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Concentrations of sedimentary molybdenum (Mo) have been used as a proxy for palaeoceanographic redox conditions based on the distinctive behaviour of Mo under oxic versus euxinic (i.e., anoxic and sulfidic) conditions. However, the mechanisms that govern Mo sequestration in various euxinic settings are not fully resolved. It has previously been proposed that sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), the main drivers and regulators of euxinic conditions, can actively take up and reduce Mo intracellularly and passively induce Fe-independent Mo complexation and reduction at their cell surfaces. However, uncertainties remain regarding the underlying interactions and relative contributions of these proposed biotic Mo sequestration pathways. In this study, systematic experiments were carried out to examine the interactions among Mo(VI) species (MoO42- or MoS42-), ferrous iron (Fe2+) and SRB with a focus on combinations of conditions that lead to reductive Mo precipitation. The speciation of aqueous Mo and composition, structure, oxidation states and bonding environment of precipitated Mo-sulfides were analysed using UV-vis spectrophotometry (UV-vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Results indicate that SRB does not directly reduce Mo but, rather, plays a passive role in mediating Mo sequestration by providing sulfide and potential nucleation sites at their reactive cell surfaces for precipitation. However, even in the presence of SRB cells, Fe2+ was required for Mo precipitation in all conditions tested. By identifying the limiting (and non-limiting) factors in the Mo reduction and sequestration process, this study provides significant new insights for interpreting Mo palaeoredox proxies.
Only a third of people with dementia receive a diagnosis and post-diagnostic support. An eight session, manualised, modular post-diagnostic support system (New Interventions for Independence in Dementia Study (NIDUS) – family), delivered remotely by non-clinical facilitators is the first scalable intervention to improve personalised goal attainment for people with dementia. It could significantly improve care quality.
Aims
We aimed to explore system readiness for NIDUS–family, a scalable, personalised post-diagnostic support intervention.
Method
We conducted semi-structured interviews with professionals from dementia care services; the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research guided interviews and their thematic analysis.
Results
From 2022 to 2023, we interviewed a purposive sample of 21 professionals from seven English National Health Service, health and social care services. We identified three themes: (1) potential value of a personalised intervention – interviewees perceived the capacity for choice and supporting person-centred care as relative advantages over existing resources; (2) compatibility and deliverability with existing systems – the NIDUS–family intervention model was perceived as compatible with service goals and clients’ needs, but current service infrastructures, financing and commissioning briefs constraining resources to those at greatest need were seen as barriers to providing universal, post-diagnostic care; (3) fit with current workforce skills – the intervention model aligned well with staff development plans; delivery by non-clinically qualified staff was considered an advantage over current care options.
Conclusions
Translating evidence for scalable and effective post-diagnostic care into practice will support national policies to widen access to support and upskill support workers, but requires a greater focus on prevention in commissioning briefs and resource planning.
This Handbook brings together a global team of private law experts and computer scientists to examine the interface between private law and AI, which includes issues such as whether existing private law can address the challenges of AI and whether and how private law needs to be reformed to reduce the risks of AI while retaining its benefits.
AI will disrupt the existing tort settlement. Tort law should be tech-impartial – that is, it should not encourage or discourage the adoption of new technologies where they generate the same level of risk, and victim rights should not be eroded by the use of new technologies in place of existing systems of work. Existing tort law is poorly suited to address some AI challenges, and a liability gap will emerge as systems replace employees since AI does not have legal personality and cannot commit a tort. A form of AI statutory vicarious liability should apply in commercial settings to address the liability gap and as the tech-impartial solution.
AI appears to disrupt key private law doctrines, and threatens to undermine some of the principal rights protected by private law. The social changes prompted by AI may also generate significant new challenges for private law. It is thus likely that AI will lead to new developments in private law. This Cambridge Handbook is the first dedicated treatment of the interface between AI and private law, and the challenges that AI poses for private law. This Handbook brings together a global team of private law experts and computer scientists to deal with this problem, and to examine the interface between private law and AI, which includes issues such as whether existing private law can address the challenges of AI and whether and how private law needs to be reformed to reduce the risks of AI while retaining its benefits.
Social connection is associated with better health, including reduced risk of dementia. Personality traits are also linked to cognitive outcomes; neuroticism is associated with increased risk of dementia. Personality traits and social connection are also associated with each other. Taken together, evidence suggests the potential impacts of neuroticism and social connection on cognitive outcomes may be linked. However, very few studies have simultaneously examined the relationships between personality, social connection and health.
Research objective:
We tested the association between neuroticism and cognitive measures while exploring the potential mediating roles of aspects of social connection (loneliness and social isolation).
Method:
We conducted a cross-sectional study with a secondary analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) Comprehensive Cohort, a sample of Canadians aged 45 to 85 years at baseline. We used only self-reported data collected at the first follow-up, between 2015 and 2018 (n= 27,765). We used structural equation modelling to assess the association between neuroticism (exposure) and six cognitive measures (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test immediate recall and delayed recall, Animal Fluency Test, Mental Alternation Test, Controlled Oral Word Association Test and Stroop Test interference ratio), with direct and indirect effects (through social isolation and loneliness). We included age, education and hearing in the models and stratified all analyses by sex, females (n= 14,133) and males (n=13,632).
Preliminary results of the ongoing study:
We found positive, statistically significant associations between neuroticism and social isolation (p<0.05) and loneliness (p<0.05), for both males and females. We also found inverse, statistically significant associations between neuroticism and all cognitive measures (p<0.05), except the Stroop Test interference ratio. In these models, there was consistent evidence of indirect effects (through social isolation and loneliness) and, in some cases, evidence of direct effects. We found sex differences in the model results.
Conclusion:
Our findings suggest that the association between neuroticism and cognitive outcomes may be mediated by aspects of social connection and differ by sex. Understanding if and how modifiable risk factors mediate the association between personality and cognitive outcomes would help develop and target intervention strategies that improve social connection and brain health.