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No man is an island: social resources, stress and mental health at mid-life
- Rukmen Sehmi, Barbara Maughan, Timothy Matthews, Louise Arseneault
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 217 / Issue 5 / November 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 March 2019, pp. 638-644
- Print publication:
- November 2020
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- Article
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Background
Positive social relationships are known to mitigate the negative effects of stress on mental health. However, the direction of association between social resources and mental health remains unclear, and it is not known whether higher than average levels of social resources confer additional benefits, in the short and longer term.
AimsTo investigate the concurrent and longitudinal contribution of higher levels of social resources in reducing the risk of mental health symptoms after exposure to stress at age 45, and to identify life-course precursors of mid-life social resources.
MethodThe National Child Development Study (NCDS) is a prospective birth cohort of over 17 000 births in 1958. We tested concurrent and longitudinal associations between different levels of social resources at age 45 and mental health symptoms among individuals exposed to stress and verified whether prior mental health symptoms (age 42) explained these associations. We also tested a range of child, family and adult precursors of mid-life social resources.
ResultsHigher than average levels of social resources were required to confer benefits to mental health among individuals exposed to high stress levels, both concurrently at age 45 and in the longer term at age 50. In general, these associations were not attributable to prior mental health symptoms. Key predictors of mid-life social resources included evidence of early sociability.
ConclusionsHaving a broad network of social ties and better personal support helps individuals withstand exposure to higher levels of stress. Given that sociable children had better mid-life social resources, early intervention may benefit individuals' social resources later in life.
Contributors
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- By Syed S. Ali, Nathan Allen, John E. Arbo, Elizabeth Arrington, Ani Aydin, Kenneth R. L. Bernard, Amy Caggiula, Nolan Caldwell, Jennifer L. Carey, Jennifer Carnell, Jayaram Chelluri, Michael N. Cocchi, Cristal Cristia, Vishal Demla, Bram Dolcourt, Andrew Eyre, Shawn Fagan, Brandy Ferguson, Sarah Fisher, Jonathan Friedstat, Brian C. Geyer, Brandon Godbout, Jeremy Gonda, Jeremy Goverman, Ashley L. Greiner, Casey Grover, Carla Haack, Abigail Hankin, John W. Hardin, Katrina L. Harper, Gregory Hayward, Stephen Hendriksen, Daniel Herbert-Cohen, Nadine Himelfarb, Calvin E. Hwang, Jacob D. Isserman, Joshua Jauregui, Joshua W. Joseph, Elena Kapilevich, Feras H. Khan, Sarvotham Kini, Karen A. Kinnaman, Ruth Lamm, Calvin Lee, Jarone Lee, Charles Lei, John Lemos, Daniel J. Lepp, Elisabeth Lessenich, Brandon Maughan, Julie Mayglothling, Kevin McConnell, Laura Medford-Davis, Kamal Medlej, Heather Meissen, Payal Modi, Joel Moll, Jolene H. Nakao, Matthew Nicholls, Lindsay Oelze, Carolyn Maher Overman, Viral Patel, Timothy C. Peck, Jeffrey Pepin, Candace Pettigrew, Byron Pitts, Zubaid Rafique, Chanu Rhee, Jonathan C. Roberts, Daniel Rolston, Steven C. Rougas, Benjamin Schnapp, Kathryn A. Seal, Raghu Seethala, Todd A. Seigel, Navdeep Sekhon, Kaushal Shah, Robert L. Sherwin, Kirill Shishlov, Ashley Shreves, Sebastian Siadecki, Jeffrey N. Siegelman, Liza Gonen Smith, Ted Stettner, Marie Carmelle Tabuteau, Joseph E. Tonna, N. Seth Trueger, Chad Van Ginkel, Bina Vasantharam, Graham Walker, Susan Wilcox, Sandra J. Williams, Matthew L. Wong, Nelson Wong, Samantha Wood, John Woodruff, Benjamin Zabar
- Edited by Kaushal Shah, Jarone Lee, Kamal Medlej, American University of Beirut, Scott D. Weingart
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- Book:
- Practical Emergency Resuscitation and Critical Care
- Published online:
- 05 November 2013
- Print publication:
- 24 October 2013, pp xi-xx
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13 - Colon and rectum
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- By Richard Adams, Senior Lecturer, Clinical Oncology, Velindre Cancer Centre, Velindre Hospital, Whitchurch, Cardiff, UK, Timothy Maughan, Professor of Cancer Studies, Consultant, Clinical Oncologist, Velindre Cancer Centre, Velindre Hospital, Whitchurch, Cardiff, UK, Tom Crosby, Consultant, Clinical Oncologist, Velindre Cancer Centre, Velindre Hospital, Cardiff
- Edited by Louise Hanna, Tom Crosby, Fergus Macbeth
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- Book:
- Practical Clinical Oncology
- Published online:
- 23 December 2009
- Print publication:
- 24 January 2008, pp 159-173
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Summary
Introduction
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is second in incidence in Europe only to lung cancer, and it causes around 204,000 deaths each year. The aetiology of CRC is still unclear, but the eight- to ten-fold higher incidence in the developed world compared to that in the developing world suggests environmental causes. Around 15 to 20% of CRCs are of familial origin.
Screening is currently being adopted in the UK with the roll-out of a programme of faecal occult blood (FOB) testing, followed by colonoscopy if FOB testing is positive. Many other countries are also considering such a programme.
Surgery is the only curative treatment and total mesorectal excision (TME) is now well established as the best way of managing rectal carcinoma. But the last 10 years have also seen a rapid increase in the use of preoperative radiotherapy, of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy, and of new agents for advanced disease, with small but incremental improvements in outcome.
Targeted therapy such as epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors have been tested in patients with advanced CRC, but the role of these therapies in routine management has not yet been established.
Types of colorectal tumours
The range of tumours that affect the colon and rectum is shown in Table 13.1.
Incidence and epidemiology
The annual incidence of CRC is 54 per 100,000 in the UK, and 35,000 new cases are reported per year (CRUK; http://info.cancerresearchuk.org, accessed September 2006).