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Capital, Government and Politics in the Transvaal, 1900–1907: A Revision and a Reversion 1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

A. A. Mawby
A. A. Mawby
Affiliation:
University of Manchester
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Extract

Over seventy years ago J. A. Hobson put forward the theory that the Anglo-Boer War had been created by the Rand mining magnates and their financial allies, in their search for increased profits. Subsequently this interpretation was extended to the immediate post-war period of British Crown Colony administration, for it was argued that the politics of the post-war period were equally dominated by the Rand mining magnates. More recently, increasing doubt has been cast on this interpretation, for it has been found, inter alia, that the idea of the mining industry engaged in politics as a coherent and monolithic group did not accord with the great variety of behaviour to be found in practice amongst the mining magnates. In the 1960s, however, an attempt was made to overcome this weakness and to return to a strictly economic interpretation of the period, by grafting on to Hobson's basic interpretation the concept of financially-based rivalry between conflicting groups of mining magnates as the key to Transvaal political divisions.

Type
Articles
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 17 , Issue 2 , June 1974 , pp. 387 - 415
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1974

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References

2 Blainey, G., ‘Lost Causes of the Jameson Raid’, Economic History Review, XVIII, 2 (1965).Google Scholar

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7 Ibid. pp. 190–3, also p. 183.

8 Praagh, L. V., The Transvaal and its Mines (London [1906]), pp. 575–6.Google Scholar For an explanation of the technical nature and problems of the Rand, and especially of deep-level mining, see also, Bleloch, W., The New South Africa (London, 1902. 2nd edn), espec. pp. 9–39;Google ScholarHatch, F. H. and Chalmers, J. A., The Gold Mines of the Rand (London, 1895), espec. pp. 105–10; and The Thirteenth Report of the Transvaal Chamber of Mines for the Year 1902: Annexure: A Descriptive and Statistical Statement of the Gold Mining Industry of the Witwatersrand (Johannesburg, 1903), espec. pp. 3–13.Google Scholar

9 All page references in the text refer to Denoon's article: ‘“Capitalist Influence” and the Transvaal Government…’. See also Denoon, , A Grand Illusion, p. 191;Google Scholar and Denoon, : Southern Africa since 1800, p. 101.Google Scholar

10 S. Evans to F. Eckstein, 27 June 1904: Rand Mines Archives - Evans Papers: EVA (xii). H. Weldon, Govt. Mining Engineer, to Secy., Transvaal Chamber of Mines, 15 May 1907: Chamber of Mines - Records 1899 to 1910: W8.

11 [J. B. Robinson?] to J. X. Merriman, 16 May 1906 (extract). J. Seely to F. H. P. Creswell, 21 Sept. 1906, 27 Sept. 1906. All from S.A. Union Archives - Creswell Papers. J. X. Merriman to F. H. P. Creswell, 27 May 1906: Lewsen, P. (ed.), Correspondence of Join X. Merriman, 1905–1924 (Cape Town, 1969), p. 24.Google Scholar R. W. Schumacher to F. Eckstein, 5 Nov. 1906 (Private): Rand Mines Archives - Schumacher Letterbook: PLL 1903–07. J. Wernher to L. Phillips, 21 Dec. 1906 (Private): Rand Mines Archives - Private Letters from London: 338.7 W.B. Co. L. Phillips to J. Wernher, 14 Jan. 1907: Rand Mines Archives - Phillips Papers: PHI 05–07. Churchill, R., Winston S. Churchill (London, 1967), II, 191–2.Google Scholar

12 Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman to Gen. L. Botha, 13 Aug. 1907: S.A. Union Archives-Preller Papers, vol. XXXI (a) (Campbell-Bannerman promises ‘a public recognition’ of J. B. Robinson's ‘notable services'). Note also the outcry against Robinson when it was proposed to raise him to the peerage in 1922: Dictionary of National Biography, 1922–1930 (London, 1937).Google Scholar

13 Blainey, , op. cit., p. 353 n. 1.Google Scholar

14 Denoon, : A Grand Illusion, pp. 190–1,Google Scholar appears to attempt a closer consideration of the companies’ interests, but in fact only states the total number of mines of all depths and all states of development controlled by each mining house, and goes no further than stating that the ‘deeplevellers’ ‘were well represented in the deep-level operations, while J. B. Robinson and Johannesburg Consolidated Investment [meaning Barnato's] were significantly under-represented’. He takes his evidence no further than this.

15 Thus, fairly typically, in the Eckstein's controlled Jumpers Deep Mine, Barnato's had two directors on a board of five; in the Eckstein's controlled South Wolhuter (very deep-level) mine, Consolidated Gold Fields, Neumann's and Dunkelsbuhler's each had one director on a board of five; in the Consolidated Gold Fields controlled Knights Deep mine, Neumann's and Eckstein's each had one director on a board of five; and in the Farrar controlled Apex (deep-level) mine, Barnato's, Consolidated Gold Fields, Abe Bailey and a fourth interest each had one director on a board of six. Occasionally the holdings were so even that managerial control was actually shared, as in the cases of the Van Dyk Proprietary mine (Goerz's and Eckstein's), the Kleinfontein Deep mine (Farrar's and Barnato's), or the Witwatersrand Deep mine (Neumann's and Eckstein's). Mining Manual for 1905 (Ed. W. R. Skinner) (London) passim.

16 Apart from Consolidated Gold Fields, Eckstein's and Farrar's, whose deep-level interests are not in dispute, Goerz's had important deep-level interests but not control in Modderfontein Deep, Randfontein Deep and South Randfontein Deep; Barnato's in Ferreira Deep, Jumpers Deep and Main Reef West; Albu's in Vogelstruis Consolidated Deep; and Neumann's in Tudor, Langlaagre Deep, Glen Deep, Knights Deep, Van Ryn Deep, Modderfontein Extension, Turf Mines, City Deep, South City, Wolhuter Deep, South Wolhuter and Klip Deep. In addition, Freeman Cohen's Consolidated, Abe Bailey's, Lewis & Marks, and Dunkelsbuhler's all held directorships in deep-level companies they did not control. The character of the mine has been determined from Praagh, L. V., op. cit., pp. 566–75;Google Scholar and its control from the Mining Manual for 1905, op. cit.

17 Again apart from Consolidated Gold Fields, Eckstein's and Farrar's, the following major groups controlled the following deep-level mining companies: Goerz's controlled Lancaster, Lancaster West, Roodepoort Consolidated Deep, Geduld, Tudor, and, jointly, Van Dyk Proprietary; Barnato's controlled Randfontein Deep, Van Ryn Deep, and jointly, Kleinfontein Deep; Albu's controlled Cinderella Deep, New Goch Gold Mines (an outcrop and deep-level mine), Rand Collieries (a deep-level gold mine, despite its name), West Rand Mines, Bantjes Deep, and South Village Deep; and Neumann's controlled New Rip, Vogelstruis Consolidated Deep, Main Reef West, Main Reef Deep, Main Reef East, Cloverfield, and, jointly, Witwatersrand Deep. In addition, of the smaller groups, Freeman Cohen's controlled South Randfontein Deep, and Pullinger's controlled Western Rand Estates. The character and control of each mine has been determined as in fn. 16.

18 Of the producing mines in each group in June 1906: five of the eight mines of Eckstein's (socalled) were outcrop, with a further one of Rand Mines’ nine mines a mixed outcrop and deeplevel; three of Neumann's four mines were outcrop; three of Albu's four were outcrop, with the fourth mixed; and all Robinson's, Barnato's and Farrar's (Farrar the deep-leveller I) were outcrop. Only Consolidated Gold Fields had slight outcrop interests, viz. one of its five producing mines. Praagh, L. V., op. cit., pp. 566–76 for classification, outputs, and profits.Google Scholar

19 Denoon, : A Grand Illusion, pp. 190–1,Google Scholar indicates that Eckstein's and Rand Mines were distinct bodies, but he still regards Eckstein's as involved in ‘deep-level’ mining. He further is mistaken in now regarding Rand Mines as a ‘joint enterprise’ of Eckstein's, Farrar's, and Consolidated Gold Fields (pp. 190–1). In fact, it was overwhelmingly owned and controlled by the Eckstein-Wernher, Beit firm.

20 Sec also Denoon, : Southern Africa since 1800, p. 101.Google Scholar

21 See Transvaal Chamber of Mines: Annual Reports for 1902, 1903, /904, 1905, 1906, 1907 (Johannesburg, respectively 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908) for the presidents; and Mining Manual for 1905 (op. cit.) for their company connections.

22 See also Denoon, : A Grand Illusion, p. 141.Google Scholar

23 Denoon refers to this meeting correctly at n. 66 of his article. I am grateful to the Librarian of the Chamber of Mines for checking my own double-check of this point.

24 Minutes of Special Meeting, 22 Sept. 1903: Chamber of Mines - Records 1899 to 1910: ch. Private.

25 Pamphlet: ‘Report of H. Ross Skinner furnished to the Witwatersrand Labour Association’, 22 Sept. 1903 (report); and Minutes of Special General Meeting of Chamber of Mines to consider Skinner's Report (Hanau's views). Both at Chamber of Mines - Records 1899 to 1910: ch. Private.

26 Minutes of Special Meeting, 22 Sept. 1903: Chamber of Mines - Records 1899 to 1910: ch. Private.

27 J. P. FitzPatrick to J. Wernher, 25 July 1902: FitzPatrick Papers: Q2 = A/LB xvii.

28 S. Evans to - Wingfield, 18 Nov. 1902. S. Evans to - Wilkinson, 8 Dec. 1902. S. Evans to J. P. FitzPatrick, 30 Dec. 1902. All at Rand Mines Archives - Evans Papers: EVA (x). Wernher, Beit & Co. to H. Eckstein & Co., 1 Aug. 1902, 8 Aug. 1902, 22 Aug. 1902, 3 Oct. 1902, 16 Jan. 1903. All at Rand Mines Archives - Official London Letters: vol. XVI.

29 Wernher, Beit & Co. to H. Eckstein & Co., 19–20 Mar. 1903, 27 Mar. 1903, 3 Apr. 1903, 8 May 1903. All at Rand Mines Archives - Official London Letters: vol. xvi. S. Evans to F. Eckstein, 6 Apr. 1903, 27 Apr. 1903. Both at Rand Mines Archives - Evans Papers: EVA (x).

30 See also Denoon, : A Grand Illusion, p. 141.Google Scholar

31 Transvaal Chamber of Mines: Annual Report for 1902 (op. cit.) (listing both the 1902 and the 1903 committees).

32 J. P. FitzPatrick (reporting Milner) to A. Beit, 15 Feb. 1902: FitzPatrick Papers: Q2 = A/LB xvii.

33 Hanau (May, 1903): S. Evans to F. Eckstein, 25 May 1903, 22 June 1903. Both at Rand Mines Archives - Evans Papers: EVA (x). Reeves, J. A.: Chinese Labour in South Africa 1901 to 1910 (unpublished M.A. thesis in the University of the Witwatersrand), p. 94.Google Scholar FitzPatrick (June 1903): Reeves, op. cit. p. 94;Google ScholarWallis, J. P. R.: Fitz: The Story of Sir Percy FitzPatrick (London, 1955), p. 103.Google Scholar

34 S. Evans to F. Eckstein, 22 June 1903: Rand Mines Archives - Evans Papers: EVA (x).

35 Minutes of Meetings of Representatives of Mining Groups, 10 Oct. 1903, 15 Oct. 1903, 16 Oct. 1903, 22 Oct. 1903: Chamber of Mines - Records 1899 to 1910: ch. 14.

36 C. Hanau to President, Transvaal Chamber of Mines, 18 July 1902. J. P. FitzPatrick to R. Solomon [22 July 1902]. R. Solomon to FitzPatrick, 23 July 1902. All at: Chamber of Mines - Records 1899 Co 1910: G3b.

37 Secretary, Transvaal Chamber of Mines, to High Commissioner, Cape Town, 5 Sept. 1900. Secretary, Transvaal Chamber of Mines, to Van Hulsteyn, Feltham & Fry, 18 June 1902. Secretary, Transvaal Chamber of Mines, to [Transvaal Government], [circa July 1902]: All at: Chamber of Mines - Records 1899 to 1910: G3b. Report of Chamber of Mines deputation, 16 June 1902: Transvaal Archives- Colonial Secretary: vol. 1078 no. 053/02.

38 Thornton, A. P.: For the File on Empire (London, 1968), pp. 28–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

39 Stokes, E.: “Milnerism”: Historical Journal V, 1 (1962), 51.Google Scholar

40 S. Evans to L. Phillips, 11 July 1904: Rand Mines Archives - Evans Papers: EVA (xii). S. Evans to F. Eckstein, 1 May 1905: Rand Mines Archives - Evans Papers: EVA (xiii).

41 S. Evans to F. Eckstein, 18 July 1904. S. Evans to G. Farrar, 20 July 1904. S. Evans to J. Wernher, 25 July 1904. All at Rand Mines Archives - Evans Papers: EVA (xii).

42 S. Evans to F. Eckstein, 1 May 1905: Rand Mines Archives - Evans Papers: EVA (xiii).

43 See also Denoon, : A Grand Illusion, p. 170.Google Scholar

44 J. P. FitzPatrick to P. Duncan, 26 Dec. 1902: Transvaal Archives - Colonial Treasurer: vol. 287 no. J.L. 598.

45 See also Denoon, : A Grand Illusion, p. 170.Google Scholar

46 See also Denoon, : A Grand Illusion, p. 170.Google Scholar

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48 Worsfold, W. B.: The Reconstruction of the new Colonies under Lord Milner (London, 1913), II, 16–17.Google ScholarJamneck, C. P.: Die Milner Regime in die Transvaal (unpublished M.A. thesis in the University of South Africa) p. 41.Google Scholar

49 J. Wernher to S. Evans, 20 Aug. 1904: Rand Mines Archives - Private Letters from London: 338.7 W.B.Co.

50 Denoon, : A Grand Illusion, p. 183, states this quite clearly.Google Scholar

51 Denoon, ibid., states of these negotiations: ‘a vital issue was the negotiation of a fiscal system which, as Blainey has demonstrated, determined whether deep-level or outcrop mining made the greater profit’.

52 Chamberlain to Milner, 5 Aug. 1902: C.O. 879/74 African (South) no. 681. Secret: no. 218.

53 Milner to Chamberlain, 11 Aug. 1902: C.O. 879/77 African (South) no. 700 Confidential: no. 6. See also nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for period from June to August 1902.

54 Cd. 1163 no. 61 pp. 164–8. Cd. 1553 p. 29.

55 Report of the Chamber of Mines deputation, 16 June 1902; Transvaal Archives - Colonial Secretary: vol. 1078 no. 053/02.

56 Ibid.

57 S. Evans to T. J. Milner, London, 13 Apr. 1904: Rand Mines Archives - Evans Papers: EVA (xii).

58 Milner to Chamberlain, 3 Mar. 1902 (copy): Transvaal Archives - Colonial Treasurer: vol. 284 no. J.L. 252.

59 Denoon has also given the wrong reference for the statement; it is at Transvaal Legislative Council Debates, 5th session, 11 July 1905, col. 48.

60 Report of the Chamber of Mines deputation, 16 June 1902: op. cit.; Milner to Chamberlain, 8 Sept. 1902: Cd. 1552 no. 1 p. 6.

61 S. Evans to - Nethersole, 2 Mar. 1904. S. Evans to F. Eckstein, 21 Mar. 1903 [mistake for 1904]. Both at: Rand Mines Archives - Evans Papers: EVA (xii).

62 See also Denoon, : A Grand Illusion, pp. 183–4.Google Scholar

63 Wernher, Beit & Co. to H. Eckstein & Co., 21 Jan. 1903: Rand Mines Archives - Official London Letters: vol. xvi.

64 FifePatrick to - Harmsworth, 12 June 1900. FitzPatrick to S. Evans, 20 July 1900, 15 Aug. 1900. [J. P. FitzPatrick]: Memorandum on War Debt, [circa 1905–06]. All at: Rand Mines Archives - Politics 968.048. FitzPatrick to S. Evans, 19 June 1904: FitzPatrick Papers: A/LB iv.

65 Minutes of meeting, Johannesburg: Cd. 1552 no. 3, enclosure, p. 20. Cd. 1895, no. 1, enclosure, p. 3.

66 A. Lawley to P. Duncan, 26 Dec. 1903. W. Wybergh to P. Duncan, 10 Jan. 1904. Milner to Lyttelton, 5 Dec. 1903. All at Transvaal Archives - Governor: Confidential Papers no. 390, Wybergh Correspondence. A Lawley to Milner, 19 Aug. 1903: Milner Papers vol. 1207 (Transvaal Archives copies). Report of the Commission appointed under Executive Council Resolution no. 168 of 1903: Transvaal Archives - Colonial Treasurer: vol. 289, no. JL217/03. A. Lawley to Lyttelton, 7 Dec. 1903: C.O. 879/81 African (South) no. 732 Confidential: no. 115. J. C. Smuts to F. H. P. Creswell, 25 Feb. 1907: S.A. Union Archives - Creswell Papers. See also Denoon, : A Grand Illusion, pp. 173–4.Google Scholar

67 See also Denoon, : A Grand Illusion, pp. 184–5.Google Scholar

68 W. L. B[agot] to G. G. Robinson, 12 Nov. 1904: Chamber of Mines - Records 1899 to 1910: CL. 58.

69 See also Denoon, : A Grand Illusion, p. 185.Google Scholar

70 Selborne to Elgin, 30 Dec. 1905: Cd. 2788 no. 11 p. 7.

71 J. P. FitzPatrick to S. Evans, 2 July 1900, 3 July 1900, 16 July 1900, 21 July 1900, 15 Aug. 1900. S. Evans to J. P. FitzPatrick, 4 July 1900, 30 July 1900. All at Rand Mines Archives - Political 968.048. Milner to G. V. Fiddes, 4 July 1900 (first and second telegrams), 8 July 1900. Milner to Chamberlain, 6 July 1900. Milner to Military Governor, Johannesburg, 2 July 1900. All at Milner Papers vol. 1209 (Transvaal Archives copies). J. Wernher to J. P. FitzPatrick, 10 Aug. 1900. W. Wybergh to J. P. FitzPatrick, 14 Aug. 1900. Both at FitzPatrick Papers: B/A ii.

72 G. V. F[iddes] to Col. Mackenzie, 2 Aug. 1900 (copy): Transvaal Archives - Political Secretary: vol. LII no. J34. R. W. Schumacher to J. Wernher, 10 May 1900, 6 June 1900, 8 Aug. 1900. All at Rand Mines Archives - Schumacher Papers: Letterbook LXXII.

73 Headlam, C.: The Milner Papers (London 1933) II, 438. Star, 19 Jan. 1903.Google Scholar

74 H. W. J[ust]: Memorandum - “Proposal to import Asiatic … Labour for the Transvaal Mines”. Nov. 1903: C.O. 879/82 African (South) no. 734 Confidential.

75 Denoon, : A Grand Illusion, p. 182, expresses this view more modestly.Google Scholar

76 See for example the editorial independence of the Transvaal Leader during 1902, and of the Star during 1903 - discussed in my Witwatersrand Ph.D. thesis, The Political Behaviour of the British Population of the Transvaal, 1902–1907, pp. 357–9.

77 Star, 20 Aug. 1902 (letter and advertisement), 21 Aug. 1902.

78 May, G. H. Le, British Supremacy in South Africa 1899–1907 (Oxford, 1966), pp. 155–6,Google Scholar is also mistaken on this point, evidently due to his confusing the identities of J. N. Greenlees, of the T.P.A., and M. Greenless, of Pretoria and ‘more Colony, less Crown’ fame.

79 Transvaal Leader 18 June 1904 (letter).

80 At Denoon, : A Grand Illusion, pp. 219–20,Google Scholar the treatment of the T.P.A. is freer of the ‘deeplevel v. outcrop ‘issue, but is still unsatisfactory.

81 ‘Memorandum re Kaffir, Cheap White and Chinese Labour’, July 1902: Chamber of Mines - Records 1899 to 1910: W 7 a.

82 Wernher, Beit & Co. to H. Eckstein & Co., 5 Feb. 1904: Rand Mines Archives - Official London Letters: vol. XVII.

83 Wernher, Beit & Co. to H. Eckstein & Co., 22 Apr. 1904: Rand Mines Archives - Official London Letters: vol. XVII.

84 Wernher, Beit & Co. to H. Eckstein & Co., 31 Mar. 1905: Rand Mines Archives - Official London Letters: vol. XVII.

85 Wernher, Beit & Co. to H. Eckstein & Co., 1 Dec. 1905: Rand Mines Archives - Official London Letters: vol. XIX. J. Cowie to H. Handcock, 11 Dec. 1905: Chamber of Mines - Letterbook Private 1903–10, no. 135.

86 Wernher, Beit & Co. to H. Eckstein & Co., 1 Feb. 1905: Rand Mines Archives - Official London Letters: vol. XIX.

87 Sec also Denoon, : A Grand Illusion, p. 165.Google Scholar

88 Star, 21 Oct. 1903. See also Star, 10, 23, 27, 28 Oct. 1903. Secretary, Transvaal Chamber of Mines, to Johannesburg Chamber of Commerce, 7 Oct. 1903: Chamber of Mines - Letterbook ] Private 1903–10: no. 18.

89 Star, 10, 23, 28 Oct., 2, 3 Nov. 1903.

90 Star, 28 Oct., 30 Nov. 1903.

91 For U.C.T. policy, see Star, 21, 27, 28 Oct., 2, 10, 11 (Edit.), 13 (Manifesto), 18, 20, 21, 23, i 24, 25, 26, 27 Nov., 1, 4, 5, 7, 8 Dec. 1903; and for Municipal Reform Party policy, see Star, 23, 28 Oct., 7, 19, 26, 30 Nov., 1, 3, 4, 5, 8 Dec. 1903.

92 C.O. 879/92 African (South) no. 827 Confidential: The Johannesburg Town Council, with comments by F. H. P. Creswell.

93 Star, 22 Nov. 1904 - letter from G. R. Airth and others.

94 For results, see: Brothers, O. F., The First Transvaal Parliament (Johannesburg, 1907), pp. 36–45. Star, 22 Feb. 1907.Google Scholar

95 R. W. Schumacher to F. W. Tucker, 29 Oct. 1900: Rand Mines Archives - Schumacher Papers: Letterbook LXXIII.

96 L. Phillips to J. P. FitzPatrick, 30 June 1906: FitzPatrick Papers: B/A iii. See also J. P. FitzPatrick to L. Phillips, 26 June 1906. J. P. FitzPatrick to G. Farrar, 26 June 1906. J. P. FitzPatrick to J. Roy (chairman of Progressive Association, Johannesburg branch), 27 June 1906. All at FitzPatrick Papers: A/LB vii and A/L viii. L. Phillips to J. Wernher, 24 June 1906, 7 Aug. 1906. L. Phillips to J. P. FitzPatrick, 17 Aug. 1906. All at Rand Mines Archives - Phillips Papers: PHI 05–07. M. Dodd to Lord Howick, 22 Sept. 1906, and enclosure In the Transvaal, Sept. 1906: Rhodes House Library - Dodd Papers.

97 Denoon, , A Grand Illusion, p. 227,Google Scholar is equally brief in his treatment of the Progressive Association and, while not as sweeping in his characterization, still handles it unhappily - failing to realize, for example, that it was formed before, rather than long after, the Transvaal Responsible Government Association.

98 Denoon, , A Grand Illusion, p. 193,Google Scholar is more explicit when he says that ‘the dissident magnates despaired of influencing the new administration, and … [turned] to the device of political parties …“

99 J. P. FitzPatrick to F. Eckstein, 30 Mar. 1905: FitzPatrick Papers: A/LB vi. L. Reyersbach to S. Evans, 19 Feb. 1906: Rand Mines Archives - Private Letters from London: 338.7 W.B.Co. S. Evans to Wernher, 23 May 1904, 12 June 1905: Rand Mines Archives - Evans Papers: EVA (xii) and EVA (xiii).

109 For the issues which the Rand Pioneers did discuss, see e.g. Rand Pioneers: Second Annual Report, with Appendices (Johannesburg, 1905).Google Scholar

101 - despite the suggestion to the contrary by Robinson's biographer: Weinthal, Leo: Memories, Mines and Millions (London, 1929) pp. 170–1.Google Scholar

102 R. J. Pakeman, Secretary of the T.R.G.A., to F. H. Hamilton, 27 Feb. 1905, 3 Apr. 1905. ‘Memorandum of desires and opinions …’, ‘to be discussed with Het Volk … on Monday aftn. Mch. 20 - very privately’. All at Rhodes House Library - Hamilton Papers. Transvaal Leader, 20 Apr. 1905 - letter from R. J. Pakeman.

103 At Denoon, : A Grand Illusion, pp. 188–9,Google Scholar the description of FitzPatrick's role in the diamond mining legislation is still unsatisfactory, and the outline of the relationship between Eckstein's and DeBeer's is incorrect - the Eckstein partners were neither Governors of, nor involved in the control of, DeBeer's (ibid., p. 189).

10 See also Denoon, ibid., pp. 221, 225–6.

105 Denoon, ibid., p. 225, mentions Andrews.

106 Star, 25 Oct. 6, 8, 14 Nov., 1, 7, 8, 21 Dec. 1906, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26 Jan., 1, 5, 7, 8, 15, 19 Feb. 1907.

107 Star, 15, 25 (Edit.) Jan., 9 Feb. 1907.