Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-hfldf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-12T06:35:57.502Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Double Voiced Discourse: African American Vernacular English as Resource in Cultural Modeling Classrooms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 May 2010

Carol D. Lee
Affiliation:
Northwestern University
Arnetha F. Ball
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Sarah Warshauer Freedman
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
Get access

Summary

Language is a powerful mediator of learning. It is the dominant medium through which communication occurs, and it provides humans with symbolic resources through which to manipulate ideas and solve problems. The study of literature is directly situated on the plains of language use. Literary texts are themselves multilayered. Readers stand in dialogic relationship to the multiple layers of potential meaning that the language of literature conveys. In this chapter, I describe an apprenticeship into literary response in a high school serving African American students who are speakers of African American Vernacular English (AAVE).

Bakhtin provides a set of constructs through which to analyze the role that AAVE discourse norms played in socializing students into a complex literate practice. The focus on AAVE with these students is important for several reasons. First, a majority of the students had standardized reading scores well below the 50th percentile. The high school had a history of underachievement. The students learned to tackle challenging problems of interpretation in very difficult literary texts within a short period of time, despite their low reading scores. In addition, the variety of English that served as their primary medium of communication (i.e., AAVE) has been denigrated in the academy and viewed more as a detriment than a resource (Bereiter & Engelmann, 1966; Orr, 1987; Stotsky, 1999). Because these student attributes are more often than not viewed as detrimental, it is useful to understand how the students' language resources supported learning.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays by M. M. Bakhtin. (Ed. M. Holquist). Austin: University of Texas Press
Bakhtin, M. M. (1984a). Problems of Dostoevsky's poetics. (Trans. C. Emerson). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
Bakhtin, M. M. (1984b). Rabelais and his world. (Trans. H. Iswolsky). Bloomington: Indiana University Press
Bakhtin, M. M. (1986). The problem of speech genres. In C. Emerson & M. Holquist (Eds.), Speech genres and other late essays. Austin: University of Texas Press
Ball, A. F. (1992). Cultural preferences and the expository writing of African-American adolescents. Written Communication, 9(4), 501–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bereiter, C., & Engelmann, S. (1966). Teaching disadvantaged children in pre-school. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
D'Andrade, R. (1987). A folk model of the mind. In D. Holland & N. Quinn (Eds.), Cultural models in language and thought (pp. 112–47). New York: Cambridge University PressCrossRef
Erickson, F. (1992). Ethnographic microanalysis of interaction. In M. LeCompte, W. Millroy, & J. Preissle (Eds.), The handbook of qualitative research in education (pp. 201–26). New York: Academic Press
Gee, J. P. (1996). Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in discourses. New York: Taylor and Francis
Goffman, E. (1981). Forms of talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
Gutierrez, K., Baquedano-Lopez, P., & Tejeda, C. (1999). Rethinking diversity: Hybridity and hybrid language practices in the Third Space. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 6(4), 286–303CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutierrez, K., Rymes, B., & Larson, J. (1995). Script, counterscript, and underlife in the classroom: James Brown versus Brown v. Board of Education. Harvard Educational Review, 65(3), 445–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, G. (1991). Liberating voices: Oral tradition in African American literature. New York: Penguin
Kuhn, D. (1991). The skills of argument. New York: Cambridge University Press
Lee, C. D. (1992). Literacy, cultural diversity, and instruction. Education and Urban Society, 24(2), 279–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, C. D. (1993). Signifying as a scaffold for literary interpretation: The pedagogical implications of an African American discourse genre (Research Report Series). Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English
Lee, C. D. (1995a). A culturally based cognitive apprenticeship: Teaching African American high school students' skills in literary interpretation. Reading Research Quarterly, 30(4), 608–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, C. D. (1995b). Signifying as a scaffold for literary interpretation. Journal of Black Psychology, 21(4), 357–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, C. D. (1997). Bridging home and school literacies: A model of culturally responsive teaching. In J. Flood, S. B. Heath, & D. Lapp (Eds.), A handbook for literacy educators: Research on teaching the communicative and visual arts (pp. 330–41). New York: Macmillan
Lee, C. D. (1999). Supporting the development of interpretive communities through metacognitive instructional conversations in culturally diverse classrooms. Paper presented at the annual conference of the American Educational Research Association, Denver, CO./leaflong{4pt}
Lee, C. D. (2000). Signifying in the zone of proximal development. In C. D. Lee & P. Smagorinsky (Eds.), Vygotskian perspectives on literacy research: Constructing meaning through collabative inquiry (pp. 191–225). New York: Cambridge University Press
Lee, C. D. (2001). Is October Brown Chinese: A cultural modeling activity system for underachieving students. American Educational Research Journal, 38(1), 97–142CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, C. D., & Majors, Y. J. (2000). Cultural modeling's response to Rogoff's challenge: Understanding apprenticeship, guided participation and participatory appropriation in a culturally respnsive, subject matter specific context. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans
Lee, C. D., & Slaughter-Defoe, D. (1995). Historical and sociocultural influences on African American education. In J. Banks & C. Banks (Eds.), Handbook of research on multicultural education (pp. 348–71). New York: Macmillan
Mitchell-Kernan, C. (1981). Signifying, loud-talking and marking. In A. Dundes (Ed.), Mother wit from the laughing barrel (pp. 310–28). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Morrison, T. (1984). Rootedness: The ancestor as foundation. In M. Evans (Ed.), Black women writers (1950–1980): A critical evaluation (pp. 339–45). New York: Doubleday
Moses, R. P., & Cobb, C. E. (2001). Radical equations: Math literacy and civil rights. Boston: Beacon Press
O'Connor, M. C., & Michaels, S. (1993). Aligning academic task and participation status through revoicing: Analysis of a classroom discourse strategy. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 24(4), 318–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orr, E. W. (1987). Twice as less: Black English and the performance of Black students in mathematics and science. New York: Norton
Percelay, J., Ivey, M., & Dweck, S. (1994). Snaps. New York: William Morrow
Peterson, D. E. (1995). Response and call: The African American dialogue with Bakhtin and what it signifies. In A. Mandelker (Ed.), Bakhtin in contexts: Across the disciplines (pp. 89–98). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press
Rickford, J. R., Ball, A. F., Blake, R., Jackson, R., & Martin, N. (1991). Rappin' on the copula coffin: Theoretical and methodological issues in the analysis of copula variation in African-American English. Language Variation and Change, 3(1), 103–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schank, R. C., & Abelson, R. P. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Smitherman, G. (1977). Talkin and testifyin: The language of Black America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Smitherman, G. (1994). The blacker the berry, the sweeter the juice: African American student writers and the NAEP. In A. Dyson & C. Genishi (Eds.), The need for story: Cultural diversity in classroom and community (pp. 80–101). Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English
Smitherman, G. (1999). CCCC's role in the struggle for language rights. College Composition and Communication, 50(3), 349–376CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smitherman, G. (2000). Talk that talk: Language, culture and education in African America. New York: Routledge
Stotsky, S. (1999). Losing our language: How multicultural classroom instruction is undermining our children's ability to read, write, and reason. New York: Free Press
Toulmin, S., Rieke, R., & Janik, A. (1984). An introduction to reasoning. New York: Macmillan
Volosinov, V. N. (1986). Marxism and the philosophy of language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Vygotsky, L. (1987). Thinking and speech (Ed. Trans., N. Minick). New York: Plenum
Walker, A. (1982). The color purple. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Walker, A. (1988). Coming in from the cold. In A. Walker (Ed.), Living by the word. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Winner, E. (1988). The point of words: Children's understanding of metaphor and irony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×