Table of Contents

1. Teaching and testing
2. Testing as problem solving: an overview of the book
3. Kinds of tests and testing
4. Validity
5. Reliability
6. Achieving financial backwash
7. Stages of test development
8. Common test techniques
9. Testing writing
10. Testing oral ability
11. Testing reading
12. Testing listening
13. Testing grammar and vocabulary
14. Testing overall ability
15. Tests for young learners
16. Test administration

Appendix 1 The statistical analysis of test data
Appendix 2 Item banking
Appendix 3 Questions on the New Zealand youth hostels passage
Bibliography
Subject Index
Author Index