Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-31T18:53:29.557Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

13 - Language Attrition and L3/Ln

from Part III - Becoming and Staying Multilingual at Different Ages

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2023

Jennifer Cabrelli
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Chicago
Adel Chaouch-Orozco
Affiliation:
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Jorge González Alonso
Affiliation:
Universidad Nebrija, Spain and UiT, Arctic University of Norway
Sergio Miguel Pereira Soares
Affiliation:
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics
Eloi Puig-Mayenco
Affiliation:
King's College London
Jason Rothman
Affiliation:
UiT, Arctic University of Norway and Universidad Nebrija, Spain
Get access

Summary

Taking the notion of L1 plasticity as a point of departure, this chapter explores the logical prediction that an L3 influence can influence an L1 and L2. After an overview of relevant L1 attrition research and the predictions it yields for L3 influence on existing systems, I pivot to two primary research questions that are central to L3 effects on an L1 and/or L2: (1) Does an L3 affect an L2 (quantitatively and qualitatively) differently than it affects an L1? and (2) Can an L3 have facilitative effects on an L2? I review the foundational research that underlies these lines of inquiry and follow with outstanding questions stemming from this research and discussion of how we might model attrition in multilingualism. I conclude with key methodological considerations, highlighting the need to draw further from experimental approaches used in L1 attrition as a complement to L3-specific methods.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahn, H.-D., & Jang, H. (2019). The Role of L3 in the Interpretation of Articles with Definite Plurals in L2 English. The Journal of Asia TEFL, 16(1), 1236.Google Scholar
Ahn, H.-D., & Mao, C. (2019). Reverse Transfer of L3 on the Interpretation of L2 Reflexives. Journal of Asia TEFL, 16(4), 1323.Google Scholar
Alcorn, S., & Smiljanic, R. (2017). The Role of L2 Phonetic Experience in L1 Phonological Restructuring in Portuguese–English Bilinguals. Conference presentation. Bilingualism in the Hispanic and Lusophone World, January 27–29, Tallahassee, Florida, United States.Google Scholar
Amaral, L., & Roeper, T. (2014). Multiple Grammars and Second Language Representation. Second Language Research, 30(1), 336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bardovi-Harlig, K., & Stringer, D. (2019). Syntax and Phonology in L2 Attrition: Modularity and Resilience. In Schmid, M. K. & Köpke, B. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Attrition (pp. 364376). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bergmann, C., Meulman, N., Stowe, L., Sprenger, S. A., & Schmid, M. S. (2015). Prolonged L2 Immersion Engenders Little Change in Morphosyntactic Processing of Bilingual Natives. Neuroreport, 26(17), 10651070.Google Scholar
Bergmann, C., Nota, A., Sprenger, S. A., & Schmid, M. S. (2016). L2 Immersion Causes Non-native-Like L1 Pronunciation in German Attriters. Journal of Phonetics, 58, 7186.Google Scholar
Brice, H., Frost, S. J., Bick, A. S., Et Al. (2021). Tracking Second Language Immersion Across Time: Evidence from a Bi-directional Longitudinal Cross-Linguistic FMRI Study. Neuropsychologia, 154, article 107796.Google Scholar
Brown, M., & Chang, C. (2022). Regressive Crosslinguistic Influence in Multilingual Speech Rhythm: The Primacy of Typological Similarity. Conference presentation. The 96th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, January 6–9 Washington, DC, United States.Google Scholar
Bullock, B. E., & Gerfen, C. (2004). Phonological Convergence in a Contracting Language Variety. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7(2), 95104.Google Scholar
Bullock, B. E., Toribio, A. J., González, V., & Dalola, A. (2006). Language Dominance and Performance Outcomes in Bilingual Pronunciation. In Grantham O’Brien, M., Shea, C., & Archibald, J. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8th Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Conference (pp. 916). Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Bylund, E. (2009). Maturational Constraints and First Language Attrition. Language Learning, 59(3), 687715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabrelli, J. (2020). The Role of a Learner’s Background Languages in the Acquisition of a Third Language. Presentation. Northwestern Linguistics Colloquium, Evanston, United States.Google Scholar
Cabrelli, J., Luque, A., & Finestrat-Martínez, I. (2019). English Phonotactics in L1 Brazilian Portuguese Illusory Vowel Perception. Journal of Phonetics, 73, 5569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabrelli Amaro, J. (2013). The Phonological Permeability Hypothesis: Measuring Regressive L3 Influence to Test L1 and L2 Phonological Representations. Doctoral dissertation. University of Florida.Google Scholar
Cabrelli Amaro, J. (2017a). L3 Morphosyntactic Effects on L1 vs. L2 Systems: The Differential Stability Hypothesis. In Angelovska, T. & Hahn, A. (Eds.), L3 Syntactic Transfer (pp. 173194). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Cabrelli Amaro, J. (2017b). Testing the Phonological Permeability Hypothesis: L3 Phonological Effects on L1 versus L2 Systems. International Journal of Bilingualism, 21(6), 698717.Google Scholar
Cabrelli Amaro, J., & Rothman, J. (2010). On L3 Acquisition and Phonological Permeability: A New Test Case for Debates on the Mental Representation of Non-native Phonological Systems. IRAL, International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 48, 275296.Google Scholar
Cabrelli Amaro, J., Amaro, J. F., & Rothman, J. (2015). The Relationship between L3 Transfer and Structural Similarity across Development: Raising across an Experiencer in Brazilian Portuguese. In Peukert, H. (Ed.), Transfer Effects in Multilingual Language Development (pp. 2152). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Carlson, M. T. (2019). Now You Hear it, Now You Don’t: Malleable Illusory Vowel Effects in Spanish–English Bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22(5), 11011122.Google Scholar
Celata, C. (2019). Phonological Attrition. In Schmid, M. K. & Köpke, B. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Attrition (pp. 218227). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Celata, C., & Cancila, J. (2010). Phonological Attrition and the Perception of Geminate Consonants in the Lucchese Community of San Francisco (CA). International Journal of Bilingualism, 14(2), 185209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamorro, G., & Sorace, A. (2019). The Interface Hypothesis as a Framework for Studying L1 Attrition. In Schmid, M. K. & Köpke, B. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Attrition (pp. 2535). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chamorro, G., Sorace, A., & Sturt, P. (2016). What Is the Source of L1 Attrition? The Effect of Recent L1 Re-Exposure on Spanish Speakers under L1 Attrition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(3), 520532.Google Scholar
Chan, L., Dörnyei, Z., & Henry, A. (2014). Learner Archetypes and Signature Dynamics in the Language Classroom: A Retrodictive Qualitative Modelling Approach to Studying L2 Motivation. In Henry, A., MacIntyre, P., & Dörnyei, Z. (Eds.), Motivational Dynamics in Language Learning (pp. 238259). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, C. B. (2010). First Language Phonetic Drift during Second Language Acquisition. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Chang, C. B. (2011). Systemic Drift of L1 Vowels in Novice L2 Learners. In Lee, W. S. & Zee, E. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 428431). Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Chang, C. B. (2012). Rapid and Multifaceted Effects of Second-Language Learning on First-Language Speech Production. Journal of Phonetics, 40(2), 249268.Google Scholar
Chang, C. B. (2013). A Novelty Effect in Phonetic Drift of the Native Language. Journal of Phonetics, 41(6), 520533.Google Scholar
Chang, C. B. (2019a). Language Change and Linguistic Inquiry in a World of Multicompetence: Sustained Phonetic Drift and Its Implications for Behavioral Linguistic Research. Journal of Phonetics, 74, 96113.Google Scholar
Chang, C. B. (2019b). Phonetic Drift. In Schmid, M. K. & Köpke, B. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Attrition (pp. 191203). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chapin, K. B. (2018). Phonological Remapping in Native English Speakers. Unpublished Master’s thesis. Universitat Pompeu Fabra.Google Scholar
Cheung, A. S., Matthews, S., & Tsang, W. L. (2011). Transfer from L3 German to L2 English in the Domain of Tense/Aspect. In De Angelis, G. & Dewaele, J. M. (Eds.), New Trends in Crosslinguistic Influence and Multilingualism Research (pp. 5373). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Chuang, S.-Y. (2002). A Study of the Use of English Relative Clauses by Speakers of Chinese Learning German in Taiwan. Master’s thesis. University of Texas–Arlington.Google Scholar
Darcy, I., Ramus, F., Christophe, A., Kinzler, K., & Dupoux, E. (2009). Phonological Knowledge in Compensation for Native and Non-native Assimilation. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Bot, K. (2007). Dynamic Systems Theory, Lifespan Development and Language Attrition. In Köpke, B., Schmid, M., Keijzer, M., & Dostert, S. (Eds.), Language Attrition: Theoretical Perspectives (pp. 5368). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
De Bot, K. (2019). Concluding Remarks. In Schmid, M. K. & Köpke, B. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Attrition (pp. 502508). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
De Bot, K., & Jaensch, C. (2015). What Is Special About L3 Processing? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18(2), 130144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Bot, K., & Larsen-Freeman, D. (2011). Researching Second Language Development from a Dynamic Systems Theory Perspective. In Verspoor, M., De Bot, K., & Lowie, W. (Eds.), A Dynamic Approach to Second Language Development. Methods and Techniques (pp. 523). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
De Bot, K., Martens, V., & Stoessel, S. (2004). Finding Residual Lexical Knowledge: The “Savings” Approach to Testing Vocabulary. International Journal of Bilingualism, 8(3), 373382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Bot, K., Lowie, W., & Verspoor, M. (2007). A Dynamic Systems Theory Approach to Second Language Acquisition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10(1), 721.Google Scholar
De Leeuw, E. (2019a). Native Speech Plasticity in the German–English Late Bilingual Stefanie Graf: A Longitudinal Study over Four Decades. Journal of Phonetics, 73, 2439.Google Scholar
De Leeuw, E. (2019b). Phonetic Attrition. In Schmid, M. K. & Köpke, B. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Attrition (pp. 204217). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
De Leeuw, E., Schmid, M. S., & Mennen, I. (2010). The Effects of Contact on Native Language Pronunciation in an L2 Migrant Setting. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(1), 3340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Leeuw, E., Mennen, I., & Scobbie, J. M. (2012). Singing a Different Tune in Your Native Language: First Language Attrition of Prosody. International Journal of Bilingualism, 16(1), 101116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Leeuw, E., Mennen, I., & Scobbie, J. M. (2013). Dynamic Systems, Maturational Constraints and L1 Phonetic Attrition. International Journal of Bilingualism, 17(6), 683700.Google Scholar
De Leeuw, E., Tusha, A., & Schmid, M. S. (2018). Individual Phonological Attrition in Albanian–English Late Bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(2), 278295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dmitrieva, O., Jongman, A., & Sereno, J. (2010). Phonological Neutralization by Native and Non-native Speakers: The Case of Russian Final Devoicing. Journal of Phonetics, 38(3), 483492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dmitrieva, O., Jongman, A., & Sereno, J. A. (2020). The Effect of Instructed Second Language Learning on the Acoustic Properties of First Language Speech. Languages, 5(4), article 44.Google Scholar
Domínguez, L. (2013). Understanding Interfaces: Second Language Acquisition and First Language Attrition of Spanish Subject Realization and Word Order Variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Ecke, P. (2004). Language Attrition and Theories of Forgetting: A Cross-disciplinary Review. International Journal of Bilingualism, 8(3), 321354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ecke, P., & Hall, C. J. (2013). Tracking Tip-of-the-Tongue States in a Multilingual Speaker: Evidence of Attrition or Instability in Lexical Systems? International Journal of Bilingualism, 17(6), 734751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flege, J. E. (1995). Second Language Speech Learning: Theory, Findings, and Problems. In Strange, W. (Ed.), Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Issues in Cross-Language Research (pp. 229273). London: York Press.Google Scholar
Flege, J. E., & Bohn, O.-S. (2021). The Revised Speech Learning Model (SLM-r). In Wayland, R. (Ed.), Second Language Speech Learning: Theoretical and Empirical Progress (pp. 383). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flege, J. E., Schirru, C., & MacKay, I. (2003). Interaction between the Native and Second Language Phonetic Subsystems. Speech Communication, 40(4), 467491.Google Scholar
Flores, C. (2010). The Effect of Age on Language Attrition: Evidence from Bilingual Returnees. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(4), 533546.Google Scholar
Forecelini, J., & Sunderman, G. (2020). When More Is Less. Hispania, 103(4), 489500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia, G. D. (2022). Statistical Modelling in L3/Ln Acquisition. OSF Preprints. March 19. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/65wht.Google Scholar
Gamallo, P., Pichel, J. R., & Alegria, I. (2017). From Language Identification to Language Distance. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 484, 152162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griessler, M. (2001). The Effects of Third Language Learning on Second Language Proficiency: An Austrian Example. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 4(1), 5060.Google Scholar
Grüter, T., & Hopp, H. (2021). How Permeable Are Native and Non-native Syntactic Processing to Crosslinguistic Influence? Journal of Memory and Language, 121, article 104281.Google Scholar
Guion, S. G. (2003). The Vowel Systems of Quichua–Spanish Bilinguals. Phonetica, 60(2), 98128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guion, S. G., Flege, J. E., & Loftin, J. D. (2000). The Effect of L1 Use on Pronunciation in Quichua–Spanish Bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics, 28(1), 2742.Google Scholar
Gurel, A., & Yilmaz, G. (2011). Restructuring in the L1 Turkish Grammar: Effects of L2 English and L2 Dutch. Language, Interaction and Acquisition, 2(2), 221250.Google Scholar
Herd, W., Walden, R.L., Knight, W.L., & Alexander, S.N. (2015). Phonetic Drift in a First Language Dominant Environment. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 137, 2384–2384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herdina, P., & Jessner, U. (2002). A Dynamic Model of Multilingualism: Perspectives of Change in Psycholinguistics. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herdina, P., & Jessner, U. (2013). The Implications of Language Attrition for Dynamic Systems Theory: Next Steps and Consequences. International Journal of Bilingualism, 17(6), 752756.Google Scholar
Hernandez, A. E. (2013). The Bilingual Brain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hicks, G., & Domínguez, L. (2020a). Modelling L1 Grammatical Attrition through Language Acquisition: A Reply to Comments. Second Language Research, 36(2), 231239.Google Scholar
Hicks, G., & Domínguez, L. (2020b). A Model for L1 Grammatical Attrition. Second Language Research, 36(2), 143165.Google Scholar
Housen, A., & Simoens, H. (2016). Introduction: Cognitive Perspectives on Difficulty and Complexity in L2 Acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 38(2), 163175.Google Scholar
Hui, B. (2010). Backward Transfer from L3 French to L2 English Production of Relative Clauses by L1 Cantonese Speakers in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics, 12(2), 4560.Google Scholar
Hyltenstam, K., Bylund, E., Abrahamsson, N., & Park, H. S. (2009). Dominant-Language Replacement: The Case of International Adoptees. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(2), 121140.Google Scholar
Iverson, M. (2012). Advanced Language Attrition of Spanish in Contact with Brazilian Portuguese. Dissertation, University of Iowa.Google Scholar
Jacobs, A., Fricke, M., & Kroll, J. F. (2016). Cross‐Language Activation Begins During Speech Planning and Extends into Second Language Speech. Language Learning, 66(2), 324353.Google Scholar
Jarvis, S. (2019). Lexical Attrition. In Schmid, M. K. & Köpke, B. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Attrition (pp. 241250). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jessner, U., Oberhofer, K., & Megens, M. (2021). The Attrition of School-Learned Foreign Languages: A Multilingual Perspective. Applied Psycholinguistics, 42(1), 1950.Google Scholar
Kang, K.-H., & Guion, S. G. (2008). Clear Speech Production of Korean Stops: Changing Phonetic Targets and Enhancement Strategies. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 124(6), 39093917.Google Scholar
Kartushina, N. (2015). Second Language Phonological Acquisition in Adults: The Interplay Between the Native and Non-native Languages. Doctoral dissertation. University of Geneva.Google Scholar
Kartushina, N., Hervais-Adelman, A., Frauenfelder, U. H., & Golestani, N. (2016). Mutual Influences Between Native and Non-native Vowels in Production: Evidence from Short-Term Visual Articulatory Feedback Training. Journal of Phonetics, 57, 2139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasparian, K., & Steinhauer, K. (2016). Confusing Similar Words: ERP Correlates of Lexical-Semantic Processing in First Language Attrition and Late Second Language Acquisition. Neuropsychologia, 93, 200217.Google Scholar
Kasparian, K., & Steinhauer, K. (2017). When the Second Language Takes the Lead: Neurocognitive Processing Changes in the First Language of Adult Attriters. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, article 389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kasparian, K., Vespignani, F., & Steinhauer, K. (2017). First Language Attrition Induces Changes in Online Morphosyntactic Processing and Re‐analysis: An ERP Study of Number Agreement in Complex Italian Sentences. Cognitive Science, 41(7), 17601803.Google Scholar
Kelemen, W. L. (2000). Metamemory Cues and Monitoring Accuracy: Judging What You Know and What You Will Know. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(4), 800810.Google Scholar
Köpke, B. (2007). Language Attrition at the Crossroads of Brain, Mind, and Society. In Köpke, B., Schmid, M., Keijzer, M., & Dostert, S. (Eds.), Language Attrition: Theoretical Perspectives (pp. 130). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Köpke, B., & Genevska-Hanke, D. (2018). First Language Attrition and Dominance: Same or Different? Frontiers in Psychology, 9.Google Scholar
Köpke, B., & Schmid, M. (2004). First Language Attrition: The Next Phase. In Schmid, M., Köpke, B., Keijzer, M., & Weilemar, L. (Eds.), First Language Attrition: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Methodological Issues (pp. 143).Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Kornder, L., & Mennen, I. (2021). Longitudinal Developments in Bilingual Second Language Acquisition and First Language Attrition of Speech: The Case of Arnold Schwarzenegger. Languages, 6(2), article 61.Google Scholar
Kubota, M. (2019). Language Change in Bilingual Returnee Children: Mutual Effects of Bilingual Experience and Cognition. PhD thesis. University of EdinburghGoogle Scholar
Lang, B., & Davidson, L. (2019). Effects of Exposure and Vowel Space Distribution on Phonetic Drift: Evidence from American English Learners of French. Language and Speech, 62(1), 30-60.Google Scholar
Larson, E. (2018). “I Obliterated My Spanish”: Lexical Transfer between L3 Portuguese, L2 Spanish, and L1 English. Master’s thesis. University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Linck, J. A., Kroll, J. F., & Sunderman, G. (2009). Losing Access to the Native Language While Immersed in a Second Language: Evidence for the Role of Inhibition in Second-Language Learning. Psychological Science, 20(12), 15071515.Google Scholar
Lindqvist, C. (2010). Inter-and Intralingual Lexical Influences in Advanced Learners’ French L3 Oral Production. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Teaching (IRAL), 48, 131157.Google Scholar
Liu, J., & Lin, J. (2021). A Cross-Linguistic Study of L3 Phonological Acquisition of Stop Contrasts. SAGE Open, 11(1), https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020985510.Google Scholar
Liu, Z. (2019). Análisis de las obstruyentes en chino y en español como L3: estudio acústico y perceptivo para la categorización de errores. Doctoral dissertation. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.Google Scholar
Llinàs-Grau, M., & Mayenco, E. P. (2016). Regressive Transfer from L4 German to L3 English: The Case of That-Deletion. In Ibarrola-Armendariz, A. & Ortiz De Urbina Arruabarrena, J. (Eds.), Glancing Backwards to Build a Future in English Studies (pp. 281287). Bilbao: University of Deusto.Google Scholar
Lohndal, T. (2020). A Distributed Architecture of L1 Attrition. Second Language Research, 36(2), 177181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lord, G. (2008). Second Language Acquisition and First Language Phonological Modification. In Bruhn De Garavito, J. & Valenzuela, E. (Eds.), The 10th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 184193). Somerville: Cascadilla.Google Scholar
Luo, J., Li, V. G., & Mok, P. P. K. (2020). The Perception of Cantonese Vowel Length Contrast by Mandarin Speakers. Language and Speech, 63(3), 635659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacWhinney, B. (2019). Language Attrition and the Competition Model. In Schmid, M. K. & Köpke, B. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Attrition (pp. 717). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Major, R. C. (2010). First Language Attrition in Foreign Accent Perception. International Journal of Bilingualism, 14(2), 163183.Google Scholar
Matthews, S., Cheung, S., & Tsang, W. (2014). Anti-Transfer Effects in Third Language Acquisition. Conference presentation. International Conference on Third Language Acquisition and Multilingualism, June 12–14, Uppsala, Sweden.Google Scholar
Mayr, R., Price, S., & Mennen, I. (2012). First Language Attrition in the Speech of Dutch–English Bilinguals: The Case of Monozygotic Twin Sisters. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(4), 687700.Google Scholar
Mayr, R., Sánchez, D., & Mennen, I. (2020). Does Teaching Your Native Language Abroad Increase L1 Attrition of Speech? The Case of Spaniards in the United Kingdom. Languages, 5(4), 41.Google Scholar
Megens, M. (2020). Foreign Language Attrition, Crosslinguistic Interaction and Crosslinguistic Awareness in Young Multilingual Adults. Doctoral dissertation. University of Innsbruck.Google Scholar
Mehotcheva, T. H. (2010). After the Fiesta Is Over: Foreign Language Attrition of Spanish in Dutch and German Erasmus Students. Doctoral dissertation. Pompeu Fabra University.Google Scholar
Megens, M. (2019). Foreign Language Attrition: Crosslinguistic Interaction and Crosslinguistic Awareness in Multilingual Young Adults. Doctoral dissertation. University of Innsbruck.Google Scholar
Mennen, I. (2004). Bi-directional Interference in the Intonation of Dutch Speakers of Greek. Journal of Phonetics, 32(4), 543563.Google Scholar
Miller, D., & Rothman, J. (2020). You Win Some, You Lose Some: Comprehension and Event-Related Potential Evidence for L1 Attrition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(4), 869883.Google Scholar
Montoya-Abat, B. (2009). Phonological Features of Attrition. Variation in Indigenous Minority Languages, 25, 211.Google Scholar
Nakuma, C. (1997). A Method for Measuring the Attrition of Communicative Competence: A Pilot Study with Spanish L3 Subjects. Applied Psycholinguistics, 18(2), 219236.Google Scholar
Namjoshi, J., Tremblay, A., Spinelli, E., et al. (2015). Speech Segmentation Is Adaptive Even in Adulthood: Role of the Linguistic Environment. In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (Ed.), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. University of Glasgow. Paper Number 0676. www.Internationalphoneticassociation.Org/Icphs-Proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0676.Pdf.Google Scholar
Nodari, R., Celata, C., & Nagy, N. (2016). Immigrants’ Speech: Is Phonetic Attrition a Necessary Precondition for Phonological Attrition to Occur? Conference Presentation. Third International Conference on Language Attrition, July 5–7, Colchester, UK.Google Scholar
Oh, G. E., Guion-Anderson, S., Aoyama, K., et al. (2011). A One-Year Longitudinal Study of English and Japanese Vowel Production by Japanese Adults and Children in an English-Speaking Setting. Journal of Phonetics, 39(2), 156167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olson, D. J. (2020). Short-Term Sources of Cross-Linguistic Phonetic Influence: Examining the Role of Linguistic Environment. Languages, 5(4), article 43.Google Scholar
Opitz, C. (2011). First Language Attrition and Second Language Acquisition in a Second Language Environment. PhD dissertation. University of Dublin.Google Scholar
Opitz, C. (2019). A Complex Dynamic Systems Perspective on Personal Background Variables in L1 Attrition. In Schmid, M. K. & Köpke, B. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Attrition (pp. 4960). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Osborne, D. M., & Simonet, M. (2021). Foreign-Language Phonetic Development Leads to First-Language Phonetic Drift: Plosive Consonants in Native Portuguese Speakers Learning English as a Foreign Language in Brazil. Languages, 6(3), 112.Google Scholar
Pallotti, G. (2021). Cratylus’ Silence: On the Philosophy and Methodology of Complex Dynamic Systems Theory in SLA. Second Language Research, 38(3), 689701.Google Scholar
Paradis, M. (2004). A Neurolinguistic Theory of Bilingualism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Paradis, M. (2007). L1 Attrition Features Predicted by a Neurolinguistic Theory of Bilingualism. In Köpke, B. (Ed.), Language Attrition: Theoretical Perspectives (pp. 121133). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Parlato, E., Christophe, A., Hirose, Y., & Dupoux, E. (2010). Plasticity of Illusory Vowel Perception in Brazilian–Japanese Bilinguals. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America, 127, 37383748.Google Scholar
Passoni, E., Mehrabi, A., Levon, E., & De Leeuw, E. (2018). Bilingualism, Pitch Range and Social Factors: Preliminary Results from Sequential Japanese–English Bilinguals. In Klessa, K., Bachan, J., Wagner, A., Karpiński, M., & Śledziński, D. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Speech Prosody (pp. 384388). Poznan: Adam Mickiewicz University.Google Scholar
Peng, S.-H. (1993). Cross-Language Influence on the Production of Mandarin/f/and/x/and Taiwanese/h/by Native Speakers of Taiwanese Amoy. Phonetica, 50(4), 245260.Google Scholar
Perpiñán, S. (2011) Optionality in Bilingual Native Grammars. Language Interaction and Acquisition, 2(2), 312341.Google Scholar
Pinelis, J., Carter, K. A., & Wojton, H. M. (2018). The Effect of Extremes in Small Sample Size on Simple Mixed Models: A Comparison of Level-1 and Level-2 Size. Institute for Defense Analyses. www.jstor.org/stable/resrep22745.Google Scholar
Plonsky, L. (2013). Study Quality in SLA: An Assessment of Designs, Analyses, and Reporting Practices in Quantitative L2 Research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 35(4), 655687.Google Scholar
Plonsky, L. (2015). Statistical Power, P Values, Descriptive Statistics, and Effect Sizes: A “Back-to-Basics” Approach to Advancing Quantitative Methods in L2 Research. In Plonsky, L. (Ed.), Advancing Quantitative Methods in Second Language Research (pp. 2345). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Plonsky, L., & Oswald, F. L. (2014). How Big Is “Big”? Interpreting Effect Sizes in L2 Research. Language Learning, 64(4), 878912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, M. T. (2020). Lexicalizing Exponents in Multilingual Grammars. Second Language Research, 36(2), 187192.Google Scholar
Putnam, M. T, Perez-Cortes, S., & Sánchez, L. (2019). Language Attrition and the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis. In Schmid, M. K. & Köpke, B. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Attrition (pp. 1824). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ribbert, A., & Kuiken, F. (2010). L2-Induced Changes in the L1 of Germans Living in the Netherlands. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(1), 4148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rietveld, T., & Van Hout, R. (2011). Statistical Techniques for the Study of Language and Language Behaviour. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Sancier, M. L., & Fowler, C. A. (1997). Gestural Drift in a Bilingual Speaker of Brazilian Portuguese and English. Journal of Phonetics, 25(4), 421436.Google Scholar
Schachter, J. (1974). An Error in Error Analysis. Language Learning, 24(2), 205214.Google Scholar
Schmid, M. S. (2002). First Language Attrition, Use and Maintenance: The Case of German Jews in Anglophone Countries (vol. 24). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.Google Scholar
Schmid, M. S. (2007). The Role of L1 Use for L1 Attrition. In Köpke, B., Schmid, M., Keijzer, M., & Dostert, S. (Eds.), Language Attrition: Theoretical Perspectives (pp. 135153). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Schmid, M. S. (2013). First Language Attrition. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 3(1), 94115.Google Scholar
Schmid, M. S., & De Leeuw, E. (2019). Introduction to Linguistic Factors in Language Attrition. In Schmid, M. K. & Köpke, B. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Attrition (pp. 181190). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schmid, M. S., & Dusseldorp, E. (2010). Quantitative Analyses in a Multivariate Study of Language Attrition: The Impact of Extralinguistic Factors. Second Language Research, 26(1), 125160.Google Scholar
Schmid, M. S., & Jarvis, S. (2014). Lexical Access and Lexical Diversity in First Language Attrition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(4), 729748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmid, M. S., & Köpke, B. (2009). L1 Attrition and the Mental Lexicon. In Pavlenko, A. (Ed.), The Bilingual Mental Lexicon: Interdisciplinary Approaches (pp. 209238). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Schmid, M. S., & Köpke, B. (2017a). The Relevance of First Language Attrition to Theories of Bilingual Development. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 7(6), 637667.Google Scholar
Schmid, M. S., & Köpke, B. (2017b). When Is a Bilingual an Attriter? Response to the Commentaries. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 7(6), 763770.Google Scholar
Schmid, M. S., & Köpke, B. (2019). Introduction. In Schmid, M. K. & Köpke, B. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Attrition (pp. 14). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schroeder, S. R., & Marian, V. (2017). Cognitive Consequences of Trilingualism. International Journal of Bilingualism, 21(6), 754773.Google Scholar
Schütze, C. T. (2020). Acceptability Ratings Cannot Be Taken at Face Value. In Schindler, S., Drożdżowicz, A., & Brøcker, K., K. (Eds.), Linguistic Intuitions: Evidence and Method (pp. 189215). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Seliger, H. W., & Vago, R. M. (1991). The Study of First Language Attrition: An Overview. In Seliger, H. & Vago, M. (Eds.), First Language Attrition (pp. 315). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharwood Smith, M. (2019). Language Attrition as a Special Case of Processing Change: A Wider Cognitive Perspective. In Schmid, M. K. & Köpke, B. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Attrition (pp. 7387). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Slabakova, R. (2019). Implications of the Bottleneck Hypothesis for Language Attrition. In Schmid, M. K. & Köpke, B. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Attrition (pp. 3648). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Spinelli, G., Forti, L., & Jared, D. (2021). Learning to Assign Stress in a Second Language: The Role of Second-Language Vocabulary Size and Transfer from the Native Language in Second-Language Readers of Italian. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 24(1), 124136.Google Scholar
Steinhauer, K., & Kasparian, K. (2020). Brain Plasticity in Adulthood – ERP Evidence for L1‐Attrition in Lexicon and Morphosyntax after Predominant L2 Use. Language Learning, 70(s2), 171193.Google Scholar
Suhonen, L.-V. (2020). Snakes and Ladders: Developmental Aspects of Lexical-Conceptual Relationships in the Multilingual Mental Lexicon. Doctoral dissertation. Lund University.Google Scholar
Sypiańska, J. (2013). Quantity and Quality of Language Use and L1 Attrition of Polish Due to L2 Danish and L3 English. Doctoral dissertation. Adam Mickiewicz University.Google Scholar
Sypiańska, J. (2016). Multilingual Acquisition of Vowels in L1 Polish, L2 Danish and L3 English. International Journal of Multilingualism, 13(4), 476495.Google Scholar
Tsang, W. L. (2016). Acquisition of English Number Agreement: L1 Cantonese–L2 English–L3 French Speakers versus L1 Cantonese–L2 English Speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism, 20(5), 611635.Google Scholar
Tsimpli, I., Sorace, A., Heycock, C., & Filiaci, F. (2004). First Language Attrition and Syntactic Subjects: A Study of Greek and Italian Near-Native Speakers of English. International Journal of Bilingualism, 8(3), 257277.Google Scholar
Ulbrich, C., & Ordin, M. (2014). Can L2-English Influence L1-German? The Case of Post-Vocalic/R. Journal of Phonetics, 45, 2642.Google Scholar
Westergaard, M. (2020). Attrition via Acquisition: The Importance of Development in Small Steps: A Commentary on “A Model for L1 Grammatical Attrition.” Second Language Research, 36(2), 219223.Google Scholar
Wrembel, M., Gut, U., Kopečková, R., & Balas, A. (2020). Cross-Linguistic Interactions in Third Language Acquisition: Evidence from Multi-Feature Analysis of Speech Perception. Languages, 5(4), 52.Google Scholar
Xu, X. (2010). English Language Attrition and Retention in Chinese and Dutch University Students. Doctoral dissertation. University of Groningen.Google Scholar
Yeni-Komshian, G. H., Flege, J. E., & Liu, S. (2000). Pronunciation Proficiency in the First and Second Languages of Korean–English Bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 3(2), 131149.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×