Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-31T05:47:32.022Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 5 - Electroconvulsive Therapy in Bipolar Disorder Depression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 June 2019

By
Ute Kessler
Edited by
I. Nicol Ferrier  and
Jonathan Waite
I. Nicol Ferrier
Affiliation:
University of Newcastle upon Tyne
Jonathan Waite
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham
Get access

Summary

Depressive episodes dominate the longitudinal course of bipolar disorder (BD) (Judd, Schettler et al. 2003, Post, Denicoff et al. 2003, Kupka, Altshuler et al. 2007). Treating the depressive state of BD is a clinical challenge. Although pharmacotherapy is the mainstay treatment, the various pharmacological treatment options often have poor outcomes. The benefits of antidepressant agents remain controversial (Pacchiarotti, Bond et al. 2013). Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been considered an effective treatment option in bipolar depression (Musetti, Del Grande et al. 2013), but the topic is still understudied (Sienaert, Lambrichts et al. 2013).

Type
Chapter
Information
The ECT Handbook , pp. 38 - 43
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Angst, J., Angst, K., Baruffol, I. and Meinherz-Surbeck, R. (1992). ECT-induced and drug-induced hypomania. Convuls Ther 8: 179–85.Google ScholarPubMed
Avery, D. and Lubrano, A. (1979). Depression treated with imipramine and ECT: the DeCarolis study reconsidered. Am J Psychiatry 136: 559–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Avery, D. and Winokur, G. (1977). The efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants in depression. Biol Psychiatry 12: 507–23.Google Scholar
Bailine, S., Fink, M., Knapp, R., et al. (2010). Electroconvulsive therapy is equally effective in unipolar and bipolar depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 121: 431–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beale, M. D. and Kellner, C. H. (2000). ECT in treatment algorithms: no need to save the best for last. J ECT 16: 1–2.Google Scholar
Bjoerke-Bertheussen, J., Schoeyen, H., Andreassen, O. A., et al. (2017). Right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy does not cause more cognitive impairment than pharmacologic treatment in treatment-resistant bipolar depression: A 6-month randomized controlled trial follow-up study. Bipolar Disord. 2017 Dec 21. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12594 [Epub ahead of print].Google Scholar
Black, D. W., Winokur, G. and Nasrallah, A. (1986). ECT in unipolar and bipolar disorders: a naturalistic evaluation of 460 patients. Convuls Ther 2: 231–37.Google ScholarPubMed
Black, D. W., Winokur, G. and Nasrallah, A. (1987). The treatment of depression: electroconvulsive therapy v antidepressants: a naturalistic evaluation of 1,495 patients. Compr Psychiatry 28: 169–82.Google Scholar
Bost-Baxter, E., Reti, I. M. and Payne, J. L. (2012). ECT in Bipolar Disorder: Incidence of Switch from Depression to Hypomania or Mania. J Depress Anxiety 1.Google Scholar
Bratfos, O. and Haug, J. O. (1965). Electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressant drugs in manic-depressive disease. Treatment results at discharge and 3 months later. Acta Psychiatr Scand 41: 588–96.Google Scholar
Devanand, D. P., Prudic, J. and Sackeim, H. A. (1992). Electroconvulsive therapy-induced hypomania is uncommon. Convuls Ther 8: 296–98.Google Scholar
Dierckx, B., Heijnen, W. T., van den Broek, W. W. and Birkenhager, T. K. (2012). Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in bipolar versus unipolar major depression: a meta-analysis. Bipolar Disord 14: 146–50.Google Scholar
Greenblatt, M., Grosser, G. H. and Wechsler, H. (1962). A comparative study of selected antidepressant medications and EST. Am J Psychiatry 119: 144–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenblatt, M., Grosser, G. H. and Wechsler, H. (1964). Differential response of hospitalized depressed patients to somatic therapy. Am J Psychiatry 120: 935–43.Google Scholar
Grunze, H. (2005). Reevaluating therapies for bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 66: 17–25.Google ScholarPubMed
Haq, A. U., Sitzmann, A. F., Goldman, M. L., Maixner, D. F. and Mickey, B. J. (2015). Response of depression to electroconvulsive therapy: a meta-analysis of clinical predictors. J Clin Psychiatry 76: 1374–84.Google Scholar
Homan, S., Lachenbruch, P. A., Winokur, G. and Clayton, P. (1982). An efficacy study of electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants in the treatment of primary depression. Psychol Med 12: 615–24.Google Scholar
Itagaki, K., Takebayashi, M., Shibasaki, C., Kajitani, N., et al. (2017). Factors associated with relapse after a response to electroconvulsive therapy in unipolar versus bipolar depression. J Affect Disord 208: 113–19.Google Scholar
Judd, L. L., Schettler, P. J., Akiskal, H. S., et al. (2003). Long-term symptomatic status of bipolar I vs. bipolar II disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 6: 127–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kellner, C. H., Knapp, R., Husain, M. M., et al. (2010). Bifrontal, bitemporal and right unilateral electrode placement in ECT: randomised trial. Br J Psychiatry 196: 226–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, U., Schoeyen, H. K., Andreassen, O. A., et al. (2014). The effect of electroconvulsive therapy on neurocognitive function in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder depression. J Clin Psychiatry 75: e1306–13.Google Scholar
Kessler, U. (2014). Electroconvulsive therapy for bipolar disorder depression. Effects on depressive symptoms and cognitive function. PhD Doctoral thesis, University of Bergen.Google Scholar
Kukopulos, A., Reginaldi, D., Laddomada, P., Floris, G., Serra, G. and Tondo, L. (1980). Course of the manic-depressive cycle and changes caused by treatment. Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol 13: 156–67.Google ScholarPubMed
Kupka, R. W., Altshuler, L. L., Nolen, W. A., et al. (2007). Three times more days depressed than manic or hypomanic in both bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Bipolar Disord 9: 531–35.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. A. and Nasrallah, H. A. (1986). Mania associated with electroconvulsive therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 47: 366–67.Google Scholar
Loo, C., Katalinic, N., Mitchell, P. B. and Greenberg, B. (2011). Physical treatments for bipolar disorder: a review of electroconvulsive therapy, stereotactic surgery and other brain stimulation techniques. J Affect Disord 132: 1–13.Google Scholar
Malhi, G. S., Adams, D. and Berk, M. (2009). Medicating mood with maintenance in mind: bipolar depression pharmacotherapy. Bipolar Disord 11: 55–76.Google Scholar
Medda, P., Mauri, M., Fratta, S., et al. (2013). Long-term naturalistic follow-up of patients with bipolar depression and mixed state treated with electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 29: 179–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Medda, P., Toni, C. and Perugi, G. (2014). The mood-stabilizing effects of electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 30: 275–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minnai, G. P., Salis, P., Manchia, M., Pinna, M. and Tondo, L. (2016). What happens to the course of bipolar disorder after electroconvulsive therapy? J Affect Disord 195: 180–84.Google Scholar
Musetti, L., Del Grande, C., Marazziti, D. and Dell’Osso, L. (2013). Treatment of bipolar depression. CNS Spectr 18: 177–87.Google Scholar
Pacchiarotti, I., Bond, D. J., Baldessarini, R. J., et al. (2013). The International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) task force report on antidepressant use in bipolar disorders. Am J Psychiatry 170: 1249–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G. B., Graham, R. K. and Tavella, G. (2017). Is there consensus across international evidence-based guidelines for the management of bipolar disorder? Acta Psychiatr Scand. 135: 515–26.Google Scholar
Perris, C. and d’Elia, G. (1966). A study of bipolar (manic-depressive) and unipolar recurrent depressive psychoses. IX. therapy and prognosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 194: 153–71.Google Scholar
Perugi, G., Medda, P., Toni, C., Mariani, M. G., Socci, C. and Mauri, M. (2017). The role of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in bipolar disorder: effectiveness in 522 patients with bipolar depression, mixed-state, mania and catatonic features. Curr Neuropharmacol 15: 359–71.Google Scholar
Popiolek, K., Brus, O., Elvin, T., et al. (2018). Rehospitalization and suicide following electroconvulsive therapy for bipolar depression: a population-based register study. J Affect Disord 226: 146–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Post, R. M., Denicoff, K. D., Leverich, G. S., et al. (2003). Morbidity in 258 bipolar outpatients followed for 1 year with daily prospective ratings on the NIMH life chart method. J Clin Psychiatry 64: 680–90.Google Scholar
Schoeyen, H. K., Kessler, U., Andreassen, O. A., et al. (2015). Treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a randomized controlled trial of electroconvulsive therapy versus algorithm-based pharmacological treatment. Am J Psychiatry 172: 41–1.Google Scholar
Sienaert, P., Lambrichts, L., Dols, A. and De Fruyt, J. (2013). Evidence-based treatment strategies for treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a systematic review. Bipolar Disord 15: 61–9.Google Scholar
Sienaert, P., Vansteelandt, K., Demyttenaere, K. and Peuskens, J. (2009). Ultra-brief pulse ECT in bipolar and unipolar depressive disorder: differences in speed of response. Bipolar Disord 11: 418–24.Google Scholar
UK ECT Review Group (2003). Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 361: 799–808.Google Scholar
Versiani, M., Cheniaux, E. and Landeira-Fernandez, J. (2011). Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review. J ECT 27: 153-64.Google Scholar
Zornberg, G. L. and Pope, H. G. Jr. (1993). Treatment of depression in bipolar disorder: new directions for research. J Clin Psychopharmacol 13: 397–408.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×