239). In fact, because these undergraduate researchers do not adhere to a traditional curriculum, ‘they can fail to recognise the potential value of interaction with librarians’ (Stamatoplos, 2009, 239). Even if librarians have started outreach to independent undergraduate researchers, little has been done to examine the library as an experiential learning space, particularly for fine arts pedagogy.
Will Open Access Get Me Cited? An Analysis of the Efficacy of Open Access Publishing in Political Science
- Amy Atchison, Jonathan Bull
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- Journal:
- PS: Political Science & Politics / Volume 48 / Issue 1 / January 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 December 2014, pp. 129-137
- Print publication:
- January 2015
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The digital revolution has made it easier for political scientists to share and access high-quality research online. However, many articles are stored in proprietary databases that some institutions cannot afford. High-quality, peer-reviewed, top-tier journal articles that have been made open access (OA) (i.e., freely available online) theoretically should be accessed and cited more easily than articles of similar quality that are available only to paying customers. Research into the efficacy of OA publishing thus far has focused mainly on the natural sciences, and the results have been mixed. Because OA has not been as widely adopted in the social sciences, disciplines such as political science have received little attention in the OA research. In this article, we seek to determine the efficacy of OA in political science. Our primary hypothesis is that OA articles will be cited at higher rates than articles that are toll access (TA), which means available only to paying customers. We test this hypothesis by analyzing the mean citation rates of OA and TA articles from eight top-ranked political science journals. We find that OA publication results in a clear citation advantage in political science publishing.
3 - Applied Physiology
- Edited by Reuben Johnson, University of Oxford
- Wendy Adams, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, Jonathan Bull, St Mary's Imperial College BST, London, Jonathan Epstein, Christie Hospital, Manchester, Anant Krishnan, University of Cambridge, Leon Menezes, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Bijan Modarai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Paul Patterson, North Tyneside General Hospital, Newcastle, Arun Sahai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Alexis Schizas, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London
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- Book:
- Viva Tutorials for Surgeons in Training
- Published online:
- 12 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 09 September 2004, pp 97-142
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Summary
CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY
Membranes
What is the main function of the cell membrane?
To control the entry and exit of molecules from the cell and so regulate the intracellular environment.
Describe the basic structure of a cell membrane.
The cell membrane consists of a continuous lipid bilayer studded with protein molecules.
How does this structure allow control of the movement of molecules into and out of the cell?
The lipid bilayer has hydrophilic groups facing outwards while hydrophobic groups face each other across the middle. Most large water-soluble molecules, charged molecules and ions cannot cross the lipid barrier. Size, charge and water-solubility all decrease the ability of a molecule crossing the fatty membrane. These substances depend on the membrane proteins for their entry and exit from the cell. These proteins can act as channels sensitive to voltage or ligandbinding or as energy-dependent pumps. Fat-soluble substances like oxygen and carbon dioxide can cross easily as can water.
What is the overall charge of the outer surface of the cell membrane?
Negative.
What part of the membrane structure is responsible for this negative charge?
The cell has a “glycocalyx” formed by membrane carbohydrates, which are negatively charged. These carbohydrates also act as receptor substrates and can bind to carbohydrates on other cells.
Ion Channels
What is the basic structure of an ion channel?
They are proteins, which form tubular structures with a central pore which traverses the cell membrane and can allow communication between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular compartment.
5 - Surgical Pathology
- Edited by Reuben Johnson, University of Oxford
- Wendy Adams, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, Jonathan Bull, St Mary's Imperial College BST, London, Jonathan Epstein, Christie Hospital, Manchester, Anant Krishnan, University of Cambridge, Leon Menezes, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Bijan Modarai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Paul Patterson, North Tyneside General Hospital, Newcastle, Arun Sahai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Alexis Schizas, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London
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- Book:
- Viva Tutorials for Surgeons in Training
- Published online:
- 12 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 09 September 2004, pp 177-220
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Summary
GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION
Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy
Define hypertrophy.
The growth of a tissue or organ because cells increase in size without cell replication.
Define hyperplasia.
The growth of a tissue or organ because there is an increase in the number of cells due to cell division.
Give a physiological and pathological cause of hypertrophy.
Muscles undergo hypertrophy with exercise while cardiomyopathies involve heart muscle hypertrophy.
Give a physiological and pathological cause of hyperplasia.
Hyperplasia takes place in the breast during puberty and pregnancy while adrenal hyperplasia characterises Cushing's disease.
Can you name any conditions in which hypertrophy and hyperplasia occur in the same organ?
Benign prostatic enlargement.
Grave's disease of the thyroid.
What is autonomous hyperplasia?
Proliferation in the absence of a demonstrable stimulus as in psoriasis and Paget's disease of bone. This falls very close to the definition of neoplasia.
Metaplasia
Define metaplasia.
The reversible change of one fully differentiated cell type to another.
Can you give an example?
In Barrett's oesophagus the distal stratified squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar epithelium like that present in the proximal stomach.
What mechanism is thought to be responsible?
Prolonged gastro-oesophageal reflux leads to inflammation and eventually ulceration. Healing occurs by re-epithelialisation, which in the acidic environment created by gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) differentiate into gastric or intestinal type epithelium. These are more resistant to injury from gastric contents.
Viva Tutorials for Surgeons in Training
- Edited by Reuben Johnson
- Wendy Adams, Jonathan Bull, Jonathan Epstein, Anant Krishnan, Leon Menezes, Bijan Modarai, Paul Patterson, Arun Sahai, Alexis Schizas
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- Published online:
- 12 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 09 September 2004
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This book is designed specifically for candidates preparing for the MRCS Viva examination. The format of the exam has been used in the book's structure, with over 1000 questions to illustrate the key points of over 200 topics. The book has been divided into 6 main chapters corresponding to a viva 'station' in the exam. Each chapter begins with a check-list of the main topics and themes covered by the exam, and information is then subdivided logically within the chapter itself. Key 'pass-or-fail' concepts are covered, and in some cases, topics are covered in more detail than will be asked in the exam, so the candidate can be confident that they will be fully prepared.
2 - Operative Surgery
- Edited by Reuben Johnson, University of Oxford
- Wendy Adams, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, Jonathan Bull, St Mary's Imperial College BST, London, Jonathan Epstein, Christie Hospital, Manchester, Anant Krishnan, University of Cambridge, Leon Menezes, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Bijan Modarai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Paul Patterson, North Tyneside General Hospital, Newcastle, Arun Sahai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Alexis Schizas, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London
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- Book:
- Viva Tutorials for Surgeons in Training
- Published online:
- 12 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 09 September 2004, pp 53-96
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Summary
HEAD AND NECK
Salivary Glands
What important structures lie within the parotid gland?
Facial nerve.
Retro-mandibular vein.
External carotid artery – bifurcating into its two terminal branches, the maxillary artery and the superficial temporal artery.
Can you outline the surface markings of the parotid gland for?
Using a marker begin a line from in front of the tragus of the ear and draw it into the middle of the cheek below the zygomatic arch. From here proceed downwards and backwards to a point 1 cm in front of the angle of the mandible. Then continue upwards and backwards 1–2 cm into the neck including the mastoid process. Finally draw your line around the ear to join up to the point from where we started. You will now have drawn a shape that approximates the position of the parotid.
What are the potential complications of parotid surgery?
Facial nerve damage.
Haematoma.
Frey's syndrome (gustatory sweating).
Numbness of the pinna (due to sacrifice of the greater auricular nerve).
Salivary fistula (in superficial parotidectomy only, as the cut gland left behind continues to secrete saliva).
Wound dimple.
During surgery how would you locate the facial nerve?
This can be done in three different ways:
by identifying the tip of the tragal cartilage with during the dissection – the facial nerve lies 1 cm inferior and deep to this cartilage;
[…]
6 - Principles of Surgery
- Edited by Reuben Johnson, University of Oxford
- Wendy Adams, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, Jonathan Bull, St Mary's Imperial College BST, London, Jonathan Epstein, Christie Hospital, Manchester, Anant Krishnan, University of Cambridge, Leon Menezes, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Bijan Modarai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Paul Patterson, North Tyneside General Hospital, Newcastle, Arun Sahai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Alexis Schizas, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London
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- Viva Tutorials for Surgeons in Training
- Published online:
- 12 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 09 September 2004, pp 221-262
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Summary
PERI-OPERATIVE CARE
The Diabetic Patient
How do you assess a diabetic patient in the clinic?
Take a history of the type of diabetic control used, the dosage schedule and the adequacy of control. Particular attention is paid to the propensity to develop hyperglycaemia, ketosis and hypoglycaemia. Ask specifically about the complications of diabetes: nephropathy, sensory and autonomic neuropathy, hypertension, peripheral and coronary arterial disease and retinopathy. The patient looking for these complications is then examined. Look for ongoing infection.
How do you manage the diabetic patient once they are on the ward?
Patients with diabetes often have gastroparesis, and they should fast at least 12 hours before elective surgery. Always try to put the patient first on the list. Patients with diet-controlled diabetes usually just require glucose monitoring. Patients on oral hypoglycaemic agents should have those agents discontinued on the day of surgery. Sulphonyl urea drugs should be withheld at least 1 day before surgery, because of their long half-life. For those on insulin prescribe 5% dextrose with potassium and start sliding scale insulin infusion. Continue the insulin and dextrose infusion until the patient has had a second meal with their normal dose of subcutaneous insulin post-operatively.
What are the potential operative complications in the diabetic patient?
Infections: diabetics are prone to infection at the surgical site and elsewhere.
Wound healing: this is impaired in diabetics due in part to microvascular disease.
Cardiovascular complications: due to macrovascular disease.
Frontmatter
- Edited by Reuben Johnson, University of Oxford
- Wendy Adams, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, Jonathan Bull, St Mary's Imperial College BST, London, Jonathan Epstein, Christie Hospital, Manchester, Anant Krishnan, University of Cambridge, Leon Menezes, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Bijan Modarai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Paul Patterson, North Tyneside General Hospital, Newcastle, Arun Sahai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Alexis Schizas, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London
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- Book:
- Viva Tutorials for Surgeons in Training
- Published online:
- 12 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 09 September 2004, pp i-iv
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Contents
- Edited by Reuben Johnson, University of Oxford
- Wendy Adams, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, Jonathan Bull, St Mary's Imperial College BST, London, Jonathan Epstein, Christie Hospital, Manchester, Anant Krishnan, University of Cambridge, Leon Menezes, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Bijan Modarai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Paul Patterson, North Tyneside General Hospital, Newcastle, Arun Sahai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Alexis Schizas, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London
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- Viva Tutorials for Surgeons in Training
- Published online:
- 12 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 09 September 2004, pp v-vi
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Authors
- Edited by Reuben Johnson, University of Oxford
- Wendy Adams, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, Jonathan Bull, St Mary's Imperial College BST, London, Jonathan Epstein, Christie Hospital, Manchester, Anant Krishnan, University of Cambridge, Leon Menezes, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Bijan Modarai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Paul Patterson, North Tyneside General Hospital, Newcastle, Arun Sahai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Alexis Schizas, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London
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- Book:
- Viva Tutorials for Surgeons in Training
- Published online:
- 12 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 09 September 2004, pp vii-viii
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4 - Critical Care
- Edited by Reuben Johnson, University of Oxford
- Wendy Adams, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, Jonathan Bull, St Mary's Imperial College BST, London, Jonathan Epstein, Christie Hospital, Manchester, Anant Krishnan, University of Cambridge, Leon Menezes, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Bijan Modarai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Paul Patterson, North Tyneside General Hospital, Newcastle, Arun Sahai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Alexis Schizas, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London
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- Book:
- Viva Tutorials for Surgeons in Training
- Published online:
- 12 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 09 September 2004, pp 143-176
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Summary
AIRWAY ISSUES
Airway Obstruction
How would you define airway obstruction?
Partial or complete occlusion of the upper or lower respiratory tract, upper airway obstruction being more common than obstruction below the larynx.
In what situations does it occur?
Upper airway obstruction commonly occurs in the unconscious patient who is unable to maintain there airway due to the tongue falling backward. Other causes of upper airway obstruction include: laryngospasm, tumours, soft tissue swellings, oedema, infection (epiglottitis and diphtheria) and foreign objects as well as blood and vomit. In anaesthesia; lower airway obstruction may occur due to pulmonary secretions or mucus plugging, pulmonary oedema, pneumothorax or haemothorax.
What are the clinical features of airway obstruction?
Hypoventilation.
Increased work of breathing: accessory muscles of breathing are often employed, tracheal tug may be seen, see-saw paradoxical movement of the abdomen and the chest may also be noticeable.
Change in noise of breathing: complete obstruction is silent; partial obstruction is noisy (e.g. stridor).
Tachypnioea.
Tachycardia.
Lower respiratory signs will be present if there is lower airway obstruction, but this will depend on the cause of the lower airway obstruction.
How would you clinically assess an airway?
Look: for accessory muscle movements, see-saw movements of abdomen and chest, foreign bodies in airway; and in late stages central cyanosis.
Listen: for breath sounds, stridor, grunting and gurgling.
Feel: for airflow at the nose and mouth; chest movement.
1 - Applied Surgical Anatomy
- Edited by Reuben Johnson, University of Oxford
- Wendy Adams, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, Jonathan Bull, St Mary's Imperial College BST, London, Jonathan Epstein, Christie Hospital, Manchester, Anant Krishnan, University of Cambridge, Leon Menezes, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Bijan Modarai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Paul Patterson, North Tyneside General Hospital, Newcastle, Arun Sahai, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, Alexis Schizas, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London
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- Book:
- Viva Tutorials for Surgeons in Training
- Published online:
- 12 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 09 September 2004, pp 1-52
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Summary
HEAD AND NECK
Fascial Compartments of the Neck
What is the significance of the fascial compartments of the neck?
They compartmentalise structures in the neck and form natural planes of cleavage through which tissues can be separated in surgery. They also form planes along which infections can spread.
What are the different fascial layers?
They are made up of superficial and deep cervical fascia. Superficial fascia lies between the skin and investing layer of deep fascia. As well as containing nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics, it encloses the platysma muscle anteriorly. The deep cervical fascia consists of four parts: investing; pretracheal; prevertebral; and the carotid sheath.
Can you tell me the margins of the investing layer?
The investing layer of fascia surrounds the neck deep to the superficial fascial layer. It splits to enclose the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles on either side. The superior attachment of the investing layer extends from the superior nuchal line to the tip of the mastoid process. It extends to the zygomatic arch and the lower border of the mandible. Anteriorly, it attaches to the hyoid bone and posteriorly, it attaches to the ligamentum nuchae. Between the angle of the mandible and mastoid process, it splits to enclose the parotid and submandibular glands. Inferiorly, it attaches to the manubrium, clavicles and the spines and acromion of the scapulae. In attaching to the manubrium, the investing layer attaches to the anterior and posterior border forming a suprasternal space.