36 results
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Contributors
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- By Susan Bewley, Annette Briley, Sarah Germain, Ian A. Greer, Claire Harrison, Beverley Hunt, Eleftheria Lefkou, Vivek Kakar, Hamish Lyall, Alec McEwan, Claire McLintock, Andrew Mumford, Michael Murphy, Bethan Myers, Catherine Nelson-Piercy, Pat O'Brien, Christina Oppenheimer, Geraldine O'Sullivan, Sue Pavord, Seonaid Pye, Margaret Ramsay, John F. Reidy, Susan E. Robinson, Nina Salooja, Marie Scully, Paul Sharpe, Jane Strong, Isobel D. Walker, Emma Welch, Josh Wright
- Edited by Sue Pavord, Beverley Hunt
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- The Obstetric Hematology Manual
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- 06 December 2010
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- 15 April 2010, pp vii-viii
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Dimensions of Political Participation in a Canadian Sample*
- Susan Welch
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- Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique / Volume 8 / Issue 4 / December 1975
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- 10 November 2009, pp. 553-559
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Recent works have compared political participation in a variety of democratic polities. One major finding of some of this research is that to classify individuals as highly active or inactive politically is to oversimplify the notion of participation. Political participation is multidimensional: active participants in one kind of political behaviour may be inactive in another. Preoccupation with one form of participation, such as voting, may obscure the extent and nature of participation taking place. This finding was summarized neatly in a recent work: “Citizens differ not only in the overall amounts of participation they perform but also as to the types of acts in which they choose to engage. Furthermore, these different types of acts are quite distinctive in form and function and can almost be thought of as alternative participatory systems: – systems that are used for different purposes, that are able to provide types of benefits, and that relate the participant to his government and to his fellow citizens in fundamentally different ways.” Surprisingly, perhaps, these types of participation have been found to be similar across several democratic polities. Four distinct activities have been located in the several nations: (1) voting; (2) active participation in political campaigns; (3) cooperative activity such as joining with others formally or informally to pursue political goals; and (4) contacting government officials about some public problem. There has been little analysis of the forms of participation of Canadians.
Surveillance of Hemodialysis-Associated Primary Bloodstream Infections: The Experience of Ten Hospital-Based Centers
- Margaret Dopirak, Connie Hill, Marylee Oleksiw, Diane Dumigan, Jean Arvai, Ellen English, Evelyn Carusillo, Susan Malo-Schlegel, Jeana Richo, Karen Traficanti, Bobbie Welch, Brian Cooper
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- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 23 / Issue 12 / December 2002
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- 02 January 2015, pp. 721-724
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- December 2002
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Objective:
To determine baseline rates of primary bloodstream infection (BSI) among a large pool of patients receiving hemodialysis using standardized surveillance tools and methodology.
Design:Prospective, descriptive analysis of primary BSI rates.
Setting:Ten hospital-based hemodialysis centers in Connecticut.
Patients:All patients receiving long-term hemodialysis in the participating facilities.
Results:A total of 158 BSIs occurred during 142,525 dialysis sessions within a 12-month study period. Of the BSIs, 15.2% occurred in patients with fistula or graft access and 84.8% in patients with central venous catheter access (P < .001). Rates per 100 patient-years in centers ranged from 0 to 30.8, with a mean of 16.6. Rates per 1,000 dialysis sessions ranged from 0 to 2.1, with a mean of 1.1. Coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus) accounted for 61% and Klebsiella or Enterobacter species for 14.6% of infections. Of the patients, 63.3% received vancomycin, 24.7% received cefazolin, and 41.7% received aminoglycosides. Rates declined in the second 6 months of the study from 1.4 to 0.8 infections per 1,000 dialysis sessions (P < .001).
Conclusions:Primary BSI rates varied widely among participating centers and declined during the study period. BSIs were strongly associated with central venous catheter access. Further studies are needed to determine the reasons for variance in rates between centers and among various types of hemodialysis access.
Subject Index
- Susan Welch, Pennsylvania State University, Lee Sigelman, Wayne State University, Timothy Bledsoe, George Washington University, Washington DC, Michael Combs, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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- Race and Place
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- 05 June 2012
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- 10 September 2001, pp 203-206
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Preface
- Susan Welch, Pennsylvania State University, Lee Sigelman, Wayne State University, Timothy Bledsoe, George Washington University, Washington DC, Michael Combs, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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- Race and Place
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- 05 June 2012
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- 10 September 2001, pp xiii-xvi
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Summary
In 2000, the New York Times published a major series based on an investigation of how whites and blacks in America communicate with each other. Featuring individuals as diverse as army drill sergeants, rising Internet entrepreneurs, young Cuban immigrants, elected officials, slaughterhouse workers, antebellum plantation owners, Harlem police officers, and suburban teenagers, the Times writers told a story of both progress and setbacks in race relations. According to this series, whites and African Americans are coming into contact with each other with a frequency unprecedented in the twentieth century and in relationships unprecedented in any time in the nation's history. However, for every newly opened line of communication, new misunderstandings arise. For every attempt to understand one another's perspectives, an inclination to blame interpersonal misunderstandings on race develops. The Times's stories are fascinating case studies, which do much to capture the progress, difficulties, and continuing ambiguities of American race relations at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
Many of the Times's stories reflect well-known features of American race relations: the increasingly racially mixed work forces, the difficulties of real integration in supposedly integrated schools, and the struggles and successes of African American candidates for public office. But the stories do not reveal much about a less well known feature of race relations: the declining levels of racial segregation in most of America's major metropolitan areas.
List of Figures
- Susan Welch, Pennsylvania State University, Lee Sigelman, Wayne State University, Timothy Bledsoe, George Washington University, Washington DC, Michael Combs, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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- Race and Place
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- 10 September 2001, pp ix-x
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Appendix B - Detroit Survey Items and Measures
- Susan Welch, Pennsylvania State University, Lee Sigelman, Wayne State University, Timothy Bledsoe, George Washington University, Washington DC, Michael Combs, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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- Race and Place
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- 05 June 2012
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- 10 September 2001, pp 173-180
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Summary
In this appendix we describe the items from our 1992 survey and the composite measures based on responses to those items that we employed in the figures and tables in this book, listed in the order in which the figures and tables appear. Each item or measure is described in conjunction with the figure or table in which it was introduced. Thus, any figure or table in which no “new” items or measures were introduced is not included here.
Figure 2.3:
Based on responses to: If you could find housing you would want and like, would you rather live in a neighborhood that is all-black, mostly black, half black–half white, mostly white, or all white?
Figure 2.4:
Based on responses to: Some civil rights leaders say that blacks should be more concerned with developing the black community than with working for integration. Do you mostly agree or mostly disagree with this?
Figure 2.5:
Based on responses to: On the whole, do you think most white people in the Detroit area want to see blacks get a better break, or do they want to keep blacks down, or don't they care one way or the other?
5 - Black Racial Solidarity
- Susan Welch, Pennsylvania State University, Lee Sigelman, Wayne State University, Timothy Bledsoe, George Washington University, Washington DC, Michael Combs, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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- Race and Place
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- 10 September 2001, pp 94-109
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Summary
“Detroit has helped nurture a new black mentality. More than any other city, blacks here make an issue of where you live. If you're with us, you'll find a place in the city” (Arthur Johnson, a former president of the Detroit NAACP, quoted by Chafets, 1990: 28). This statement captures the centrality of place in race relations in Detroit, the tendency of many black Detroiters to judge both blacks and whites by where they choose to live. The distinction between city and suburb separates those who live in an overwhelmingly black central city that has been run by blacks for several decades from those who live in smaller suburban communities, some of which have large proportions of African Americans but none of which possess the highly visible black political leadership of the city.
In this chapter, we probe the impact of residence on African Americans' sense of solidarity with other African Americans. If blacks are more likely to feel ties of solidarity with other blacks when they live in more segregated settings, then such ties will be loosened by the movement of blacks to the suburbs. But perhaps feelings of solidarity are more intense among blacks who live in less segregated settings. Many black college students at majority-white colleges, for example, seem to feel a strong sense of racial solidarity. If less segregation promotes solidarity, then black solidarity should, if anything, be enhanced by suburbanization.
Appendix A - The Detroit Surveys
- Susan Welch, Pennsylvania State University, Lee Sigelman, Wayne State University, Timothy Bledsoe, George Washington University, Washington DC, Michael Combs, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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- Race and Place
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- 10 September 2001, pp 171-172
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Summary
Between mid-July and mid-November, 1992, representatives of the Center for Urban Studies, Wayne State University, conducted in-home interviews with 1,124 residents of the Detroit metropolitan area. Funding for the survey was provided by National Science Foundation Grant SES-9112799.
Every household in the tricounty area was eligible for inclusion in the sample, but the stratification scheme made use of higher sampling fractions for African Americans, city residents, and residents of mixed-race neighborhoods than for whites, suburbanites, and residents of singlerace neighborhoods. In mixed-race neighborhoods, interviewers engaged in doorstep screening to adjust for the overrepresentation of members of the predominant race (African Americans in the city, whites in the suburbs). In mixed-race neighborhoods in Detroit, interviews were conducted in every white household that was contacted but in only one out of every three black households. In mixed-race neighborhoods in the suburbs, interviews were conducted in every black household that was contacted but in only one out of every four white households. After interviewers established that an interview should be conducted in a given household, they used a “Kish table” to determine who within the household should be interviewed, and made as many as 10 call-backs to contact the designated respondent. In every instance, the race of the interviewer was matched to that of the respondent.
The response rate for the survey was approximately 56%. It was higher for African Americans than for whites and for city residents than for suburbanites.
8 - Conclusions
- Susan Welch, Pennsylvania State University, Lee Sigelman, Wayne State University, Timothy Bledsoe, George Washington University, Washington DC, Michael Combs, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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- Race and Place
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- 10 September 2001, pp 156-170
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Summary
We began this book by asking whether the decline in residential segregation in major metropolitan areas affects the way blacks and whites think about themselves and each other. We begin this concluding chapter by stating that it does matter. Whites' attitudes about blacks and blacks' attitudes about whites are indeed affected by where blacks and whites live in relationship to each other. The views of both blacks and whites about urban public policies are also strongly shaped by where they live.
Of course, residential segregation shapes much about urban life, including the quality of schools that children attend, the crime rates and the social pathology of the neighborhood in which families live, and the availability of opportunities for job seekers. On the whole, life chances are strongly influenced by the neighborhood in which one resides, so it is not surprising that where one lives affects attitudes too. Directly and indirectly, residential patterns have the potential to influence many key attitudes and behaviors, including those about race, opportunity, politics, and policy.
The influence does not run exclusively in one direction, however. People choose their neighborhoods, and some do so to escape living with people of another race. However, to acknowledge this important reality is not to deny the significance of the findings that neighborhoods influence individuals' choice of friends, casual contacts, views about public policies, and many other attributes relevant to interracial relationships.
1 - Introduction
- Susan Welch, Pennsylvania State University, Lee Sigelman, Wayne State University, Timothy Bledsoe, George Washington University, Washington DC, Michael Combs, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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- Race and Place
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Summary
Residential segregation in the United States has proved resilient to change. Residential segregation has been and continues to be the “structural linchpin” of American race relations (Bobo, 1989: 307). This is in striking contrast to the progress that has been made in narrowing the racial divide in public accommodations, the workplace, universities, and the armed forces. The movement toward racially integrated housing has resisted the broader societal sweep of integration, and the residential separation of blacks and whites remains a huge impediment to progress toward racial equality (Farley, Bianchi, and Colasanto, 1978a: 98).
After increasing steadily for most of the 20th century, however, housing segregation finally began to diminish during the 1980s and 1990s (Massey and Denton, 1987; Farley and Frey, 1994; Massey, 2000, see also Taeuber and Taeuber, 1965). During those years, most American metropolitan areas became less racially segregated within the borders of the central city, and many experienced an exodus of African Americans to the suburbs. Indeed, this movement of blacks to the suburbs was a major reason for the small decrease in residential segregation (Schneider and Phelan, 1993).
Although demographers have tracked these migratory patterns (Farley and Frey, 1994; Massey and Denton, 1993, O'Hare and Usdansky, 1992), little is known about the impact of such movement on the way blacks and whites think about themselves and one another. Does it matter whether blacks and whites live in mixed neighborhoods or in relatively integrated cities?
3 - Black–White Social Interaction
- Susan Welch, Pennsylvania State University, Lee Sigelman, Wayne State University, Timothy Bledsoe, George Washington University, Washington DC, Michael Combs, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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Summary
Black and white America have been described as two separate, hostile, and unequal nations (Hacker, 1992). The appropriateness of the latter two adjectives has been documented in study after study of racial attitudes and of the legal, economic, and social status of African Americans, but far less attention has been paid to racial separateness and its consequences.
Several unanswered but fundamental questions about interracial contact are central to our study. Context can be crucial in reshaping blacks' and whites' attitudes toward each other in more positive directions only if in interracial neighborhoods blacks and whites actually have contact with one another. Thus, we believe that context affects attitudes through informal interactions and friendships and by shaping the composition of political, sports, religious, social, and other neighborhood organizations that provide opportunities for interactions involving a range of people (Huckfeldt, 1986). So neighborhood context is not just a “black box” into which people enter who happen to live in houses in some proximity to those of another race and from which they emerge with changed attitudes. What happens inside the box – how and how frequently people come into contact with each other – is the key to attitude change. Sheer proximity of the races to one another (Alba and Logan, 1993) will matter little without this intervening step.
In this chapter we ask whether mixed residential neighborhoods promote interracial contact, ranging from casual encounters to intense personal relationships.
7 - Opinions on Urban Issues: The Schools and the Police
- Susan Welch, Pennsylvania State University, Lee Sigelman, Wayne State University, Timothy Bledsoe, George Washington University, Washington DC, Michael Combs, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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Summary
Inadequate schools, drug addiction, crime, and poor housing have long been among the most familiar features of urban life in the United States. Unfortunately, our understanding of what the residents of urban areas think about these issues has been based largely on racial stereotypes – that blacks are dissatisfied with urban public services and consistently support more government spending to fix them and that whites are more satisfied and less favorable toward government spending.
In this chapter we explore blacks' and whites' attitudes about education and police protection, two of the most vexing problems in Detroit and across the nation. We expect the racial composition of the respondents' neighborhoods to emerge as important factors in shaping their views. Just as the neighborhood context influences attitudes about race, it also influences attitudes about how to deal with problems that are sometimes entangled with our views of race.
After exploring why we expect context to influence attitudes about these public services, we briefly examine national survey data on blacks' and whites' opinions on various urban policy issues and then probe more deeply into Detroit area residents' opinions about police and education.
THE IMPACT OF RESIDENCE ON ATTITUDES ABOUT PUBLIC SERVICES
In prior chapters, we have stressed the importance of neighborhoods as settings to build personal contact between blacks and whites. In turn, these contacts have had a modest effect on breaking down feelings of hostility and promoting interracial empathy.
Contents
- Susan Welch, Pennsylvania State University, Lee Sigelman, Wayne State University, Timothy Bledsoe, George Washington University, Washington DC, Michael Combs, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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List of Tables
- Susan Welch, Pennsylvania State University, Lee Sigelman, Wayne State University, Timothy Bledsoe, George Washington University, Washington DC, Michael Combs, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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Frontmatter
- Susan Welch, Pennsylvania State University, Lee Sigelman, Wayne State University, Timothy Bledsoe, George Washington University, Washington DC, Michael Combs, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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Miscellaneous Endmatter
- Susan Welch, Pennsylvania State University, Lee Sigelman, Wayne State University, Timothy Bledsoe, George Washington University, Washington DC, Michael Combs, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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6 - White Racial Prejudice
- Susan Welch, Pennsylvania State University, Lee Sigelman, Wayne State University, Timothy Bledsoe, George Washington University, Washington DC, Michael Combs, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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Summary
“I was shocked by the vulgarity of their speech, their loudness and their inappropriate behavior. … I … came to resent them because their behavior wouldn't have been tolerated had they been anything but black… Now I consider myself a racist” (Baillie, 2000). Relatively few whites would admit to the kind of racial prejudice that would lead them to judge an African American as inferior biologically. Like the white woman whose description of her co-workers is quoted above, though, many more do not hesitate to label black Americans as less hard working, less well behaved, less motivated, or falling short in other ways as compared with whites.
Of course, the degree of racial prejudice varies widely among whites. To what extent is this variability shaped by whites' residential context? In this chapter we examine whites' attitudes toward African Americans, and the impact of place of residence on these attitudes. We explore whether the heightened interracial contact brought about by integrated neighborhoods increases or reduces white prejudice.
RACIAL PREJUDICE
Previous chapters revealed that living in integrated neighborhoods significantly increases the number of contacts between blacks and whites. It also increases perceptions of discrimination as African Americans and whites come into closer contact with one another. For blacks, the expanded interracial contact decreases racial solidarity, other things being equal. These findings provided evidence for our social densityinterpretation (Lau, 1989). Blacks living among other blacks tend to have a greater sense of affiliation with them.
Author Index
- Susan Welch, Pennsylvania State University, Lee Sigelman, Wayne State University, Timothy Bledsoe, George Washington University, Washington DC, Michael Combs, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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- Race and Place
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- 10 September 2001, pp 197-202
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