Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-5g6vh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T04:45:05.616Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

14 - Bladder and bowel indications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2009

By
Giuseppe Brisinda ,
Federica Cadeddu  and
Giorgio Maria
Edited by
Anthony B. Ward  and
Michael P. Barnes
Giuseppe Brisinda
Affiliation:
Department of Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine, University Hospital Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
Federica Cadeddu
Affiliation:
Department of Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine, University Hospital Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
Giorgio Maria
Affiliation:
Department of Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine, University Hospital Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
Anthony B. Ward
Affiliation:
University Hospital of North Staffordshire
Michael P. Barnes
Affiliation:
Hunters Moor Regional Neurological Rehabilitation Centre
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) inhibits neuromuscular transmission and it has become a drug with many indications. The range of clinical applications has grown to encompass several neurological and non-neurological conditions. Over the years, the number of primary clinical publications has grown exponentially, and continues to increase every year. Although BoNT blocks cholinergic nerve endings in the autonomic nervous system, it has also been shown that it does not block non-adrenergic non-cholinergic responses mediated by nitric oxide (NO). This has promoted further interest in using BoNT as a treatment for overactive smooth muscles and sphincters (Table 14.1).

Recent clinical experience of BoNT in urological impaired patients will be described in this chapter. Moreover, understanding the anatomical and functional organization of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) innervation is necessary to understand many features of BoNT action on the GIT and the effect of injecting specific sphincters. This chapter presents current data on the use of BoNT to treat GIT diseases and summarizes recent knowledge on the pathogenesis of GIT disorders due to a dysfunction of the enteric nervous system (ENS).

Urinary bladder indications

Anatomy and physiology of micturition

The two functions of lower urinary tract (LUT) are storage and active expulsion of urine. The LUT consists of the bladder (detrusor muscle bundles) and the urethra. The urethra contains a dual sphincter mechanism. The internal sphincter is a smooth muscle part of the vesical neck and posterior urethra with both adrenergic and cholinergic innervation.

Type
Chapter
Information
Clinical Uses of Botulinum Toxins , pp. 282 - 327
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Brisinda, G. and Maria, G. (2003). Botulinum toxin for spastic GI disorders. Gastrointest. Endosc., 58, 472–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brisinda, G. and Maria, G. (2003). Botulinum toxin in the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Dis. Colon. Rectum, 46, 1144–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brisinda, G., Civello, I. M., Albanese, A. and Maria, G. (2003). Gastrointestinal smooth muscles and sphincters spasms: treatment with botulinum neurotoxin. Curr. Med. Chem., 10, 603–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacKenzie, I., Burnstock, G. and Dolly, J. O. (1982). The effects of purified botulinum neurotoxin type A on cholinergic, adrenergic and non-adrenergic, atropine-resistant autonomic neuromuscular transmission. Neuroscience, 7, 997–1006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathias, C. J. and Bannister, R. (1999). Investigation of autonomic disorders. In Mathias, C. J. and Bannister, R., eds., Autonomic Failure. A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 169–95.Google Scholar
Leippold, T., Reitz, A. and Schurch, B. (2003). Botulinum toxin as a new therapy option for voiding disorders: current state of the art. Eur. Urol., 44, 165–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dykstra, D. D., Sidi, A. A., Scott, A. B., Pagel, J. M. and Goldish, G. D. (1988). Effects of botulinum A toxin on detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in spinal cord injury patients. J. Urol., 139, 919–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beleggia, F., Beccia, E., Imbriani, E., Basciani, M., Intiso, D., Cioffi, R., Simone, P. and Ricci, B. V. (1997). The use of type A botulin toxin in the treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. Arch. Ital. Urol. Androl., 69(Suppl. 1), 61–3.Google ScholarPubMed
Seze, M., Petit, H., Gallien, P., Seze, M. P., Joseph, P. A., Mazaux, J. M. and Barat, M. (2002). Botulinum A toxin and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia: a double-blind lidocaine-controlled study in 13 patients with spinal cord disease. Eur. Urol., 42, 56–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallien, P., Robineau, S., Verin, M., Bot, M. P., Nicolas, B. and Brissot, R. (1998). Treatment of detrusor sphincter dyssynergia by transperineal injection of botulinum toxin. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 79, 715–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parratte, B., Bonniaud, V., Tatu, L., Metton, G., Michel, F., Cosson, A. and Monnier, G. (2003). Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and botulinum toxin. Ann. Readapt. Med. Phys., 46, 319–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petit, H., Wiart, L., Gaujard, E., Breton, F., Ferriere, J. M., Lagueny, A., Joseph, P. A. and Barat, M. (1998). Botulinum A toxin treatment for detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in spinal cord disease. Spinal Cord, 36, 91–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schurch, B., Stohrer, M., Kramer, G., Schmid, D. M., Gaul, G. and Hauri, D. (2000). Botulinum-A toxin for treating detrusor hyperreflexia in spinal cord injured patients: a new alternative to anticholinergic drugs? Preliminary results. J. Urol., 164, 692–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schurch, B., Hodler, J. and Rodic, B. (1997). Botulinum A toxin as a treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in patients with spinal cord injury: MRI controlled transperineal injections. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 63, 474–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dykstra, D. D. and Sidi, A. A. (1990). Treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia with botulinum A toxin: a double-blind study. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 71, 24–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Schurch, B. (1998). Botulinum A toxin in spinal cord injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 79, 1481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schurch, B., Schmid, D. M. and Stohrer, M. (2000). Treatment of neurogenic incontinence with botulinum toxin A. N. Engl. J. Med., 342, 665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reitz, A., Stohrer, M., Kramer, G., Del Popolo, G., Chartier-Kastler, E., Panneck, J., Burgdorfer, H., Gocking, K., Madersbacher, H., Schumacher, S., Richter, R., Tobel, J. and Schurch, B. (2003). European experience of 200 cases treated with botulinum-A toxin injections into the detrusor muscle for neurogenic incontinence. Eur. Urol. Supplements, 2(1), 140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulte-Baukloh, H., Michael, T., Sturzebecher, B. and Knispel, H. H. (2003). Botulinum-A toxin detrusor injection as a novel approach in the treatment of bladder spasticity in children with neurogenic bladder. Eur. Urol., 44, 139–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulte-Baukloh, H., Knispel, H. H. and Michael, T. (2002). Botulinum-A toxin in the treatment of neurogenic bladder in children. Pediatrics, 110, 420–1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulte-Baukloh, H., Michael, T., Schobert, J., Stolze, T. and Knispel, H. H. (2002). Efficacy of botulinum-A toxin in children with detrusor hyperreflexia due to myelomeningocele: preliminary results. Urology, 59, 325–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staehler, M., Sauter, T. and Miller, K. (2003). Long term results prove botulinum toxin A injection in the m. detrusor vesicae to be an alternative to surgery in children with myelomeningocele. Eur. Urol. Supplements, 2(1), 140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radziszewski, P. and Borkowski, A. (2003). Botulinum toxin type A intravesical injections for intractable bladder overactivity. Eur. Urol. Supplements, 2(1), 134.Google Scholar
Phelan, M. W., Franks, M., Somogyi, G. T., Yokoyama, T., Fraser, M. O., Lavelle, J. P., Yoshimura, N. and Chancellor, M. B. (2001). Botulinum toxin urethral sphincter injection to restore bladder emptying in men and women with voiding dysfunction. J. Urol., 165, 1107–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuo, H. C. (2003). Botulinum A toxin urethral injection for the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction. J. Urol., 170, 1908–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maria, G., Destito, A., Lacquaniti, S., Bentivoglio, A. R., Brisinda, G. and Albanese, A. (1998). Relief by botulinum toxin of voiding dysfunction due to prostatitis. Lancet, 352, 625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zermann, D., Ishigooka, M., Schubert, J. and Schmidt, R. A. (2000). Perisphincteric injection of botulinum toxin type A. A treatment option for patients with chronic prostatic pain?Eur. Urol., 38, 393–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollander, J. B. and Diokno, A. C. (1996). Prostatism: benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol. Clin. North Am., 23, 75–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barry, M. J. and Roehrborn, C. G. (2001). Benign prostatic hyperplasia. BMJ, 323, 1042–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clifford, G. M. and Farmer, R. D. (2000). Medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia: a review of the literature. Eur. Urol., 38, 2–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oesterling, J. E. (1995). Benign prostatic hyperplasia. Medical and minimally invasive treatment options. N. Engl. J. Med., 332, 99–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Djavan, B., Madersbacher, S., Klingler, H. C., Ghawidel, K., Basharkhah, A., Hruby, S., Seitz, C. and Marberger, M. (1999). Outcome analysis of minimally invasive treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Tech. Urol., 5, 12–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Roehrborn, C. G., Bartsch, G., Kirby, R., Andriole, G., Boyle, P., Rosette, J., Perrin, P., Ramsey, E., Nordling, J., Campos, F. G. and Arap, S. (2001). Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a comparative, international overview. Urology, 58, 642–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, S. A., Holtgrewe, H. L., Bruskewitz, R., Saltzman, B., Mobley, D., Narayan, P., Lund, R. H., Weiner, S., Wells, G., Cook, T. J., Meehan, A. and Waldstreicher, J. (2001). Comparison of the efficacy and safety of finasteride in older versus younger men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology, 57, 1073–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McConnell, J. D., Barry, M. J. and Bruskewitz, R. C. (1994). Benign prostatic hyperplasia: diagnosis and treatment. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Clin. Pract. Guidel. Quick Ref. Guide Clin., 1–17.Google ScholarPubMed
McConnell, J. D., Bruskewitz, R., Walsh, P., Andriole, G., Lieber, M., Holtgrewe, H. L., Albertsen, P., Roehrborn, C. G., Nickel, J. C., Wang, D. Z., Taylor, A. M. and Waldstreicher, J. (1998). The effect of finasteride on the risk of acute urinary retention and the need for surgical treatment among men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Finasteride Long-Term Efficacy and Safety Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 338, 557–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, P. C. (1996). Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. N. Engl. J. Med., 335, 586–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosette, J. J., Alivizatos, G., Madersbacher, S., Perachino, M., Thomas, D., Desgrandchamps, F. and Wildt, M. (2001). EAU Guidelines on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Eur. Urol., 40, 256–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu-Yao, G. L., Barry, M. J., Chang, C. H., Wasson, J. H. and Wennberg, J. E. (1994). Transurethral resection of the prostate among Medicare beneficiaries in the United States: time trends and outcomes. Prostate Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT). Urology, 44, 692–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyle, P., Robertson, C., Manski, R., Padley, R. J. and Roehrborn, C. G. (2001). Meta-analysis of randomized trials of terazosin in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology, 58, 717–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lepor, H., Williford, W. O., Barry, M. J., Brawer, M. K., Dixon, C. M., Gormley, G., Haakenson, C., Machi, M., Narayan, P. and Padley, R. J. (1996). The efficacy of terazosin, finasteride, or both in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 335, 533–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Narayan, P. and Lepor, H. (2001). Long-term, open-label, phase III multicenter study of tamsulosin in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology, 57, 466–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lepor, H. (1990). Role of long-acting selective alpha-1 blockers in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol. Clin. North Am., 17, 651–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Doggweiler, R., Zermann, D. H., Ishigooka, M. and Schmidt, R. A. (1998). Botox-induced prostatic involution. Prostate, 37, 44–50.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barry, M. J., Fowler, F. J. Jr., O'Leary, M. P., Bruskewitz, R. C., Holtgrewe, H. L. and Mebust, W. K. (1992). Correlation of the American Urological Association symptom index with self-administered versions of the Madsen-Iversen, Boyarsky and Maine Medical Assessment Program symptom indexes. Measurement Committee of the American Urological Association. J. Urol., 148, 1558–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barry, M. J., Fowler, F. J. Jr., O'Leary, M. P., Bruskewitz, R. C., Holtgrewe, H. L., Mebust, W. K. and Cockett, A. T. (1992). The American Urological Association symptom index for benign prostatic hyperplasia. The Measurement Committee of the American Urological Association. J. Urol., 148, 1549–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barry, M. J., Girman, C. J., O'Leary, M. P., Walker-Corkery, E. S., Binkowitz, B. S., Cockett, A. T. and Guess, H. A. (1995). Using repeated measures of symptom score, uroflowmetry and prostate specific antigen in the clinical management of prostate disease. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treatment Outcomes Study Group. J. Urol., 153, 99–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maria, G., Brisinda, G., Civello, I. M., Bentivoglio, A. R., Sganga, G. and Albanese, A. (2003). Relief by botulinum toxin of voiding dysfunction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Urology, 62, 259–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doehring, C. B., Sanda, M. G., Partin, A. W., Sauvageot, J., Juo, H., Beaty, T. H., Epstein, J. I., Hill, G. and Walsh, P. C. (1996). Histopathologic characterization of hereditary benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology, 48, 650–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farnsworth, W. E. (1999). Prostate stroma: physiology. Prostate, 38, 60–72.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McVary, K. T., McKenna, K. E. and Lee, C. (1998). Prostate innervation. Prostate Suppl., 8, 2–13.3.0.CO;2-U>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gup, D. I., Shapiro, E., Baumann, M. and Lepor, H. (1990). Autonomic receptors in human prostate adenomas. J. Urol., 143, 179–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruggieri, M. R., Colton, M. D., Wang, P., Wang, J., Smyth, R. J., Pontari, M. A. and Luthin, G. R. (1995). Human prostate muscarinic receptor subtypes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 274, 976–82.Google ScholarPubMed
Reissing, E. D., Brink, Y. M. and Khalife, S. (1999). Does vaginismus exist? A critical review of the literature. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187(5), 261–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maria, G., Cadeddu, F., Brisinda, D., Brandara, F. and Brisinda, G. (2005). Management of bladder, prostatic and pelvic floor disorders with botulinum neurotoxin. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 12(3), 247–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brisinda, G., Maria, G., Bentivoglio, A. R. and Albanese, A. (2002). The role of botulinum toxin in gastrointestinal disorders. In Brin, M. F., Hallett, M. and Jankovic, J., eds., Scientific and Therapeutic Aspects of Botulinum Toxin. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 269–85.Google Scholar
Brisinda, G., Maria, G. and Albanese, A. (2002). Anisme, fissure anale. In Ranoux, D. and Gury, C., eds., Manuel d'utilisation pratique de la toxine botulique. Marseille: Solal, editeur, pp. 201–17.Google Scholar
Albanese, A., Brisinda, G. and Mathias, C. J. (2001). The autonomic nervous system and gastrointestinal disorders. In Appenzeller, O., ed., The Autonomic Nervous System. Part II. Dysfunctions. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 613–63.Google Scholar
Stebbing, J. F. (1998). Nitric oxide synthase neurones and neuromuscular behaviour of the anorectum. Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl., 80, 137–45.Google ScholarPubMed
Stebbing, J. F., Brading, A. F. and Mortensen, N. J. (1997). Role of nitric oxide in relaxation of the longitudinal layer of rectal smooth muscle. Dis. Colon Rectum, 40, 706–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stebbing, J. F., Brading, A. F. and Mortensen, N. J. (1996). Nitric oxide and the rectoanal inhibitory reflex: retrograde neuronal tracing reveals a descending nitrergic rectoanal pathway in a guinea-pig model. Br. J. Surg., 83, 493–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Battish, R., Cao, G. Y., Lynn, R. B., Chakder, S. and Rattan, S. (2000). Heme oxygenase-2 distribution in anorectum: colocalization with neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 278, G148–G155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chakder, S., Cao, G. Y., Lynn, R. B. and Rattan, S. (2000). Heme oxygenase activity in the internal anal sphincter: effects of nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerve stimulation. Gastroenterology, 118, 477–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albanese, A., Bentivoglio, A. R., Cassetta, E., Viggiano, A., Maria, G. and Gui, D. (1995). Review article: the use of botulinum toxin in the alimentary tract. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 9, 599–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goyal, R. K. and Hirano, I. (1996). The enteric nervous system. N. Engl. J. Med., 334, 1106–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathias, C. J. and Bannister, R. (1999). Autonomic Failure.A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lund, J. N. and Scholefield, J. H. (1996). Aetiology and treatment of anal fissure. Br. J. Surg., 83, 1335–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, A. C., Sumfest, J. M. and Rozwadowski, J. V. (1989). Histopathology of the internal anal sphincter in chronic anal fissure. Dis. Colon Rectum, 32, 680–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lund, J. N., Binch, C., McGrath, J., Sparrow, R. A. and Scholefield, J. H. (1999). Topographical distribution of blood supply to the anal canal. Br. J. Surg., 86, 496–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schouten, W. R., Briel, J. W., Auwerda, J. J. and Graaf, E. J. (1996). Ischaemic nature of anal fissure. Br. J. Surg., 83, 63–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maria, G., Brisinda, D., Ruggieri, M. P., Civello, I. M. and Brisinda, G. (1999). Identification of anti-endothelial cell antibodies in patients with chronic anal fissure. Surgery, 126, 535–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maria, G. and Brisinda, G. (2003). Chronic anal fissure: advances and insights in pathophysiology and treatment. Gastroenterology, 125, 995–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Regadas, F. S., Batista, L. K., Albuquerque, J. L. and Capaz, F. R. (1993). Pharmacological study of the internal and sphincter in patients with chronic anal fissure. Br. J. Surg., 80, 799–801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atienza, P. (1998). Effect of botulinum toxin in the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol., 22, 654–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Baron, K. (2000). Anal fissure: unclear causes but promising new treatments. JAAPA, 13, 45–55.Google ScholarPubMed
Espi, A., Melo, F., Minguez, M., Garcia-Granero, E., Mora, F., Esclapez, P., Benages, A. and Lledo, S. (1997). Therapeutic use of botulinum toxin in anal fissure. Int. J. Colorectal. Dis., 12, 163.Google Scholar
Fernandez, L. F., Conde, F. R., Rios, R. A., Garcia, I. J., Cainzos, F. M. and Potel, L. J. (1999). Botulinum toxin for the treatment of anal fissure. Dig. Surg., 16, 515–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gui, D., Cassetta, E., Anastasio, G., Bentivoglio, A. R., Maria, G. and Albanese, A. (1994). Botulinum toxin for chronic anal fissure. Lancet, 344, 1127–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jost, W. H. and Schrank, B. (1999). Repeat botulin toxin injections in anal fissure: in patients with relapse and after insufficient effect of first treatment. Dig. Dis. Sci., 44, 1588–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jost, W. H. (1999). Incidence of anal fissure in nonselected neurological patients. Dis. Colon Rectum, 42, 828.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jost, W. H. (1997). One hundred cases of anal fissure treated with botulin toxin: early and long-term results. Dis. Colon Rectum, 40, 1029–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jost, W. H., Schanne, S., Schimrigk, K. and Mlitz, H. (1995). Therapy of anal fissure using botulinum toxin: perianal thrombosis as a complication. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr., 120, 665.Google ScholarPubMed
Jost, W. H., Schimrigk, K. and Mlitz, H. (1995). Riddle of the sphincters in anal fissure. Dis. Colon Rectum, 38, 555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jost, W. H. and Schimrigk, K. (1995). Botulinum toxin in therapy of anal fissure. Lancet, 345, 188–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jost, W. H. and Schimrigk, K. (1994). Therapy of anal fissure using botulin toxin. Dis. Colon Rectum, 37, 1340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jost, W. H. and Schimrigk, K. (1993). Use of botulinum toxin in anal fissure. Dis. Colon Rectum, 36, 974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khademi, A. and Feldman, D. M. (2000). A comparison of combination of botox (botulinum toxin) and nitroglycerin in the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 95, 2538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsey, I., Jones, O. M., Cunningham, C., George, B. D. and Mortensen, N. J. (2003). Botulinum toxin as second-line therapy for chronic anal fissure failing 0.2 per cent glyceryl trinitrate. Dis. Colon Rectum, 46, 361–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lock, G. and Holstege, A. (1999). Botulinum toxin in treatment of chronic anal fissure. Z. Gastroenterol., 37, 253–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Lysy, J., Israelit-Yatzkan, Y., Sestiery-Ittah, M., Weksler-Zangen, S., Keret, D. and Goldin, E. (2001). Topical nitrates potentiate the effect of botulinum toxin in the treatment of patients with refractory anal fissure. Gut, 48, 221–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madalinski, M., Jagiello, K., Labon, M., Adrich, Z. and Kryszewski, A. (1999). Botulinum toxin injection into only one point in the external anal sphincter: a modification of the treatment for chronic anal fissure. Endoscopy, 31, S63.Google ScholarPubMed
Madalinski, M. H. (1999). Nonsurgical treatment modalities for chronic anal fissure using botulinum toxin. Gastroenterology, 117, 516–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madalinski, M. H. and Slawek, J. (2003). The higher doses of botulinum toxin and the potentiate effect of its action after nitric oxide donors application for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Surgery, 133, 455–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madalinski, M. H. (2003). Higher or lower doses of botulinum toxin for the treatment of chronic anal fissure?Gastroenterology, 124, 1165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madoff, R. D. and Fleshman, J. W. (2003). AGA technical review on the diagnosis and care of patients with anal fissure. Gastroenterology, 124, 235–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCallion, K. and Gardiner, K. R. (2001). Progress in the understanding and treatment of chronic anal fissure. Postgrad. Med. J., 77, 753–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minguez, M., Melo, F., Espi, A., Garcia-Granero, E., Mora, F., Lledo, S. and Benages, A. (1999). Therapeutic effects of different doses of botulinum toxin in chronic anal fissure. Dis. Colon Rectum, 42, 1016–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minguez, M., Herreros, B., Espi, A., Garcia-Granero, E., Sanchiz, V., Mora, F., Lledo, S. and Benages, A. (2002). Long-term follow-up (42 months) of chronic anal fissure after healing with botulinum toxin. Gastroenterology, 123, 112–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minguez, M., Herreros, B. and Benages, A. (2003). Chronic anal fissure. Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol., 6, 257–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, R. L. (2003). Treatment of anal fissure. BMJ, 327, 354–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tilney, H. S., Heriot, A. G. and Cripps, N. P. (2001). Complication of botulinum toxin injections for anal fissure. Dis. Colon Rectum, 44, 1721–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brisinda, D., Maria, G., Fenici, R., Civello, I. M. and Brisinda, G. (2003). Safety of botulinum neurotoxin treatment in patients with chronic anal fissure. Dis. Colon Rectum, 46, 419–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brisinda, G., Maria, G., Sganga, G., Bentivoglio, A. R., Albanese, A. and Castagneto, M. (2002). Effectiveness of higher doses of botulinum toxin to induce healing in patients with chronic anal fissures. Surgery, 131, 179–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brisinda, G., Maria, G., Bentivoglio, A. R., Cassetta, E., Gui, D. and Albanese, A. (1999). A comparison of injections of botulinum toxin and topical nitroglycerin ointment for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. N. Engl. J. Med., 341, 65–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maria, G., Brisinda, G., Bentivoglio, A. R., Cassetta, E., Gui, D. and Albanese, A. (2000). Influence of botulinum toxin site of injections on healing rate in patients with chronic anal fissure. Am. J. Surg., 179, 46–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maria, G., Brisinda, G., Bentivoglio, A. R., Cassetta, E., Gui, D. and Albanese, A. (1998). Botulinum toxin injections in the internal anal sphincter for the treatment of chronic anal fissure: long-term results after two different dosage regimens. Ann. Surg., 228, 664–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maria, G., Cassetta, E., Gui, D., Brisinda, G., Bentivoglio, A. R. and Albanese, A. (1998). A comparison of botulinum toxin and saline for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. N. Engl. J. Med., 338, 217–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mentes, B. B., Irkorucu, O., Akin, M., Leventoglu, S. and Tatlicioglu, E. (2003). Comparison of botulinum toxin injection and lateral internal sphincterotomy for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Dis. Colon Rectum, 46, 232–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siproudhis, L., Sebille, V., Pigot, F., Hemery, P., Juguet, F. and Bellissant, E. (2003). Lack of effficacy of botulinum toxin in chronic anal fissure. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 18, 515–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jost, W. H. and Schrank, B. (1999). Chronic anal fissure treated with botulinum toxin injections: a dose-finding study with Dysport. Colorectal Dis., 3, 26–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, P. F., Watkins, M. J., Hall, H. S. and Hall, A. W. (1996). The management of chronic fissure in ano with botulinum toxin. J. R. Coll. Surg. Edinb., 41, 235–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Madalinski, M. H., Slawek, J., Zbytek, B., Duzynski, W., Adrich, Z., Jagiello, K. and Kryszewski, A. (2001). Topical nitrates and the higher doses of botulinum toxin for chronic anal fissure. Hepatogastroenterology, 48, 977–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Joo, J. S., Agachan, F., Wolff, B., Nogueras, J. J. and Wexner, S. D. (1996). Initial North American experience with botulinum toxin type A for treatment of anismus. Dis. Colon Rectum, 39, 1107–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ron, Y., Avni, Y., Lukovetski, A., Wardi, J., Geva, D., Birkenfeld, S. and Halpern, Z. (2001). Botulinum toxin type-A in therapy of patients with anismus. Dis. Colon Rectum, 44, 1821–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shafik, A. and El Sibai, O. (1998). Botulin toxin in the treatment of nonrelaxing puborectalis syndrome. Dig. Surg., 15, 347–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallan, R. I., Williams, N. S., Melling, J., Waldron, D. J., Womack, N. R. and Morrison, J. F. (1988). Treatment of anismus in intractable constipation with botulinum A toxin. Lancet, 2, 714–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albanese, A., Brisinda, G., Bentivoglio, A. R. and Maria, G. (2003). Treatment of outlet obstruction constipation in Parkinson's disease with botulinum neurotoxin A. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 98, 1439–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albanese, A., Maria, G., Bentivoglio, A. R., Brisinda, G., Cassetta, E. and Tonali, P. (1997). Severe constipation in Parkinson's disease relieved by botulinum toxin. Mov. Disord., 12, 764–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maria, G., Brisinda, G., Bentivoglio, A. R., Albanese, A., Sganga, G. and Castagneto, M. (2001). Anterior rectocele due to obstructed defecation relieved by botulinum toxin. Surgery, 129, 524–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sailer, M., Bussen, D., Debus, E. S., Fuchs, K. H. and Thiede, A. (1998). Quality of life in patients with benign anorectal disorders. Br. J. Surg., 85, 1716–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christiansen, J., Bruune, E., Skjoldbye, B. and Hagen, K. (2001). Chronic idiopathic anal pain. Dis. Colon Rectum, 44, 661–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langer, J. C. and Birnbaum, E. (1997). Preliminary experience with intrasphincteric botulinum toxin for persistent constipation after pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease. J. Pediatr. Surg., 32, 1059–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minkes, R. K. and Langer, J. C. (2000). A prospective study of botulinum toxin for internal anal sphincter hypertonicity in children with Hirschsprung's disease. J. Pediatr. Surg., 35, 1733–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, J., Duffy, D., Boyt, N., Aghahoseini, A., Alexander, D. and Leveson, S. (2003). Botulinum toxin (botox) reduces pain after hemorrhoidectomy: results of a double-blind, randomized study. Dis. Colon Rectum, 46, 1097–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalloo, A. N. and Pasricha, P. J. (1996). Therapy of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America, 6(1), 117–25.Google ScholarPubMed
Toouli, J. and Craig, A. (1999). Clinical aspects of sphincter of Oddi function and dysfunction. Current Gastroenterology Reports, 1(2), 116–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corazziari, E., Shaffer, E. A., Hogan, W. A., Sherman, S. and Toouli, J. (1999). Functional disorders of the biliary tree and pancreas. Gut, 45(Suppl. 2), II48–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craig, A. and Toouli, J. (2001). Sphincterotomy for biliary sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD001509.Google Scholar
McCutcheon, A. D. (2000). Neurological damage and duodeno-pancreatic reflux in the pathogenesis of alcoholic pancreatitis. Archives of Surgery, 135(3), 278–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, A. and Toouli, J. (2002). Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: is there a role for medical therapy?Current Gastroenterology Reports, 4(2), 172–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wehrmann, T., Schmitt, T. H., Arndt, A., Lembcke, B., Caspary, W. F. and Seifert, H. (2000). Endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin in patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis due to pancreatic sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 14(11), 1469–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gorelick, A., Barnett, J., Chey, W., Anderson, M. and Elta, G. (2004). Botulinum toxin after biliary sphincterotomy. Endoscopy, 36(2), 170–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piccinni, G., Angrisano, A., Testini, M. and Bonomo, G. M. (2004). Diagnosing and treating sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: a critical literature review and re-evaluation. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 38(4), 350–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bladder and bowel indications
    • By Giuseppe Brisinda, Department of Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine, University Hospital Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy, Federica Cadeddu, Department of Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine, University Hospital Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy, Giorgio Maria, Department of Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine, University Hospital Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
  • Edited by Anthony B. Ward, Michael P. Barnes
  • Book: Clinical Uses of Botulinum Toxins
  • Online publication: 02 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544842.014
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bladder and bowel indications
    • By Giuseppe Brisinda, Department of Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine, University Hospital Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy, Federica Cadeddu, Department of Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine, University Hospital Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy, Giorgio Maria, Department of Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine, University Hospital Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
  • Edited by Anthony B. Ward, Michael P. Barnes
  • Book: Clinical Uses of Botulinum Toxins
  • Online publication: 02 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544842.014
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bladder and bowel indications
    • By Giuseppe Brisinda, Department of Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine, University Hospital Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy, Federica Cadeddu, Department of Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine, University Hospital Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy, Giorgio Maria, Department of Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine, University Hospital Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
  • Edited by Anthony B. Ward, Michael P. Barnes
  • Book: Clinical Uses of Botulinum Toxins
  • Online publication: 02 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544842.014
Available formats
×