3079 results in Jagiellonian University Press
What makes a tanka poem a tanka? Modern approachesto form and versification in Japanese tankapoetry
- Edited by Barbara Michalak-Pikulska, Tomasz Majtczak, Marek Piela
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- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 06 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 91-100
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Abstract
Tanka, since the time ofthe Kokin wakashū(compiled in the beginning of the 10thcentury), was the main genre of waka or Yamatouta, Japanese poetry, and one of the mostimportant genres of Japanese literature on thewhole. The most distinctive feature of tanka has been its rhythm of5 7 5 7 7 syllables (or more precisely, moras) inthe respective verses. In the Kanajo preface of the Kokin wakashū, Ki noTsurayuki wrote that in the time of gods the poemswere simple, the number of the syllables was notestablished and sometimes it was difficult tounderstand the meaning of the poem. Later, with theadvent of the time of men, starting with the poem ofSusanoo no Mikoto (traditionally considered to bethe first tanka), thepoems started to consist of misohitomoji or 31 syllables. This metrewas kept without any changes until the Meiji era(1868–1912), when Western approaches to poetrybecame known and some of the poets voiced the needto reform the tanka.Ishiwara Jun (1881–1947) initiated a jiyūritsu tanka, a tanka in a free rhythm, andIshikawa Takuboku (1886–1912) purposely wrote histanka poems in threelines. Nevertheless, the rhythm of 5- and 7-syllableverses did not become extinct, and after some timemost of the jiyūritsutanka poets reverted to teikei tanka, or tanka with the standardform. Today the teikeitanka is still strong, yet the variantverses of 6 or 8 or even more syllables are morecommon than in the classical tanka. In this paper I want to examinedifferent approaches to tanka versification in modern times andI will try to answer the question to what extentkeeping the rhythm is necessary today in creatingand translating tankapoetry.
Keywords: Japanese poetry, tanka, modern poetry, versification,Japanese literature
The initial point for my present paper was aconversation I had some time ago with a prospectiveeditor of a book of Japanese poems I wastranslating. The author of the poems is Yosano Akiko(1878–1942), a famous poet and writer, literarycritic, feminist, pacifist and social reformer. Themost famous poetry book by Yosano Akiko was herfirst collection, Midaregami or Tangled hair, published in 1901.
Personality, Resilience, and Stress as Predictors of Mental Health in Informal Partner Relationships
- Edited by Krzysztof Gerc, Boguslawa Piasecka
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- Book:
- Contextual Axiological Conditions of Mental Resilience and Health
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 16 July 2022
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- 21 August 2022, pp 29-46
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Abstract
As nowadays the structure of early adult relationships is changing, more attention needs to be drawn to informal, intimate partners and their psychological functioning in the modern world. The pilot study aimed to compare personality, resilience, sense of stress, and mental health level between Polish early adult partners in intimate relationships as well as establish predictors of their mental health. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine mental health predictors in the APIM model. Participants were assessed by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, the Resilience Assessment Scale, the Sense of Stress Questionnaire, and the General Health Questionnaire in Polish adaptation. Partners differ in three personality traits. Women present higher scores on agreeableness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. SEM analyses report partners’ sense of stress and female conscientiousness as significant predictors of partners’ mental health. The sense of stress performs the greatest influence on partners mental health. Resilience predicts mental health in both men and women. Greater potential of resilience as a protective factor is reported in female partners.
Keywords: intimate partners, resilience, mental health, sense of stress, personality
Osobowość, odporność psychiczna i stres jako predyktory zdrowia psychicznego u partnerów w związkach nieformalnych Streszczenie
W związku ze zmianami w strukturze bliskich relacji młodych dorosłych, na uwagę zasługują związki nieformalne i psychologiczne funkcjonowanie partnerów we współczesnym świecie. Celem pilotażowych badań było porównanie partnerów w bliskim związku nieformalnym w aspekcie osobowości, odporności psychicznej, poczucia stresu oraz zdrowia psychicznego, jak również ustalenia predykatorów ich zdrowia psychicznego. W tym celu zastosowano modelowanie równań strukturalnych w modelu APIM. W badaniu zostały wykorzystane narzędzia kwestionariuszowe Inwentarz Osobowości NEO-PI-R, Skala Pomiaru Prężności SPP-25, Kwestionariusz Poczucia Stresu KPS oraz Kwestionariusz Ogólnego Stanu Zdrowia GHQ-12. Wyniki wskazują na występowanie różnic pomiędzy partnerami w związkach w zakresie trzech cech osobowości. Partnerki prezentują wyższy poziom ugodowości, neurotyczności i otwartości na doświadczenie aniżeli ich partnerzy. Analizy SEM wskazują na dwustronne poczucie stresu oraz sumienność partnerki jako czynniki wpływające na zdrowie psychiczne partnerów. Poczucie stresu prezentuje najsilniejszy wpływ na zdrowie psychiczne partnerów w związkach nieformalnych. Odporność psychiczna wpływa na zdrowie psychiczne u obu partnerów w związku. Większy potencjał odporności psychicznej jako czynnika ochronnego stwierdzono u partnerek.
Nail Polish and the Construction of Femininity: A Critical Linguistic Analysis of Labels
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- By Olga O’Toole
- Edited by Magdalena Szczyrbak, Zygmunt Mazur
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- Book:
- New Perspectives in English and American Studies
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 16 July 2022
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- 21 August 2022, pp 111-128
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INTRODUCTION
Beauty practices have been the subject of discussion of feminist theory and sociology since Bartky's (1990) critique of beauty standards, which, following arguments such as Dworkin's (1974), iterated that the constant subjection of women's bodies to alteration is the result of an oppressive social scrutiny (Forbes et al. 2007: 266). With the harmful nature of beauty practices ranging from the psychological (Wolf 1991) to the physical (Jeffreys 2014), cosmetic products are transgressive actors in their role of the subtle and covert oppression of women.
The nail industry focuses on the beauty capital sought out by the consumers of its products (Kang 2010). The labels that can be found on the hundreds of bottles of nail lacquer of brands such as O.P.I.®, Essie®, and Revlon® are demonstrative of the culturally well-seated popular archetypes of femininity which exist on socio-cultural grounds. The present study looks at the semantic weight of Essie’s® brand labels in particular, and the way in which a leading brand creates linguistic representations abiding by the age-old, deeply entrenched archetypes that describe the attractive woman, in turn targeting the average female consumer and her cognitive associations (Goddard and Patterson 2000; McLoughlin 2000, Bulawka 2013). The presence of such typing, which veers towards being an all-encompassing representative statement of women, also plays a role of upholding sexist gender ideologies in a semi-covert manner. This, as action, places women in a subversive role through semantic and cognitive association.
Nails, and the state they are in when on the female hand, are the object of much scrutiny in the socially impressed importance of their being well-maintained, and they constitute an equation with the socially entrenched conviction of there being such a thing as true femininity. Because long nails are a sign of manual dexterity and erotic appeal (Brownmiller 1984; Lupton 1996), the so-called art of nail painting is yet another practice which places many women at the mercy of cosmetic products. What is often overlooked in the study of the oppressive nature of the beauty industry is the linguistic aspect, and how cognitive associations constructed by discursive, textual and lexical means maintain harmful generalizations.
Mathematical Risk Assessment Method in the Implementation of Logistic Processes
- Edited by Bogdan Nogalski , Piotr Buła
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- Book:
- The Future of Management
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 16 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 161-177
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Abstract
Organisations providing international transportation, shipping and forwarding services are exposed to risk in every stage of making business whether it is recognised and managed, addressed in a cursory manner, or altogether ignored. In order to understand the risk that exists, companies can proactively assess the probability and impact of risk in advance, or reactively discover risk after a detrimental event occurs. Operations in the logistics process are subject to the risk of disruptions that enterprises try to minimise. The purpose of this study is to explore, analyse, and derive common themes on mathematical risk assessment techniques. The article presents the application of this method in the domain of international freight wheeled transport. Assessing risk, including appraising its likelihood of occurrence, exposure, likely triggers, and likely loss, is a critical step in managing the risk inherent in this type of companies. Findings from this research indicate that organisations can assess the risk with simple and affordable techniques.
Keywords: risk management in logistics processes, logistics process, mathematical risk assessment method, risk, risk concept, logistics
Introduction
The new landscape of the 21st century, with unparalleled advancements and growth, is fraught with a variety of hazards and risks. As multinational companies operate across borderless and timeless dimensions of the international marketplace, coupled with rapid transportation systems where nothing is more certain than a change in the ecosystems, the risk is much higher than it used to be. Every organisation needs to obtain goods and services in order to carry out its objectives and goals. In the European market for land transport of cargo, the most important role is played by shippers who choose road carriers to meet the requirements of the market and customers. The choice of road transport services is not limited only by the advantages of this type of transport, but also by the very low operational and commercial attractiveness of alternative services in this field. Although the European Union's transport policy is aimed at preventing the excessive development of road transport, in order to eliminate the negative impact on the natural environment, so far in Western Europe there is no prospect of limiting the place of road transport below 65%.
The Aftermath of Love: Michael Haneke's Amour
- Edited by Robert Kusek, Beata Piatek, Wojciech Szymanski
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- Aftermath
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 06 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 281-292
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The Idea of Love. To live in intimacy with a stranger, not in order to draw him closer, or to make him known, but rather to keep him strange, remote: unapparent – so unapparent that his name contains him entirely. And, even in discomfort, to be nothing else, day after day, than the ever open place, the unwaning light in which that one being, that thing, remains forever exposed and sealed off.
(Agamben 1995: 57)Love, Death, and Amour
What remains after great passion, loyal friendship and a good long life? What are the limits of love and devotion and what happens when they are reached and passed? What, in other words, is the aftermath of love? The aftermath, which is conceptualised not as the ultimate ending but rather as a consequence, result or after-effect of a seminal event – not necessarily, though often enough, a disastrous or unfortunate result but the one which may be, at least potentially, transformative, life-changing, or perhaps only enduring. The aftermath is that, which remains and lives on, even after a catastrophe and annihilation.
Michael Haneke's film Amour (2012) indirectly poses (rather than answers) somewhat similar questions that circle around the phenomena which do not concern larger historical or social events but, instead, bring to the light the experience that is existentially close to everyone. The central focus of the film is the question how to bear and what remains after the suffering and death of a beloved person who constituted the centre and meaning of one's existence. What remains after love? The film's rhetorical strategy – in keeping with the general style of the director known for controversial and provoking works – is to confront the audience with such uncomfortable and unanswerable questions rather than solve problems and soothe the discomfort they bring. Due to its last sequence which, in an abrupt plot twist introduces the violent murder/euthanasia scene and the quasi-fantastic ending, Amour evidently intends to force the audience into thinking by refraining from offering any answers. These concluding scenes were the source of well-known controversies and heated discussions (cf. for instance radically different views of Grundmann, 2012, or Morganroth Gullette, 2013) and if it is worth returning to them and to the film yet again, it is not to add to the polemics they provoked but to rethink the most fundamental and uncontroversial problems that lie at their foundations: to rethink love and death.
Management of Family Businesses in View of the Challenges of Modern Economy
- Edited by Bogdan Nogalski , Piotr Buła
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- Book:
- The Future of Management
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 16 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 87-105
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Abstract
This paper is poised to present the issue of family businesses and the specific role they play in the modern economy as well as to describe the ways in which those businesses deal with the challenges of modern civilisation. Among numerous issues related to the functioning and development of the researched sector, the author focused on the following: the definition, functioning and tasks dealt with by family businesses, the number, the structure as well as the social and economic significance of such firms in comparison to other countries, succession within family businesses, exemplary oldest and largest family businesses in the world, life cycle stages of family businesses as well as the determinants of their development and the directions thereof. Finally, the main challenges faced by those businesses in Poland and the European Union. The argument has been supported by statistical data and the results of questionnaires.
Keywords: family business, functions of family businesses, succession in family businesses, external and internal factors of family business development, life cycle of a family business, a new business model
Introduction
A family business is the oldest and the most popular form of economic activity. Within the framework of centrally managed economy, with the predominant presence of state-owned enterprises, the role of family businesses was marginal. Fortunately, this is becoming a thing of the past, both in Poland as well as in other Eastern European former socialist states. In the broad perspective, family businesses constitute 80% of all enterprises in the USA and Canada, approximately 75% in the EU, and 36–40% in Poland. The latter figure is still on the rise. According to other statistics, family businesses account for approximately 66% of enterprises in the world, employing 80% of total workforce.
This paper is poised to present the specific attributes and functions of family businesses as well as some issues that emerged in the directions of their development over the past few years. It appears those businesses have to face the growing consequences of the 3rd and 4th industrial revolutions (information and digital) as well as other new challenges of civilisation.
The substance and the functions of family businesses in the economy
The substance of a family business consists in the conjunction of two factors, a family and a firm, that is a union of two separate environments represented by business and family life.
Chapter 6 - Articles and ESL Teaching
- Justyna Leœniewska
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- Book:
- Articles in English as a Second Language
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 16 July 2022
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- 21 August 2022, pp 111-128
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INTRODUCTION
Articles are usually considered unteachable. In the words of Gass and Selinker: “the English article system… appears to be virtually impermeable to instruction” (2008, p. 383). Testimonies to that effect can easily be found in the literature, such as a teacher's comment to the effect that the way his students use articles “bears little or no resemblance to established English practice; the students seem to use articles almost randomly” (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982, p. 50).
There are good theoretical grounds for articles to be difficult for learners, as was shown in Chapter 4, and much has been written about the various difficulties that learners face with articles. However, despite the acquisition of articles by ESL learners being quite a well-researched area (as could be seen in Chapter 5), relatively little has been said in terms of specific teaching recommendations. One problem is the low level of success with direct instruction, which is most likely due to the huge complexity of metalinguistic rules and the poor usability of such rules in language production. Articles are commonly believed to be best learnt from context, and therefore large amounts of exposure to English should facilitate acquisition. This does not mean, however, that learners exposed to a lot of input do not have problems with articles. In Ekiert's study (2004), learners from an EFL context were compared with those in an ESL context. While the sequence of the acquisition of articles was similar, the EFL learners were more accurate in their article choices. This appears to contradict the belief that exposure to natural language is the best way to learn the “unteachable” articles. However, due to small group size and differences in learner profiles, those conclusions are only tentative.
ARTICLES AND THE EFFICACY OF CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK
The bulk of research on the teaching of articles comes from studies on the efficacy of corrective feedback, as articles are often selected as the target language feature in such studies. Corrective feedback is defined as the information provided to L2 learners about the ill-formedness of their production (Stefanou & Révész, 2015). In the studies which involve articles, the corrective feedback tends to be written.
Part 4 - History of Oriental Studies
- Edited by Barbara Michalak-Pikulska, Tomasz Majtczak, Marek Piela
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- Book:
- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 06 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 247-248
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After the Earth: New Postsingularity Scenarios
- Edited by Robert Kusek, Beata Piatek, Wojciech Szymanski
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- Book:
- Aftermath
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 06 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 93-106
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Summary
The Absence of Future Has Already Began
In 2000 the Nobel-winning chemist Paul J. Crutzen, together with his collaborator, the marine science specialist Eugene F. Stroemer, introduced the idea of a new geological age in the history of Earth and proposed to call it the Anthropocene. However, already in 1972 a team of MIT researchers published a report, commissioned by the Club of Rome, tellingly entitled The Limits to Growth (Meadows, Meadows, Randers, and Behrens 1972). To simulate the consequences of interactions between earth and human systems – should the rate of progress not change – the MIT team used a computer model based on five variables, still recognised as important today: population, food production, industrialisation, pollution, and consumption of non-renewable natural resources. Following a review of several scenarios of future developments, the report concluded that if there are no decisive changes to already established growth trends, the limits to growth on earth would become evident by 2072, leading to a “sudden and uncontrollable decline in both population and industrial capacity” (23), which would end in a global catastrophe no later than at the end of the 22nd century. This diagnosis was confirmed by several other books, articles, and reports published at that time, among others by Barry Commoner’s widely-read The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology (1971). Commoner, the founding father of modern environmental movement, was one of those who suggested an urgently needed restructuration of American capitalist economy and technologies, which are responsible for environmental degradation. Pessimistic as they were, all the alarmist voices of the early 1970s predicting an approaching apocalypse, situated it, nevertheless, more than one hundred years in the future. That still gave their contemporaries enough space for both finding new resources and inventing cutting-edge technologies that would solve the problem or, at least, change exponential growth in such a way as to achieve ecological and economic sustainability. The safe span of hundred-odd years between the early 1970s and an assumed catastrophe was most probably also the main reason why the report The Limits to Growth was immediately strongly criticised or even ridiculed by different parties.
However, the situation has changed dramatically in the last two decades when the scientific community agreed that the ecological crisis is man-made and humans have been largely acknowledged as important geological agents which have deeply influenced basic physical processes of earth.
Looking for God. The translation of a biblicalmetaphor into Polish and Arabic
- Edited by Barbara Michalak-Pikulska, Tomasz Majtczak, Marek Piela
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- Book:
- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 06 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 127-142
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Abstract
We discuss Polish and Arabic translations of biblicalexpressions darash/biqqesh etjhwh ‘to pray to God,’ literally ‘to lookfor God.’ The most common Polish rendering isszukać Boga ‘to lookfor God.’ This metaphor appears also in contemporaryPolish texts and means ‘to look for an evidence forGod's existence in the world,’ thus the translationszukać Boga distortsthe original meaning but is of greater utility interms of pastoral service. The most common Arabicrendering of the idiom is الِتْمََسَ or طَلَبَ with‘God’ as a direct object, i.e. ‘to approach God witha request or question.’ This conveys the generalsense of the original in more accurate way thanPolish szukaćBoga.
Keywords: Bible, Arabic translations, Polishtranslations, looking for God
Introduction
The metaphor of looking for God is found incontemporary religious texts originally written bothin Polish and in Arabic. Due to the fact that Polishauthors who write about the need to look for Godsometimes make reference to the Bible, the Polishtranslations of which indeed contain the expressionszukać Boga ‘to lookfor God,’ we set ourselves the following tasks: 1.to establish the meaning of this metaphor in theoriginal text of the Bible and in contemporary textswritten in Polish and Arabic; 2. to compare thePolish and Arabic translations of the Bible in termsof the occurrence of the expression ‘to look forGod.’ This comparison seems interesting because themetaphor ‘to look for God’ conveys subtle and richtheological content, and, on the other hand, in thepassages discussed here a great deal of contemporaryArabic translations of the Bible replicate thelexical choices which were made centuries ago, andrender the expression ‘to look for God’ by means ofthe verbs الِتْمََسَ or طَلَبَ with ‘God’ as thedirect object. In modern Arabic the most commonequivalent of the Polish verb szukać ‘to look for’ is بَحَثَ , and itis this verb that appears in the modern Arabic textswhich explore the subject of looking for God.
The “Other” in Deliver Us from Evil
- Edited by Michal Choinski, Malgorzata Cierpisz
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- Book:
- New Perspectives in English and American Studies
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 16 July 2022
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- 21 August 2022, pp 257-269
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In this paper, the author explores the re-interpretation of historical circumstance created by Thomas A. Dooley III in his book Deliver Us From Evil: The Story of Vietnam's Flight to Freedom (1956), to reveal a Euro-centric view of the world, which confers less importance to the “brown” people of the Orient than it does to the “white” people of the Occident. This implies Dooley's insidious use of expansionist rhetoric in his description of events to support America's belief in its exceptional position in the universe, which finds its roots in a 17th-century concept of America promulgated by the Puritans upon their arrival in the New World. Dooley's fictionalized first-person account of what happened during his tour-of-duty in Vietnam can be classified as either a memoir or a travel narrative, depending on the means of classification. In this survey, the author proceeds under the assumption that it is a sensationalized memoir. Despite the critical success the book received when it was first published, scholars have largely overlooked the cultural and historical significance of the text. In the beginning, the author outlines the Dooley family tree to provide adequate background information, followed subsequently by a brief description of the memoir and a discussion of Post-Colonial literary theory.
Thomas A. Dooley III was born to Thomas A. Dooley Jr. and Agnes Wise Dooley, a scion of a well-known Roman Catholic Irish-American family in Saint Louis, Missouri on January17, 1927. His grandfather Thomas Anthony Dooley Sr. achieved his wealth and status as a “selfmade” man, rising to become the General Manager of the American Car and Foundry Company in St. Louis, Missouri (Fisher 1997: 13). William K. Bixby, who was a philanthropist and collector of art and rare books, in and around the Saint Louis area, was one of Dooley Sr.'s superiors “in the corporate chain of command” (15) and a close personal friend, who aided Dooley Sr.'s rise to prominence. Thomas Anthony Dooley Jr. followed in his father's footsteps, ultimately assuming his position as General Manager upon his death (17). As a youth, Thomas Anthony Dooley III attended the best schools money could buy, thanks to his grandfather's insistence.
Repartee and Quip as Modes of Literary Wit in John Webster’s Drama The Duchess of Malfi
- Edited by Michal Choinski, Malgorzata Cierpisz
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- Book:
- New Perspectives in English and American Studies
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 16 July 2022
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- 21 August 2022, pp 417-435
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In the literary context of literary wit, England has always stood out with its astounding writers and an exceptional quality of their wit. The 17th century demonstrates the highest point of its application and appreciation. It was a century “obsessed with wit: defining it, analyzing it, amplifying it, using it, rejecting it, and using it to reject it” (Summers and Pebworth 1995: 1). Literary wit is a multifaceted concept which requires adequate efforts in the process of its interpretation and reception. Though nowadays wit is approached and analysed as a subset of humour, in the 17th century it mostly reflected sharp intellectual originality, ingenuity and mental acuity (cf. Quinn 2006: 443, Baldick 2001: 276-277). It should be stressed that the contemporary notion of wit invokes the obvious anticipation for amusement and entertainment, whereas the writers of the 17th century did not facilitate the solution of wit for their readers. Without the pre-existing knowledge that the 17th-century wit does not offer a light experience of reading but, on the contrary, requires an extensive and very cautious approach to a witty text, the contemporary reader may easily oversee the occurrence of wit, and thus miss the chance to truly admire it. This might dangerously lead to the loss of interest in the literary texts saturated with wit. However, such inventive and intellectually dense texts do offer an enlightening engagement in an artistic communication. Therefore, this article seeks to examine wit as a major, informing and thematically important literary element that enables the readers to penetrate into the deeper realms of imagination and interpretation of literature. Because of its limited length, this article focuses mostly on the analysis of the role and modes of wit in one play, namely, John Webster's drama The Duchess of Malfi (1613) which is often considered the dramatic masterpiece of the early 17th-century English stage.
In the discourse of drama, wit is generally divided into two main forms, i.e. repartee and quip (cf. Abrams and Harpham 2012: 241). Repartee is used to display one's agility or mental superiority over another character in the dialogue taking a form of a verbal contest; whereas quip acts as a sharp stroke of wit to announce the speaker's original opinion or observation. However, both types of wit invoke cleverness as the most important component of a witty utterance.
Remote Control: Telecommunication in Plays by August Strindberg
- Edited by Jan Balbierz
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- Book:
- Strindberg and the Western Canon
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 16 July 2022
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- 21 August 2022, pp 257-264
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When studying the work of Strindberg, we can sense both the materiality and the dramatic charge of the technical means of communication he sets to work. Emblematic is the short story “Half a Sheet of Foolscap” where Strindberg, like a detective, analyzes the imprint made by the use of the telephone on the walls of a modest home—the declining fortunes of a little family are told with the telephone list as a kind of script written in shorthand. The list of numbers and names has a story to tell (Strindberg 1994). (This dramatic invention is frequently employed in crime drama of today—the forensics make use of the call log of the missing woman's phone in order to piece together her actions during her final days.)
Strindbergian telecommunications have an ominous emotional charge—to say the least, they present themselves as disturbers of peace. That seems to be how the elderly gentleman regards the telephone, in the Chamber Play Storm (Oväder, 1907).
GENTLEMAN: … The telephone's ringing. It sounds like a rattlesnake!
LOUISE can be seen answering the telephone.
* * *
Pause.
* * *
GENTLEMAN (To LOUISE): Did the snake strike?
(Strindberg 2012b:43; cf. Olsson 2003:35; see also Ericson 2016:90–92)
Communications can be “instruments of torture,” as Strindberg puts it in the curious prose work A Blue Book II (En blå bok II, Strindberg 1999:865). And they can—as in the play Easter (Påsk, 1901)—act, and feel, touchingly, in a seemingly animistic way: [Eleanora] “Do you hear how the telephone wires are wailing? That's because of the hard words the beautiful soft red copper can't bear. When people speak ill of one another on the telephone the copper wails and wails” (Strindberg 2008b:302; cf. Olsson 2003:43–44).
Telecommunications have a prominent role to play, not only in urban surroundings. Miss Julie—first published in 1888—has a rural, old-fashioned setting. Only three actors are needed, according to the list of characters—Miss Julie; Jean, the servant; and Kristin, the cook.
Formal Characteristics of the Constructional Idiom Such as a Brute of a Man in English
- Edited by Magdalena Szczyrbak, Zygmunt Mazur
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- Book:
- New Perspectives in English and American Studies
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 16 July 2022
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- 21 August 2022, pp 129-149
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
The aim of this paper is to investigate structural and functional characteristics as well as the communicative functions of the idiomatic expression in which two noun phrases are connected by the particle of: NOUN PHRASE1 + OF + NOUN PHRASE2.
A constructional idiom is a (syntactic or morphological) schema in which at least one position is lexically fixed, and at least one position is variable (Hoffmann and Trousdale 2013: 258; Jackendoff 2002). In the case of the NP1+ of + NP2 phrase, preposition slot is fully lexically fixed, determiner slot is semantically fixed thus lexically semi-fixed, whereas other positions are open slots represented by variables (Vujić and Miladinović 2016: 82). To conclude, in terms of construction morphology this phrase can be classified as a constructional idiom (Booij 2010: 13) and termed “of-genitive constructional idiom.” It is a type of an idiom in which not all positions are lexically fixed. Even though the constructional idiom of this type is structurally identical to of-genitive construction, syntactic distribution of this construction's constituents is different, which results in its different semantics (Vujić and Miladinović 2016: 75). Practically, this means that it is N2 which is formally marked for genitive and modifies N1.
The fact that the head is prepositionally marked for genitive is atypical for English.
This construction is always attitudinal which means that it expresses the speaker's subjective evaluation of the referent. It is interpersonal rather than experiential. Thus, in its reference, it can be either appreciative or pejorative (Downing and Locke 2006: 437).
The description of this lexico-grammatical construction which contains the particle of is based on the examples found in various books by the search engine on the site books.google.com. Two noun phrases, connected by the particle of, stand in apposition. NOUN PHRASE2 is a head word, i.e. the meaning-bearer of the whole phrase, whereas NOUN PHRASE1 stands as a qualification and is equivalent to an adjective (Coffey 2009: 229).
Partitioned state of undivided mind. The life andtime of Saadat Hasan Manto
- Edited by Barbara Michalak-Pikulska, Tomasz Majtczak, Marek Piela
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- Book:
- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 06 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 47-54
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Summary
Abstract
Saadat Hasan Manto was a leading figure of the Urduliterature in the first half of the 20thcentury. He is most famous because of his many shortstories of the supreme literary quality. The paperexplores the facts from his life and his receptionboth in India and Pakistan, and focuses on his“partition writing.” It agrues that Manto overcamehis comunal side and was equally rude and equallycompassionate to all the parties that took part inthe unfortunate events of 1947.
Keywords: Saadat Hasan Manto, partition literature,Urdu literature
Saadat Hasan Manto was an enfantterrible of the Urdu literature. He waspraised and blamed. He had (and still has) dedicatedfollowers and fervent detractors. He was labelled apornographer and his literature as obscene. He wasdragged to court six times, three times in Indiabefore independence and three times in Pakistan,after independence. He was acquitted at some of thetrials, while the others ended with a fine. He hasbeen dead for more than 60 years, but he stillcontinues to be controversial. In 2012, on thecentenary year of his birth, and at least 57 yearstoo late, he was awarded the Nishaani Imtiyaaz(Order of Excellence), the highest Pakistan's civilaward for “an outstanding service for the country.”However, this did not stop the recent ban whichprohibited an Indian biopic film on Manto to bedistributed in Pakistani cinemas. In spite of this,he is equally admired among literature lovers onboth sides of the still turbulent border that since1947 divides Indian subcontinent into two (three)separate countries. Still, he shares the fate ofmany subcontinental writers who chose to write inany of the native languages of the Subcontinent – heis in fact not as well known in the world amonggeneral readership as he should be, judging by thequality of his writing, by the modernity of hispoetics, and in the end by the sheer quantity of thework he produced in the comparatively short activewriting career. He would be probably equally unknownto me but for the pure coincidence. I was screeningthe bookshelf of a Kathmandu bookshop 20 years ago,and I found the Vintage Book ofIndian Writing 1947–1997, edited bySalman Rushdie and Elizabeth West. It was ananthology of the post-independence Indian prosewriting.
The Future of Branding
- Edited by Bogdan Nogalski , Piotr Buła
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- Book:
- The Future of Management
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 16 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 210-225
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Summary
Abstract
In recent years, technological innovations, especially in the area of communication and information exchange have significantly accelerated. Under these conditions, brands cannot rely on a previously acquired position and their long-standing heritage, but they must actively seek new forms of reaching the minds and hearts of consumers. The main purpose of the article is to answer the question about the future of brands and their importance for the success of companies. An attempt to find answers to the above questions in the article was carried out based on the analysis of results of rankings of the most valuable global and Polish brands, as well as studies of literature on trends in brand management resulting from technological, social and cultural changes. The main conclusion from conducted research is that brands will remain one of the decisive factors in creating the value of companies. However, methods of building a brand, as well as the way of its value creation will change. Consumers will turn to brands as new institutions that will allow them to meet their more complex needs: meaning, belonging, happiness, fulfilment, self-improvement, etc. As a result, the responsibility of brands will increase, which will cause that they will have to operate in a more transparent and ethical manner.
Keywords: branding, future of brands, brand management, brand value
Introduction
The evolution of the brand from product, through trademark to carrier of unique values, has a long history. The factors that initially served as a tool for a simple exchange of utility, later turned into a carrier of benefits and an element of market protection, to finally become a billion-dollar declaration of the superiority of offered attributes. Companies that have managed to build strong brands gain a lasting competitive advantage in the market, which translates into high margins and a high return on employed capital, which in turn leads to an increase in the company value. In the case of many businesses, the brand is their most valuable asset, which may have as many as several dozen percent shares in their market value. Currently, brands account for 30% of global wealth. In the context of changes that have occurred in recent years on the market, the question about the future of brands is justified.
Chapter 2 - Key Concepts in the Study of Articles
- Justyna Leœniewska
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- Book:
- Articles in English as a Second Language
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 16 July 2022
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- 21 August 2022, pp 31-48
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
The previous chapter has shown that even basic descriptive accounts of article use are very complex, with seemingly more exceptions than regularities. This chapter attempts to answer the question of why this is the case, by looking first at some crucial concepts which underlie article use, namely reference, information flow, countability and definiteness.
REFERENCE
The use of articles is inextricably related to the notion of reference. A basic concept in semantics is the difference between a referring expression and its referent. The latter is a certain entity outside of the realm of language, and the former is the expression used to refer to that entity (J. Lyons, 1977, p. 177). The difference between the two is the source of humour in the following joke and the cause of the oddity of the following sentence (examples from Kreidler, 1998, p. 131): Question: Where can you always find sympathy? Answer: In a dictionary, Washington has three syllables and 600,000 inhabitants, or in the saying The dictionary is the only place where success comes before work.
Referents can be classified on the basis of a number of characteristics. One basic distinction is between fixed (also called constant) referents and variable referents. Fixed reference occurs when the referent is a universally unique entity (independently of context), as in Lake Erie. Variable reference characterizes those referring expressions whose referents may be different every time they are used, as in we swam in a lake. The referent of a noun phrase which has variable reference is established on the basis of a variety of sources of information, including context (both physical and linguistic), general knowledge, etc. However, it is possible for nouns with fixed reference to be used with variable reference, as in these examples: every city has a Greenwich village, this fellow is an Einstein, no Shakespeare wrote this play (Kreidler, 1998, p. 135).
In fact, the fixedness of reference appears not to be absolute: even with expressions that are normally classified as having a fixed reference, for example, the Eiffel Tower, it is possible for that expression in a sentence, for example, look at the Eiffel Tower refer to a model of the famous tower, or a piece of jewellery that is shaped to resemble it, or to the half-size copy that stands in Las Vegas.
Polish Children and Youth in Auschwitz
- Edited by Janina Kostkiewicz
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- Book:
- Crime without Punishment
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 05 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 45-70
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Summary
Abstract: Beyond any doubt, children and adolescents of Polish nationality were among the first persons to be sent to Auschwitz together with adults. The issue of their extermination and suffering in this camp is difficult to discuss separately because of the international nature of the community of prisoners. For this reason, some of the documents cited below refer exclusively to Polish children, while others relate collectively to Jewish, Polish, Roma, and children of other nationalities. The article indicates the main groups and periods of the influx of Polish child prisoners to Auschwitz (children of the Zamość region, youth involved in the resistance movement, children of the Warsaw Uprising, and others) along with the methods of their extermination.
Keywords: children in Auschwitz, methods of extermination, Poles in Auschwitz, German extermination camps of World War II
Introduction
The fist political prisoners of Auschwitz were Poles brought from the prison in Tarnów on June 14th, 1940 numbering 728 men, among whom there were at least 67 boys under 18 years of age. At least one of them, Stanisław Klimek (camp prisoner number 468), was only 14 years old. Teenage boys, including high school and university students, were also taken in subsequent transports of Poles to Auschwitz from Wiśnicz, Kraków, Warsaw, and the Silesia region. They were arrested in the spring of 1940 as part of the terrorizing repressive measures taken against Polish society, such as the so-called Extraordinary Pacification (Ausserordentliche Befriedungsaktion – AB), or captured during raids or street roundups. Many of them were involved in underground activities against the German occupiers, for example, distribution of leaflets or illegal press. Some were arrested for trying to cross the Slovak and Hungarian borders to join the Polish army forming in France (Strzelecka, 1983, pp. 69–144).
That political prisoners and juvenile persons were sent to the camp is confirmed by the surviving fragments of the lists of registered and newly arrived prisoners in Auschwitz (the so-called Zugangslisten), which include dates of birth. The documents covering the period from January 7th to December 22nd, 1941 state that there were at least 398 adolescents and children among the 16,762 Poles imprisoned in Auschwitz during that period, the youngest of whom were aged from twelve to fourteen (APMA-B, Z. Zugangsliste, v. 1–5).
Chapter 8 - Investigating Article use by Advanced Polish Learners of EFL: The role of Formulaicity
- Justyna Leœniewska
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- Book:
- Articles in English as a Second Language
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 16 July 2022
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- 21 August 2022, pp 165-196
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents an inquiry into the phraseological aspects of article use. As has been shown so far, there is extensive theoretical support in the literature for the idea that language use is to a considerable degree phraseologically motivated, and some empirical evidence has already accumulated which corroborates this view. It has also been shown that linguistic attempts to capture the functioning of the English articles in the form of rules are not only extremely complex, but they have relatively little predictive power, which negatively impacts their usability in English language teaching. In view of the overwhelming number of rules pertaining to article use and the apparent contradictions between them, it stands to reason that some facilitating mechanism may be playing a role in the correct use of articles, both for native and non-native speakers. As language users rely to a significant extent on the partly automatized retrieval of some word combinations, and articles are part of those word combinations, it is possible that making correct article choices is aided by the “idiom principle.” This would hold true even when the use of an article can be explained by reference to a specific grammatical rule.
This chapter presents two investigations which put this hypothetical possibility to the test, bringing together the research I have conducted on the topic and showing the development of my methodological approach to investigating the issue. The first study reported here has been published previously (Leśniewska, 2016). For that reason, this chapter includes sections of text that are reproduced from the original article: section 8.2.1 on the participants, section 8.2.2 on the instruments and the procedure, and section 8.2.3 on the analysis, results and discussion.
PURPOSE AND RATIONALE
As could be seen in Chapter 5, studies on articles in L2 English are numerous, but the assumption which underlies most of them is that articles are rule-governed. This perspective is largely justified, as the English article system is indeed based on the key notions of definiteness, specificity and genericity, as well as on the countability and number of nouns, and on the distinction between proper and common nouns. However, the rules provided never account for the totality of article uses in natural language, as was demonstrated in Chapters 2 and 3.
PART 5 - DRAMA
- Edited by Michal Choinski, Malgorzata Cierpisz
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- Book:
- New Perspectives in English and American Studies
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 16 July 2022
- Print publication:
- 21 August 2022, pp 379-380
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