Skip to main content

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
Cancel
×
×
Home
  • Home
Climate Change and the Course of Global History
  • Get access
    Buy the print book
    Check if you have access via personal or institutional login
    Log in Register Recommend to librarian
  • Cited by 26
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This book has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Galofré-Vilà, Gregori Hinde, Andrew and Meera Guntupalli, Aravinda 2018. Research in Economic History. Vol. 34, Issue. , p. 67.
    O’Brien, Geoff 2018. Cities – good for the environment?. International Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 75, Issue. 1, p. 16.
    DeWitte, Sharon N. 2018. Stress, sex, and plague: Patterns of developmental stress and survival in pre- and post-Black Death London. American Journal of Human Biology, Vol. 30, Issue. 1, p. e23073.
    2018. A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia. p. 231.
    2018. A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia. p. 1.
    2018. A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia. p. 49.
    Bastos, Maria Rosário de Freitas, Joana Gaspar and Ribeiro, João Pedro Cunha 2018. Handbook of Climate Change Communication: Vol. 3. p. 99.
    Jia, Jia Fuyuan, Gao Dunsheng, Xia Wei, Huang and Fahu, Chen 2018. Moisture variations in arid central Asia and its out-of-phase relationship with the Asian Monsoon during MIS 5: evidence from loess records. Journal of Quaternary Science, Vol. 33, Issue. 4, p. 435.
    2018. A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia. p. 143.
    Bruno, Andy 2018. Climate history of Russia and the Soviet Union. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, p. e534.
    Clark, Nigel and Gunaratnam, Yasmin 2017. Earthing the Anthropos? From ‘socializing the Anthropocene’ to geologizing the social. European Journal of Social Theory, Vol. 20, Issue. 1, p. 146.
    Taylor, Peter J. 2017. Cities in climate change. International Journal of Urban Sciences, Vol. 21, Issue. 1, p. 1.
    Decker, Michael J. 2017. Approaches to the environmental history of Late Antiquity, part II: Climate Change and the End of the Roman Empire. History Compass, Vol. 15, Issue. 10, p. e12425.
    Manning, Joseph G. Ludlow, Francis Stine, Alexander R. Boos, William R. Sigl, Michael and Marlon, Jennifer R. 2017. Volcanic suppression of Nile summer flooding triggers revolt and constrains interstate conflict in ancient Egypt. Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue. 1,
    Clark, Nigel and Yusoff, Kathryn 2017. Geosocial Formations and the Anthropocene. Theory, Culture & Society, Vol. 34, Issue. 2-3, p. 3.
    Delanty, Gerard and Mota, Aurea 2017. Governing the Anthropocene. European Journal of Social Theory, Vol. 20, Issue. 1, p. 9.
    Mikhail, Alan 2016. Climate and the Chronology of Iranian History. Iranian Studies, Vol. 49, Issue. 6, p. 963.
    Moody, David E. 2016. Research resource reviewHamiltonCliveGemenneFrancoisBonneuilChristophe (eds), The Anthropocene and the Global Environmental Crisis, NY Routledge: New York, 2015; 187 pp.: ISBN 9781138-821231, £85.00 (hbk), ISBN 978-1138821248, £31.99 pbkPurdyJedediah, After Nature: A Politics for the Anthropocene, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, 2015; 326 pp.: ISBN 9780674368224, £22.95 (hbk). Progress in Physical Geography, Vol. 40, Issue. 4, p. 622.
    Taylor, Peter J O'Brien, Geoff and O'Keefe, Phil 2015. Human control of climate: introducing cities. Environment and Planning A, Vol. 47, Issue. 5, p. 1023.
    Lane, Paul J. 2015. Archaeology in the age of the Anthropocene: A critical assessment of its scope and societal contributions. Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 40, Issue. 5, p. 485.
    Download full list
    ×
  • Export citation
  • Recommend to librarian
  • Recommend this book

    Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this book to your organisation's collection.

    Climate Change and the Course of Global History
    • Online ISBN: 9781139050814
    • Book DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139050814
    Please enter your name
    Please enter a valid email address
    Who would you like to send this to *

    CAPTCHA *

    Skip to the audio challenge
    ×
  • Buy the print book
Information

Book description

Climate Change and the Course of Global History presents the first global study by a historian to fully integrate the earth-system approach of the new climate science with the material history of humanity. Part I argues that geological, environmental, and climatic history explain the pattern and pace of biological and human evolution. Part II explores the environmental circumstances of the rise of agriculture and the state in the Early and Mid-Holocene, and presents an analysis of human health from the Paleolithic through the rise of the state. Part III introduces the problem of economic growth and examines the human condition in the Late Holocene from the Bronze Age through the Black Death. Part IV explores the move to modernity, stressing the emerging role of human economic and energy systems as earth-system agents in the Anthropocene. Supported by climatic, demographic, and economic data, this provides a pathbreaking model for historians of the environment, the world, and science.

Reviews

'Think of this as travel writing of the highest order. A rough journey for mankind becomes a stimulating armchair adventure for the reader. This is big history, framed by big ideas but anchored in the very recent explosion of knowledge about climate through the ages and about our history and prehistory. Brooke skillfully navigates the interpretive hazards of proxy paleoclimate data. In Brooke’s persuasive account, our evolution to modernity is not absolutely determined by climate and disease, but it has been substantially influenced by them. Our new knowledge shows that quite often these influences abruptly change course, and Brooke shows that much of our history is a consequence of societies scrambling to adjust.'

Mark A. Cane - G. Unger Vetlesen Professor of Earth and Climate Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University

'John Brooke skillfully joins a vast scientific literature to the historiography of virtually every major region to argue that climatic shifts always have been the primary agency determining the pace and direction of human development. He thus offers an unprecedentedly coordinated global chronology as well as a nuanced, distinctly original understanding of the relation between endogenous and exogenous forces. A jaw-dropping tour de force.'

Victor Lieberman - Raoul Wallenberg Distinguished University Professor of History, University of Michigan

'Readers with advanced degrees in meteorology, archaeology, economics and world environmental history will easily comprehend Brooke's magisterial survey-synthesis. For others, it poses an interesting challenge. The author's mastery and referencing of the vast technical literature in different disciplines is remarkable. … The author also explains seven phases of climate history since 3000 BCE and three industrial revolutions. The consequence is a fundamental change from a lightly populated world controlled by nature to a heavily populated world controlled by both nature and human agency. Summing up: highly recommended.'

F. N. Egerton Source: Choice

'… a wide-ranging work starting with our pre-human and early human ancestor and ending with a consideration of future trajectories … One of the reviews on the back cover has called it ‘a jaw-dropping tour de force’; spanning, as it does, millennia and continents, it is hard to argue with that conclusion.'

Carleton Jones Source: The Journal of Irish Archaeology

Refine List
Actions for selected content:
Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Send to Kindle
  • Send to Dropbox
  • Send to Google Drive
    • Send content to

    To send content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about sending content to .

    To send content items to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about sending to your Kindle.

    Note you can select to send to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

    Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

    Please be advised that item(s) you selected are not available.
    You are about to send
    ×

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×
Contents
References
Data Bibliography: Full Citations for Data Used in Figures and Tables
Allen, Robert C. “Prices and Wages in London & Southern England, 1259–1914,” Consumer price indices, nominal / real wages and welfare ratios of building craftsmen and labourers, 1260–1913, International Institute of Social History data files, available at , accessed August 8, 2012.
Angel, J. Lawrence. “Health as a Crucial Factor in the Changes from Hunting to Developed Farming in the Eastern Mediterranean,” in Cohen, Mark N. and Armelagos, George J., eds., Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture (New York, 1984), 51–73; 137–67.
Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., Gilmour, M., Matthews, A., and Hawkesworth, C. J.. “Sea-Land Oxygen Isotopic Relationships from Planktonic Foraminifera and Speleothems in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and Their Implication for Paleorainfall during Interglacial Intervals,” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67/17 (2003), 3181–99.
Belfer-Cohen, A., Schepartz, L. A., and Arensburg, B.. “New Biological Data for the Natufian Populations of Israel,” in Bar-Yosef, Ofer and Valla, Francois R., eds., The Natufian Culture in the Levant (Ann Arbor, MI, 1991), 411–24, at 413 and 421–2.
Berger, A. and Loutre, M. F.. “Insolation Values for the Climate of the Last 100 Million Years,” QSR 10 (1991), 297–317.
Bergman, Noam M., Lenton, Timothy M., and Watson, Andrew J.. “COPSE: A New Model of Biogeochemical Cycling over Phanerozoic Time,” American Journal of Science 304 (2004), 421. COPSE **fig 1.2.
Binford, Lewis L.Constructing Frames of Reference: An Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building Using Hunter-Gatherer and Environmental Data Sets (Berkeley, CA, 2001), 142–4.
Biraben, Jean-Nöel. “Essai sur l-Évolution du Nombre des Hommes,” Population 34 (1979), 13–24.
Bird, Broxton W., Abbott, M. B., Vuille, M., Rodbell, D. T., Stansell, N. D., and Rosenmeier, M. F.. “A 2,300-Year-Long Annually Revolved Record of the South American Summer Monsoon from the Peruvian Andes,” PNAS 108 (2011), 8583–8.
Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre. “Paleoanthropological Traces of a Neolithic Demographic Transition,” Current Anthropology 43 (2002), 637–50.
Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre “Estimates of Upper Paleolithic Meta-Population Size in Europe from archaeological data,” JArchS 32 (2005), 1656–68.
Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre, and Naji, Stephan. “Testing the Hypothesis of a Worldwide Neolithic Demographic Transition: Corroboration from American Cemeteries,” Current Anthropology 47 (2006), 341–65.
Boden, Tom, Marland, Gregg, and Andres, Bob. “Global CO2 Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Cement Manufacture, and Gas Flaring: 1751–2008” (June 10, 2011), Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831–6290, data file at , accessed August 8, 2012.
Bond, Gerard, Kromer, Bernd, Beer, Juerg, Muscheler, Raimund, Evans, Michael N., Showers, William, Hoffmann, Sharon, Lotti-Bond, Rusty, Hajdas, Irka, and Bonani, Georges. “Persistent Solar Influence on North Atlantic Climate during the Holocene,” Science, New Series, 294 (2001), 2130–6.
Bottema, Sytze. “The Use of Palynology in Tracing Early Agriculture,” in Cappers, R. T. J. and Bottema, S., eds., The Dawn of Farming in the Near East (Berlin, 2002), 27–38 (Huleh Oak sequence).
BP Statistical Review of World Energy. June 2011, available at , accessed August 8, 2012.
Brooks, E. J., et al., “Rapid variation in atmospheric methane concentration during the past 110,000 years,” Science 273 (1996), 1087–91.
Casting, James F. “When Methane Made Climate,” Scientific American 291 (July 2004), 78–85.
Chalié, Françoise and Gasse, Françoise. “Late-Glacial-Holocene Diatom Record of Water Chemistry and Lake Level Change from the Tropical East African Rift Lake Abiyata (Ethiopia),” PPP 187 (2002), 259–83.
Chen, F. H., Chen, J. H., Holmes, J., Boomer, I., Austin, P., Gates, J. B., Wang, N. L., Brooks, S. J., and Zhang, J. W.. “Moisture Changes over the Last Millennium in Arid Central Asia: A Review, Synthesis and Comparison with Monsoon Region,” QSR 29 (2010), 1055–68.
Chesnais, Jean-Claude. The Demographic Transition: Stages, Patterns, and Economic Implications (Oxford, 1992), 58–60 (infant mortality), 118–19 (crude birth rate).
Chu, G., Sun, Q., Wang, X., and Sun, J.. “Snow Anomaly Events from Historical Documents in Eastern China during the Past Two Millennia and Implication for Low-Frequency Variability of AO/NAO and PDO,” GRL 25 (2008), L14806, doi:.
Cinnirella, Francesco. “Optimists or Pessimists? A Reconsideration of Nutritional Status in Britain, 1740–1865,” EREconHist 12 (2008), 339.
Clark, Gregory. “The Long March of History: Farm Wages, Population, and Economic Growth, England 1209–1869,” EconHistR 60 (2007), 97–135, at 99–100 (wages), 120 (population).
Cook, Edward R. et al., “Megadroughts in North America: Placing IPCC Projections of Hydroclimatic Change in a Long-Term Palaeoclimate Context,” JQS 25 (2010), 48–61.
Crafts, N. F. R. and Harley, C. K.. “Output Growth and the British Industrial Revolution: A Restatement of the Crafts-Harley View,” EconHistR 45 (1992), 703–30 (“revised best guess,” 725–7).
Cullen, H. M. “Climate Change and the Collapse of the Akkadian Empire: Evidence from the Deep Sea,” Geology 28 (2000), 379–82.
de Vries, Jan. European Urbanization, 1500–1800 (Cambridge, MA, 1984), 30 (urban population).
deMenocal, Peter B. “Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period: Rapid Climate Responses to Gradual Insolation Forcing,” QSR 19 (2000), 347–61.
deMenocal, Peter B. “African Climate Change and Faunal Evolution during the Pliocene-Pleistocene,” EPSL 220 (2004), 3–24 (Figure 11).
Dykoski, Carolyn A., Edwards, R. Lawrence, Cheng, Hai, Yuan, Daoxian, Cai, Yanjun, Zhang, Meiliang, Lin, Yushi, Qing, Jaiming, An, Zhisheng, and Revenaugh, Justin. “A High-Resolution, Absolute-Dated Holocene and Deglacial Asia Monsoon Record from Dongge Cave, China,” EPSL 233 (2005), 71–86.
Earth Impact Database, University of New Brunswick, at (all craters from 40 km in diameter), accessed August 8, 2012.
Ellenblum, Ronnie. The Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean: Climate Change and the Decline of the East, 950–1072 (Cambridge, 2012) (Nile drought list at p. 31).
Ellison, Rosemary. “Diet in Mesopotamia: The Evidence of the Barley Ration Tests (c. 3000–1400 BC),” Iraq 45 (1981), 35–45.
content=“Ellison, Rosemary” “Some Thoughts on the Diet of Mesopotamia from c. 3000–600BC,” Iraq 45 (1983), 146–50.
Etheridge, D. M., Steele, L. P., Francey, R. J., and Langenfelds, R. L.. “Atmospheric Methane between 1000 A.D. and Present: Evidence of Anthropogenic Emissions and Climatic Variability,” JGR 103 (1998), D13, pp. 15, 979 (98JD00923).
Etheridge, D. M., Steele, L. P., Langenfelds, R. L., Francey, R. J., Barnola, J.-M., and Morgan, V. I.. “Natural and Anthropogenic Changes in Atmospheric CO2 over the Last 1000 Years from Air in Antarctic Ice and Firn,” JGR 101 (1996), 4115–28.
Fleitman, Dominik, Burns, Stephen J., Mangini, Augusto, Mudelsee, Manfred, Kramers, Jan, Villa, Igor, Neff, Ulrich, Al-Subbary, Abdulkarim A., Buettner, Annett, Hippler, Dorothea, and Matter, Albert. “Holocene ITCZ and Indian Monsoon Dynamics Recorded in Stalagmites from Oman and Yemen (Socotra),” QSR 26 (2007), 170–88.
Flinn, Michael W.History of the British Coal Industry, Vol. 2, 1700–1830: The Industrial Revolution (Oxford, 1984), 26.
Floud, Roderick, Wacher, Kenneth, and Gregory, Annabel. Height, Health and History: Nutritional Status in the United Kingdom, 1750–1880 (Cambridge, 1990), 240.
Ford, David and Golonka, Jan. “Phanerozoic Paleography, Paleoenvironment and Lithofacies Maps of the Circum-Atlantic Margins,” Marine and Petroleum Geology 20 (2003), 249–85.
Formicola, Vincenzo and Giannecchini, Monica. “Evolutionary Trends of Stature in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe,” JHumEv 36 (1999), 319–33.
Garnsey, Peter. Food and Society in Classical Antiquity (Cambridge, 1999), 57–9.
Gerhards, Guntis. “Secular Variations in the Body Stature of the Inhabitants of Latvia (7th millennium BC – 20th c. AD),” Acta Medica Lituanica 12 (2005), 33–9.
Glikson, Andrew. “Asteroid/Comet Impact Clusters, Flood Basalts and Mass Extinctions: Significance of Isotopic Age Overlaps,” EPSL 236 (2005), 933–7.
Greene, Kevin. The Archaeology of the Roman Economy (London, 1986), 60–1.
Grootes, P. M. and Stuiver, M.. “Oxygen 18/16 Variability in Greenland Snow and Ice with 10^3 to 10^5-Year Time Resolution,” JGR 102 (1997), 26455–70.
Guerrero, Emma, Naji, Stephen, and Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre. “The Signal of the Neolithic Demographic Transition in the Levant,” in Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre and Bar-Yosef, Ofer, eds., The Neolithic Demographic Transition and Its Consequences (New York, 2008), 57–80.
Gupta, Anil K., Anderson, David M., and Overpeck, Jonathan T.. “Abrupt Changes in the Asian Southwest Monsoon during the Holocene and Their Links to the North Atlantic Ocean,” Nature 421 (2003), 354–7.
Hassan, Fekri A. “Extreme Nile Floods and Famines in Medieval Egypt (A.D. 930–1500) and Their Climatic Implications,” QuatInt 173–4 (2007), 101–12.
Hatcher, John. The History of the British Coal Industry, Vol. I, Before 1700: Towards the Age of Coal (Oxford, 1993), 68.
Haug, G. H., Hughen, K. A., Peterson, L. C., Sigman, D. M., and Röhl, U.. “Southward Migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone through the Holocene,” Science 293 (2001), 1304–8.
Henry, Donald O. “Models of Agricultural Origins and Proxy Measures of Prehistoric Demographics,” in Cappers, R. T. J. and Bottema, S., eds., The Dawn of Farming in the Near East (Berlin, 2002), 15–25.
Hershkovitz, Israel and Gopher, Avi. “Demographic, Biological, and Cultural Aspects of the Neolithic Revolution: A View from the Southern Levant,” in Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre and Bar-Yosef, Ofer, eds., The Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences (New York, 2008), 441–75.
Hillson, Simon W., Larsen, Clark Spencer, Boz, Başak, Pilloud, A., Sadvari, Joshua W., Agarwal, Sabrina C., Glencross, Bonnie, Beauchesne, Patrick, Pearson, Jessica, Ruff, Christopher B., Garofalo, Evan M., Hager, Lori, and Haddow, Scott D.. “The Human Remains I: Interpreting Community Structure, Health, and Diet in Neolithic Çatalhöyük,” in Hodder, Ian, ed., Humans and Landscapes of Çatalhöyük (Los Angeles, CA, 2013).
Hist. Stat.: Carter, Susan B., Gartner, Scott Sigmund, Haines, Michael R., Olmstead, Alan L., Sutch, Richard, and Wright, Gavin, eds., Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennium Edition Online (New York, 2012).
Hist. Stat.: Table Aa 699–715 Urban and rural territory – population, by size of place: 1790–1990. Contributor: Michael Haines.
Hist. Stat.: Table Bd 653–87. Selected anthropometric measurements – height, weight, and body mass index: 1710–1989. Contributor: Richard Steckel.
Hist. Stat.: Table Aa 9–14 – National population and the demographic components of change: 1790–2000 (annual estimates) Contributors: Michael R. Haines and Richard Sutch.
Hist. Stat.: Table Db 164–71 – Energy consumption, by energy source: 1850–2001. Contributor: Gavin Wright.
Hist. Stat.: Table Db 218–27 – Electric utilities power generation and fossil fuel consumption, by energy source: 1920–2000. Contributor: Gavin Wright.
Hodell, D. A., Brenner, M., and Curtis, J. H.. “Terminal Classic Drought in the Northern Maya Lowlands Inferred from Multiple Sediment Cores in Lake Chichancanab (Mexico),” QSR 24 (2005), 1413–27.
Hole, Frank. “Burial Patterns in the Fifth Millennium,” in Henrickson, Elizabeth F. and Thuesen, Ingolf, eds., Upon This Foundation: The ‘Ubaid Reconsidered (Copenhagen, 1989), 149–80.
Hong, Y. T., Hong, B., Lin, Q. H., Shibata, Y., Hirota, M., Zhu, Y. X., Leng, X. T., Wang, Y., Wang, H., and Yi, L.. “Inverse Phase Oscillations between the East Asian and Indian Ocean Summer Monsoons during the Last 12000 Years and Paleo-El Niño,” EPSL 231 (2005), 337–46.
Houghton, R. A. “Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use Changes: 1850–2005,” (2008), in TRENDS: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, available at: , accessed August 8, 2012.
Indermühle, A., Stocker, T. F., Joos, F., Fischer, H., Smith, H. J., Wahlen, M., Deck, B., Mastroianni, D., Tschumi, J., Blunier, T., Meyer, R., and Stauffer, B.. “Holocene Carbon-Cycle Dynamics Based on CO2 Trapped in Ice at Taylor Dome, Antarctica,” Nature 398 (1999), 121–6.
IPCC Box 6.4: Regional temperature proxies (c. 800–present) developed by Timothy Osborn and Keith Briffa for Box 6.4, Ch. 6, Paleoclimate, in Susan Solomon et al., eds., Climate Change 2007 – The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge and New York, 2007), available at and , accessed August 8, 2012. See also Timothy A. Osborn and Keith R. Briffa, “The Special Extent of 20th-Century Warmth in the Context of the Past 1200 Years,” Science 311 (2006), 841–4.
JISAO/ENSO: “Global-SST ENSO index, 1817 – February 2011,” Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, available at , accessed August 8, 2012.
Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J., and Briffa, K. R.. “The Evolution of Climate over the Last Millennium,” Science 292 (2001), 662–7 (NAO index).
Jones, P. D., Lister, D. H., Osborn, T. J., Harpham, C., Salmon, M., and Morice, C. P.. “Hemispheric and Large-Scale Land-Surface Air Temperature Variations: An Extensive Revision and an Update to 2010,” JGR, 117 (2012), D05127.
Khalil, M. A. K., Shearer, M. J., and Rasmussen, R. A.. “Methane Sources in China: Historical Current Emissions,” Chemosphere 26 (1993), 127–42, at 142. Data before 1900 is extrapolated from the ratio of Chinese population in 1900 and Chinese methane emissions estimated for 1900.
Khalil, M. Aslam Kahn, Butenhoff, Christopher L., and Rasmussen, Reinhold A.. “Atmospheric Methane: Trends and Cycles of Sources and Sinks,” Environmental Science and Technology 41 (2007), 2131–7.
King, Anthony. “Diet in the Roman World: A Regional Inter-Site Comparison of the Mammal Bones,” JRomArch 12 (1999), 168–202.
Koepke, Nikola and Baten, Joerg. “The Biological Standard of Living in Europe during the Last Two Millennia,” EREconHist 9 (2005), 61–95.
Kuijt, Ian. “People and Space in Early Agricultural Villages: Exploring Daily Lives, Community Size, and Architecture in the Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic,” JAnthArch 19 (2000), 75–102.
Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine et al., “Mid- to Late-Holocene Climate Change in Central Turkey: The Tecer Lake Record,” Holocene 21 (2011), 173–88.
Law, C. M. “The Growth of Population in England and Wales, 1801–1911,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 41 (1967), 142 (urban population).
Lindsay, J. F. and Brazier, D. M.. “Evolution of the Precambrian Atmosphere: Carbon Isotopic Evidence from the Australian Continent,” in Eriksson, Patrick G. et al., eds., The Precambrian Earth: Tempo and Events (Amsterdam, 2004), 400; Eriksson, Patrick G. et al., “Patterns of Sedimentation in the Precambrian,” SedGeol 176 (2005), 23.
Ljungqvist, Frederik C. “A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere during the Last Two Millennia,” Geografiska Annaler: Series A 92 (2010), 339–51.
Loulergue, L., Schilt, A., Spahni, R., Masson-Delmotte, V., Blunier, T., Lemieux, B., Barnola, J.-M., Raynaud, D., Stocker, T. F., and Chappellaz, J.. “Orbital and Millennial-Scale Features of Atmospheric CH4 over the Past 800,000 Years,” Nature 453 (2008), 383–6.
Lukacs, John R. and Pal, J. N.. “Skeletal Variation among Mesolithic People of the Ganga Plains: New Evidence of Habitual Activity and Adaptation to Climate,” Asian Perspective 42 (2003), 329–51.
Lüthi, D., Floch, M. Le, Bereiter, B., Blunier, T., Barnola, J.-M., Siegenthaler, U., Raynaud, D., Jouzel, J., Fischer, H., Kawamura, K., and Stocker, T. F.. “High-Resolution Carbon Dioxide Concentration Record 650,000–800,000 Years before Present,” Nature 453 (2008), 379–82.
Maddison, Angus. “Historical Statistics of the World Economy: 1–2008 AD,” March 2010 data file at , accessed August 8, 2012 (population since 1870; GDP).
Maddison, AngusThe World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris, 2001), 29–30 (life expectancy).
Mauna Loa CO2 Annual Mean Data, 1959–2011. Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL and Dr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Dataset at , accessed August 8, 2012.
Mayewski, P. A., Meeker, L. D., Twickler, M. S., Whitlow, S. I., Yang, Q., Lyons, W. B., and Prentice, M.. “Major Features and Forcing of High-Latitude Northern Hemisphere Atmospheric Circulation Using a 110,000-Year-Long Glaciochemical Series,” JGR 102 (1997), 26345–66.
McEvedy, Colin and Jones, Richard. Atlas of World Population History (New York, 1978).
Meadows, John. “The Younger Dryas Episode and the Radiocarbon Chronologies of the Lake Huleh and Ghab Valley Pollen Diagrams, Israel and Syria,” The Holocene 15 (2005), 631–6.
Mitchell, B. R., with Deane, Phyllis. Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cambridge, 1971), 225–6.
Mitchell, B. R.British Historical Statistics (Cambridge, 1988), 258 (coal), 370, 373, 375 (horsepower).
Mitchell, B. R.International Historical Statistics: Europe, 1750–1993, fourth edition (New York, 1998), 79–85, 87 (UK population), 426, 428, 431–2, 477, 480, 482, 484 (coal), 562–3 (electrical generation).
Monnin, Eric, Indermühle, Andreas, Dällenbach, André, Flückiger, Jacqueline, Stauffer, Bernhard, Stocker, Thomas F., Raynaud, Dominique, and Barnola, Jean-Marc. “Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations over the Last Glacial Termination,” Science 291 (2001), 112–14.
Moy, Christopher M. “Variability of El Niño-Southern Oscillation Activity at Millennial Timescales during the Holocene Epoch,” Nature 420 (2002), 162–5.
Munoz, Samuel E., Gajewski, Konrad, and Peros, Matthew C.. “Synchronous Environmental and Cultural Change in the Prehistory of the Northeastern United States,” PNAS 107 (2010), 22008–13.
Museum of London Center for Bioarchaeology Web site: , accessed August 8, 2012.
Musson, A. E. “Industrial Motive Power in the United Kingdom, 1800–70,” Economic History Review NS 29 (1976), 415–39, at 423.
Nef, Joseph U.The Rise of the British Coal Industry (London, 1932), 1:19–20.
Oppo, Delia W., Rosenthal, Yair, and Linsley, Braddock K.. “2,000-Year-Long Temperature and Hydrology Reconstruction from the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool,” Nature 460 (2009), 1113–16.
Parker, A. J.Ancient Shipwrecks of the Mediterranean and the Roman Provinces (London, 1992), 10ff.
Parker, Geoffrey. The Global Crisis: War, Climate and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth-Century World (New Haven, CT, 2013) (Nile droughts at 193, 470).
Rein, Bert et al., “El Niño Variability off Peru during the Last 20,000 Years,” Paleoceanography 20 (2005), PA403, 1–17.
Robb, J., Bigazzi, R., Lazzarini, L., Scarsini, C., and Sonego, F.. “Social ‘Status’ and Biological ‘Status’: A Comparison of Grave Goods and Skeletal Indicators from Pontecagnano,” AJPA 115 (2001), 213–22.
Roberts, Charlotte and Cox, Margaret. “The Impact of Economic Intensification and Social Complexity on Human Health in Britain from 6000 BP (Neolithic) and the Introduction of Farming to the Mid-Nineteenth Century AD,” in Cohen, Mark Nathan and Crane-Kramer, Gillian M. M., eds., Ancient Health: Skeletal Indicators of Agricultural and Economic Intensification (Gainesville, FL, 2007), 149–63.
Rohling, E. J., Braun, K., Grant, K., Kucera, M., Roberts, A. P., Siddall, M., and Trommer, G.. “Comparison between Holocene and Marine Isotope Stage-11 Sea-Level Histories,” EPSL 291 (2010) 97–105.
Rohling, E. J., Mayewski, P. A., Abu-Zied, R. H., Casford, J. S. L., and Hayes, A.. “Holocene Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions: Records from Greenland and the Aegean Sea,” ClimDyn 18 (2002), 587–93 (Gisp2k+).
Royer, Dana L., Berner, Robert A., Montañez, Isabel P., Tabor, Neil J., and Beerling, David J.. “CO2 as a Primary Driver of Phanerozoic Climate,” GSA Today 14/3 (March 2004), 4–10.
Ruff, Christopher B., Holt, Brigitte M., Sládek, Vladimir, Berner, Margit, Murphy, William A. Jr., zur Nedden, Dieter, Seidler, Horst, and Recheis, Wolfgang. “Body Size, Body Proportions, and Mobility in the Tyrolean ‘Iceman’,” JHumEv 51 (2006), 91–101.
Russell, J. M., Johnson, T. C., and Talbot, M. R.. “725 yr Cycle in the Climate of Central Africa during the Late Holocene,” Geology 31 (2003), 677–80.
Shanahan, T. M., Overpeck, J. T., Anchukaitis, K. J., Beck, J. W., Cole, J. E., Dettman, D. L., Peck, J. A., Scholz, C. A., and King, J. W.. “Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa,” Science 324 (2009), 377–80.
Shapiro, A. I., Schmutz, W., Roazanov, E., Schoall, M., Haberreiter, M., Shapiro, A. V., and Nyeki, S.. “A New Approach to Long-Term Reconstruction of the Solar Irradiance Leads to Large Historical Forcing,” Astronomy and Astrophysics 529 (2011), A67.
Siegenthaler, U., Monnin, E., Kawamura, K., Spahni, R., Schwander, J., Stauffer, B., Stocker, T. F., Barnola, J.-M., and Fischer, H.. “Supporting Evidence from the EPICA Dronning Maud Land Ice Core for Atmospheric CO2 Changes during the Past Millennium,” Tellus 57B (2005), 51–7.
Sinha, Ashish, Berkelhammer, Max, Stott, Lowell, Mudelsee, Manfred, and Chang, Hai. “The Leading Mode of Indian Summer Monsoon Precipitation Variability during the Last Millennium,” GRL 38 (2011), L15703.
Smith, S. J., van Aardenne, J., Klimont, Z., Andres, R. J., Volke, A., and Arias, S. Delgado. “Anthropogenic Sulfur Dioxide Emissions: 1850–2005,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11 (2011), 1101–16.
Staubwasser, M., Sirocko, F., Grootes, P. M., and Erlenkeuser, H.. “South Asian Monsoon Climate Change and Radiocarbon in the Arabian Sea during Early and Middle Holocene,” Paleoceanography 17 (2002), 1063, doi:.
Steckel, Richard H. “New Light on the ‘Dark Ages’: The Remarkably Tall Stature of Northern European Men during the Medieval Era,” Social Science History 28 (2004), 211–29.
Stock, J. T., Pfeiffer, S. K., Chazan, M., and Janetski, J.. “F-81 Skeleton from Wadi Mataha, Jordan, and Its Bearing on Human Variability in the Epipaleolithic of the Levant,” AJPA 128 (2005), 453–65.
Stott, L. D., Cannariato, K., Thunell, R., Haug, G. H., Koutavas, A., and Lund, S.. “Decline of Surface Temperature and Salinity in the Western Tropical Pacific Ocean in the Holocene Epoch,” Nature 431 (2004), 56–9.
Szreter, Simon and Mooney, Graham. “Urbanization, Mortality, and the Standard of Living Debate: New Estimates of the Expectation of Life at Birth in Nineteenth-Century British Cities,” EconHistR 51 (1998), 84–112, at 104 (life expectancy).
Tan, L. et al., “Climate Patterns in North Central China during the Last 1800 y and Their Possible Driving Forces,” Climates of the Past 7 (2011), 685–92.
Tett, Simon F. B., Betts, Richard, Crowley, Thomas J., Gregory, Jonathan, Johns, Timothy C., Jones, Andy, Osborn, Timothy J., Öström, Elisabeth, Roberts, David L., and Woodage, Margaret J.. “The Impact of Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings on Climate and Hydrology since 1550,” ClimDyn 28 (2007), 25, 27.
Thompson, L. G., Mosley-Thompson, E., Davis, M. E., Henderson, K. A., Brecher, H. H., Zagorodnov, V. S., Mashiotta, T. A., and Lin, P. N. et al., “Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa,” Science 298 (2002): 589–93.
Thompson, L. G., 1992, Quelccaya Ice Core Database. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center-A for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 92–008. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.
Thompson, L. G., Mosley-Thompson, E., Davis, M. E., Lin, P-N., Henderson, K. A., Cole-Dai, J., Bolzan, J. F., and Liu, K-b.. “Late Glacial Stage and Holocene Tropical Ice Core Records from Huascaran, Peru,” Science 269 (1995), 46–50.
UN: World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision. File 1: Total population (both sexes combined) by major area, region and country, annually for 1950–2100 (thousands) United Nations Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs, April 2011 (POP/DB/WPP/Rev.2010/02/F01) available at , accessed August 8, 2012.
von Rad, Ulrich, Schaaf, Michael, Michels, Klaus H., Schulz, Hartmut, Berger, Wolfgang H., and Sirocko, Frank. “A 5000-Yr Record of Climate Change in Varved Sediments from the Oxygen Minimum Zone off Pakistan, Northeastern Arabian Sea,” QuatRes 51 (1999), 39–53.
Weber, Adna F.The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century: A Study in Statistics (New York, 1899), 144–5 (European urban population in 1890).
Whitmore, Thomas M., Turner, B. L., Johnson, Douglas L., Kates, Robert W., and Gottschang, Thomas R.. “Long Term Population Change,” in Turner, B. L. et al., The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past 300 Years (Cambridge, 1990), 27–30.
Wick, Lucia, Lencke, Genry, and Sturm, Michael. “Evidence of Lateglacial and Holocene Climatic Change and Human Impact in Eastern Anatolia: High-Resolution Pollen, Charcoal, Isotopic and Geochemical Records from the Laminated Sediments of Lake Van, Turkey,” Holocene 13 (2003), 665–75.
Wignall, Paul B. “Large Igneous Provinces and Mass Extinctions,” Earth-Science Reviews 53 (2001), 1–33, esp. 18–20, 24–6.
Wrigley, E. A., Davies, R. S., Oeppen, J. E., and Schofield, R. S.. English Population History from Family Reconstitution, 1580–1837 (Cambridge, 1997), 614.
Yancheva, G., Nowaczyk, N. R., Mingram, J., Dulski, P., Schettler, G., Negendank, J. F., Liu, J., Sigman, D. M., Peterson, L. C., and Haug, G. H.. “Influence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone on the East Asian Monsoon,” Nature 445 (2007), 74–7.
Zachos, James, Pagani, Mark, Sloan, Lisa, Thomas, Ellen, and Billups, Katherina. “Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present,” Science 292 (2001), 686–93 (figure 2).
Zakrzewski, Sonia R. “Variations in Ancient Egyptian Stature and Body Proportions,” AJPA 121 (2003), 219–29.
Zielinski, G. A., Mayewski, P. A., Meeker, L. D., Whitlow, S., Twickler, M. S., Morrison, M., Meese, D. A., Gow, A. J., and Alley, R. B.. “Record of Volcanism since 7000 B.C. from the GISP2 Greenland Ice Core and Implications for the Volcano-Climate System,” Science 264 (1994), 948–52.