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A Secret People of South Asia. The Origins, Evolution and Role of the Luso-Indian Goan Community from the Sixteenth to Twentieth Centuries
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 April 2010
Extract
Until fairly recently, histories of European imperial expansion in the Indian Ocean region have been written largely in terms of the endeavours of Europeans in creating and controlling empire. Only in the last couple of decades has recognition been given slowly to the role of the indigenous economic and political compradors, both large and small, who were vital to the evolution and sustenance of European colonial empires.
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References
Notes
1 Hromnik, C.A., ‘Goa and Mozambique: The Participation of Goans in Portuguese Enterprise in the Rios de Cuama, 1501–1752’ (Ph.D. thesis; Syracuse 1977) passim.Google Scholar
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12 Boxer, Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 255.
13 In 1682 of the 36 married Frenchmen on La Réunion 12 were married to ‘Portuguese’ women from India: Kuczynski, R.R., Demographic Survey of the British Empire II (London 1949) 747 n.Google Scholar
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18 Ibidem.
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27 Ibidem.Alpers, E.A., Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa (London 1975)Google Scholar; Boxer, Portuguese India, 18.
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38 Ibidem, 250–251.
39 Ibidem, 244, 254.
40 Ibidem, 256.
41 Personal communication from Dr. John Villiers.
42 Hromnik, ‘Goa and Mozambique’, 14; Boxer, Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 259.
43 Ibidem, 244; V. Perniola, The Catholic Church in Sri Lanka I, (1658–1711) and 11, (1712–1746) (Sri Lanka 1983) passim.
44 Boxer, Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 259.
45 Seammell, ‘Indigenous Assistance’, 70, 169; Hromnik, ‘Goa and Mozambique’, passim.
46 Disney, ‘Portuguese Empire’, 152.
47 The earliest reference I have come across to topasses in British service refers to Madras in 1672 ‘where the English have a Fort called St. George, chiefly garrisoned by Topasscs and Mesticcs’ (Peter Baldaeus), Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson, 533–534. The term topass is apparently derived from the Turkish ‘top-chi’, a gunner, Ibidem, 933; H. Furber, John Company at Work (Harvard 1951) 7 n.
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60 Two excellent articles by R.S. Newman throw much light on this culture: ‘Zatras and Fiest Days: Syncretic Social Dramas in Modern Goa’ (paper presented at the Asian Studies Association of Australia, 3rd National Conference, Brisbane 1980) and ‘Goa: The Transformation of an Indian Region, 1961–1981’ (paper presented at the A.S.A.A., 4th National Conference, Melbourne 1982).
61 The loss of the Portuguese language may have not been all that quick. Descendants of the original Luso-Indian population of Bombay now living in Perth, Australia, had relatives who spoke Portuguese in Bombay as late as the 1940s when it was replaced by English as their mother tongue with Marathi as a second language; source: Mrs. R. Gomez, Curtin University of Technology.
62 D'Souza, Goan Society in Transition, 171–172, 215.
63 Dixon, C., ‘Lascars: The Forgotten Seamen’ in: Ommer, R. and Panting, G. eds., Working Men Who Got Wet (Memorial University of Newfoundland 1980) 265, 270Google Scholar; Broeze, F.J.A., ‘The Muscles of Empire. Indian Seamen and the Raj, 1919–1939’, Indian Economic and Social History Review 18, 1 (1981) 48, 50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64 Kuczynski, Demographic Survey, 161, 259, 352.
65 Morris, H.S., The Indians in Uganda (London 1968) 142, 182.Google Scholar
66 Albuquerque, ‘Christian Impact’, 114–115; the source quoted in reference 61 (Mrs. R. Gomez) claims that the ‘East Indians’ are the original Luso-Indians of Bombay and the ‘Province of the North’; Albuquerque, on the other hand, claims the ‘East Indians’ are descended from natives of Mangalore.
67 See Winius, George D.. ‘The Shadow Empire of Goa in the Bay of Bengal’, Itinerario. 7, 2 (1983) 83–101, especially 96.Google Scholar
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70 The oldest Roman Catholic church in Dhaka (Bangladesh) was built by ‘Portuguese’ in the eighteenth century and a large number of its current parishioners bear Portuguese names and regard themselves as a distinct community: author after visit to Bangladesh in 1986.
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