Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 29
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
May 2018
Print publication year:
2018
Online ISBN:
9781108644334

Book description

Canonical theories of political economy struggle to explain patterns of distribution in authoritarian regimes. In this Element, Albertus, Fenner, and Slater challenge existing models and introduce an alternative, supply-side, and state-centered theory of 'coercive distribution'. Authoritarian regimes proactively deploy distributive policies as advantageous strategies to consolidate their monopoly on power. These policies contribute to authoritarian durability by undercutting rival elites and enmeshing the masses in lasting relations of coercive dependence. The authors illustrate the patterns, timing, and breadth of coercive distribution with global and Latin American quantitative evidence and with a series of historical case studies from regimes in Latin America, Asia, and the Middle East. By recognizing distribution's coercive dimensions, they account for empirical patterns of distribution that do not fit with quasi-democratic understandings of distribution as quid pro quo exchange. Under authoritarian conditions, distribution is less an alternative to coercion than one of its most effective expressions.

References

Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James. 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Albertus, Michael. 2015. Autocracy and Redistribution: The Politics of Land Reform. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Albertus, Michael, Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto, Magaloni, Beatriz, and Weingast, Barry. 2016. “Authoritarian Survival and Poverty Traps: Land Reform in Mexico.” World Development 77: 154170.
Albertus, Michael and Kaplan, Oliver. 2013. “Land Reform as a Counterinsurgency Policy: Evidence from Colombia.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 57(2): 198231.
Albertus, Michael and Menaldo, Victor. 2012. “If You’re Against Them You’re With Us: The Effect of Expropriation on Autocratic Survival.” Comparative Political Studies 45 (8): 9731003.
Albertus, Michael and Menaldo, Victor. 2014. “Gaming Democracy: Elite Dominance during Transition and the Prospects for Redistribution.” British Journal of Political Science 44 (3): 575603.
Albertus, Michael, Brambor, Thomas, and Ceneviva, Ricardo. 2018. “Land Inequality and Rural Unrest: Theory and Evidence from Brazil.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62(3): 557596.
Alesina, Alberto, and Rodrik, Dani. 1994. “Distributive Politics and Economic Growth.Quarterly Journal of Economics 109: 465–90.
Alesina, Alberto and La Ferrara, Eliana. 2004. “Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, no. 10313.
Alvarez, José. 2004. Cuba’s Agricultural Sector. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Amemiya, Takeshi. 1973. “Regression Analysis When the Dependent Variable Is Truncated Normal.” Econometrica 41(6): 9971016.
Atkinson, Anthony. 2015. Inequality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ayubi, Nazih N. M. 1982. “Bureaucratic Inflation and Administrative Inefficiency: The Deadlock in Egyptian Administration.” Middle Eastern Studies 18(3): 286299.
Baland, Jean Marie, and Robinson, James. 2008. “Land and Power: Theory and Evidence from Chile.” American Economic Review 98(5): 17371765.
Barro, Robert, and Sala-i-Martin, Xavier. 1995. Economic GrowthNew York: McGraw Hill.
Bartels, Larry. 2005. “Homer Gets a Tax Cut: Inequality and Public Policy in the American Mind.” Perspectives on Politics 3(1): 1531.
Bennett, Andrew and Checkel, Jeffrey, eds. 2014. Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Berry, Albert, and Cline, William. 1979. Agrarian Structure and Productivity in Developing Countries. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Besley, Timothy, and Burgess, Robin. 2000. “Land Reform, Poverty Reduction, and Growth: Evidence from India.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 115(2): 389430.
Bianchi, Robert. 1989. Unruly Corporatism: Associational Life in Twentieth-Century Egypt. New York: Oxford University Press.
Blaydes, Lisa. 2010. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Boix, Carles. 2003. Democracy and Redistribution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Boix, Carles, Miller, Michael, and Rosato, Sebastian. 2013. “A Complete Dataset of Political Regimes, 1800–2007.” Comparative Political Studies 46(12): 15231554.
Bräutigam, Deborah. 1994. “What Can Africa Learn from Taiwan? Political Economy, Industrial Policy, and Adjustment.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 32(1): 111138.
Brownlee, Jason. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Smith, Alastair, Siverson, Randolph M., and Morrow, James D.. 2003. The Logic of Political Survival. Boston, MA: MIT Press.
Burn, Melissa M. 2006. “Loyalty and Order: Clan Identity and Political Preference in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, 2005.” PhD Dissertation, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA.
Cheibub, José Antonio, Gandhi, Jennifer, and Vreeland, James Raymond. 2010. “Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited.Public Choice 143(1–2): 67101.
Coatsworth, John. 2008. “Inequality, Institutions and Economic Growth in Latin America.” Journal of Latin American Studies 40(3): 545569.
Cockcroft, James. 1983. Mexico: Class Formation, Capital Accumulation and the State. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Collins, Kathleen. 2002. “Clans, Pacts, and Politics in Central Asia.” Journal of Democracy 13(3): 137152.
Cornelius, Wayne. 1975. Politics and the Migrant Poor in Mexico City. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Crouch, Harold. 1996. Government and Society in Malaysia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Crystal, Jill. 1990. Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
de Alcántara, Cynthia. 1976. Modernizing Mexican Agriculture: Socioeconomic Implications of Technological Change, 1940-1970. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
Deeb, Marius. 1979. Party Politics in Egypt: The Wafd and Its Rivals, 1919–1939. Ithaca, NY: Ithaca Press.
de Janvry, Alain. 1981. The Agrarian Question and Reformism in Latin America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
de Janvry, Alain, Gonzalez-Navarro, Marco, and Sadoulet, Elisabeth. 2014. “Are Land Reforms Granting Complete Property Rights Politically Risky? Electoral Outcomes of Mexico’s Certification Program.” Journal of Development Economics 110: 216225.
De Soto, Hernando. 2000. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New York: Basic Books.
Deininger, Klaus. 2003. “Land Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction.” Washington, DC: World Bank.
Deininger, Klaus and Chamorro, Juan Sebastian. 2004. “Investment and Equity Effects of Land Regularisation: The Case of Nicaragua.” Agricultural Economics 30(2): 101116.
Deininger, Klaus, Ali, Daniel Ayalew, and Yamano, Takashi. 2008. “Legal Knowledge and Economic Development: The Case of Land Rights in Uganda.” Land Economics 84(4): 593619.
Demsetz, Harold. 1967. “Toward a Theory of Property Rights.”  American Economic Review 57(2): 347359.
Dickson, Bruce. 1993. “The Lessons of Defeat: The Reorganization of the Kuomintang on Taiwan, 1950–52.” The China Quarterly 133: 5684.
Doner, Richard, Ritchie, Bryan, and Slater, Dan. 2005. “Systemic Vulnerability and the Origins of Developmental States: Northeast and Southeast Asia in Comparative Perspective.International Organization 59(2): 327361.
Domínguez, Jorge. 1978. Cuba: Order and Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Easterly, William. 2001. “Can Institutions Resolve Ethnic Conflict?Economic Development and Cultural Change 49(4): 687706.
Easterly, William and Levine, Ross. 1997. “Africa’s Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(4): 12031250.
Eckstein, Salomón. 1968. El Marco Macroeconómico del Problema Agrario Mexicano. Mexico: Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias.
El-Ghobashy, Mona. 2011. “The Praxis of the Egyptian Revolution.” Middle East Report 41(258): 213.
Engerman, Stanley, and Sokoloff, Kenneth. 2002. “Factor Endowments, Inequality, and Paths of Development Among New World Economies.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, No. 9259.
Feder, Gershon, and Feeny, David. 1991.”Land Tenure and Property Rights: Theory and Implications for Development Policy.”  World Bank Economic Review 5(1): 135153.
Fenner, Sofia. 2016. “Life after Co-optation.” PhD dissertation, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
Fu, Diana. 2018. Mobilizing Without the Masses: Control and Contention in China. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Furnivall, John. 1948. Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India. New York: New York University Press.
Galor, Oded, Moav, Omer, and Vollrath, Dietrich. 2009. “Inequality in Landownership, the Emergence of Human-Capital Promoting Institutions, and the Great Divergence.”  Review of Economic Studies 76(1): 143179.
Gandhi, Jennifer, and Przeworski, Adam. 2007. “Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats.Comparative Political Studies 40(11): 12791301.
George, Cherian. 2000. Singapore: The Air-Conditioned Nation. Singapore: Landmark Books.
Gilens, Martin, and Page, Benjamin. 2014. “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.” Perspectives on Politics 12(3): 564581.
Goldstein, Markus, and Udry, Christopher. 2008. “The Profits of Power: Land Rights and Agricultural Investment in Ghana.” Journal of Political Economy 116(6): 9811022.
Goemans, Hein, Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede, and Chiozza, Giacomo. 2009. “Introducing Archigos: A Dataset of Political Leaders.” Journal of Peace Research 46(2): 269283.
Gordon, Joel. 1989. “The False Hopes of 1950: The Wafd’s Last Hurrah and the Demise of Egypt’s Old Order.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 21(2): 193214.
Hack, Karl. 1999. “The Malayan Emergency: The Role of Special Branch and Intelligence.” Working Paper, Institute for Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore.
Haggard, Stephan, and Kaufman, Robert R.1995. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hay, Rupert. 1955. “The Impact of the Oil Industry on the Persian Gulf Shaykhdoms.” Middle East Journal 9: 361372.
Hightower, Victoria P. 2013. “Pearling and Political Power in the Trucial States, 1850–1930: Debts, Taxes, and Politics.” Journal of Arabian Studies 3(2): 215231.
Hsiau, A-Chin. 1997. “Language Ideology in Taiwan: The KMT’s Language Policy, the Tai-Yu Language Movement, and Ethnic Politics.Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 18(4): 302315.
Hopper, Matthew S. 2015. Slaves of One Master: Globalization and Slavery in Arabia in the Age of Empire. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Huntington, Samuel. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Ismail, Salwa. 2013. “Urban Subalterns in the Arab Revolutions: Cairo and Damascus in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 55(4): 865894.
Ismail, Salwa. 2006. Political Life in Cairo’s New Quarters: Encountering the Everyday State. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Kassem, May. 1999. In the Guise of Democracy: Governance in Contemporary Egypt. Reading, NY: Ithaca Press.
Koo, Anthony. 1966. “Economic Consequences of Land Reform in Taiwan.” Asian Survey 6(3): 150157.
Kourí, Emilio. 2015, January. “La invención del ejido.” Nexos.
Kuhonta, Erik Martinez 2011. The Institutional Imperative: The Politics of Equitable Development in Southeast Asia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Kuo, Shirley, Fei, John, and Ranis, Gustav. 1981. The Taiwan Success Story. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Lapp, Nancy. 2004. Landing Votes: Representation and Land Reform in Latin America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lee, Ching Kwan. 2007. Against the Law: Labor Protests in China’s Rustbelt and Sunbelt. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Levinson, Jerome, and de Onís, Juan. 1970. The Alliance That Lost Its Way: A Critical Report on the Alliance for Progress. Chicago, IL: Quadrangle Books.
Loh, Kah Seng. 2013. Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore. Honolulu, HI: Asian Studies Association of Australia.
Lorimer, John Gordon. 1915. Gazeteer of the Persian Gulf, ‘Oman, and Central Arabia, vol. II. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing.
Lust, Ellen. 2009. “Competitive Clientelism in the Middle East.” Journal of Democracy 20(3): 122–35.
Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mainwaring, Scott, Brinks, Daniel, and Aníbal, Pérez-Liñán. 2001. “Classifying Political Regimes in Latin.” Studies in Comparative International Development 36(1): 3765.
Mardini, Zuhayr. 1984. Al-ladudan: al-wafd wa-l-ikhwan. Beirut: Dar Iqra’.
Matsuzaki, Reo. 2012. “Institutions by Imposition: Colonial Lessons for Contemporary State-Building.” PhD Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Mauzy, Diane and Milne, R. S.. 2002. Singapore Politics Under the People’s Action Party. London: Routledge.
Mears, Leon. 1962. “Agriculture and Food Situation in Cuba.” Economic Research Service, No. 28.
Meltzer, Allan, and Richard, Scott. 1981. “A Rational Theory of the Size of Government.” Journal of Political Economy 89: 914–27.
Migdal, Joel. 1988. Strong Societies and Weak States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Mitchell, Timothy. 2002. Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-politics, Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mitchell, Timothy. 1998. “The Market’s Place,” in Hopkins, Nicholas S. and Westergaard, Kirsten, eds., Directions of Change in Rural Egypt. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 1940.
Mitchell, Timothy. 1991. “The Limits of the State: Beyond Statist Approaches and Their Critics.” The American Political Science Review 85(1): 7796.
Montalvo, Jose, and Reynal-Querol, Marta. 2005. “Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars.” American Economic Review 95(3): 796816.
Morrow, James, de Mesquita, Bruce Bueno, Siverson, Randolph, and Smith, Alastair. 2008. “Retesting Selectorate Theory: Separating the Effects of W from Other Elements of Democracy.American Political Science Review 102(3): 393400.
Moore, Barrington Jr.. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Myers, Ramon. 2009. “Towards an Enlightened Authoritarian Polity: The Kuomintang Central Reform Committee on Taiwan, 1950–1952.” Journal of Contemporary China 18(59): 185199.
North, Douglass, and Thomas, Robert. 1973The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History. New York: Cambridge University Press.
O’Connor, James. 1968. “Agrarian Reforms in Cuba, 1958–1963.” Science and Society 32(2): 169217.
Ostrom, Elinor1990. Governing the Commons. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ostwald, Kai, and Riambau, Guillem. 2017. “Voting Behavior When Votes are Potentially Traceable.” Paper presented at Annual Meetings of the Western Political Science Association, Vancouver, April.
Otero, Gerardo. 1989. “Agrarian Reform in Mexico: Capitalism and the State.” In Thiesenhusen, William, ed. Searching for Agrarian Reform in Latin America. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 276304.
Palazuelos, Enrique and Fernandez, Rafael. 2012. “Kazakhstan: Oil Endowment and Oil Empowerment.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 45(1–2): 2737.
Pepinsky, Thomas. 2009. Economic Crises and the Breakdown of Authoritarian Regimes: Indonesia and Malaysia in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Perry, Elizabeth. 1997. “From Native Place to Workplace: Labor Origins and Outcomes of China’s Danwei System.” In Lu, Xiaobu and Perry, Elizabeth (eds.), Danwei: The Changing Chinese Workplace in Historical and Comparative Perspective. New York: M. E. Sharpe.
Persson, Torsten, and Tabellini, Guido. 2002. Political Economics: Explaining Economic Policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Posusney, Marsha Pripstein. 1997. Labor and the State in Egypt: Workers, Unions, and Economic Restructuring. New York: Columbia University Press.
Rajan, Raghuram, and Zingales, Luigi. 2003. “The Great Reversals: The Politics of Financial Development in the Twentieth Century.” Journal of Financial Economics 69(1): 550.
Rajan, Raghuram and Ramcharan, Rodney. 2011. “Land and Credit: A Study of the Political Economy of Banking in the United States in the Early 20th Century.” Journal of Finance 66(6): 18951931.
Read, Benjamin L. 2012. Roots of the State: Neighborhood Organization and Social Networks in Beijing and Taipei. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Rodan, Garry. 1996. “State-Society Relations and Political Opposition in Singapore.” In Rodan, Garry (ed.), Political Oppositions in Industrializing Asia. London: Routledge.
Rodrik, Dani. 1995. “Getting Interventions Right: How South Korea and Taiwan Grew Rich.” Economic Policy 10(20): 53107.
Roemer, John. 1998. “Why the Poor Do Not Expropriate the Rich: An Old Argument in New Garb.” Journal of Public Economics 70(3): 399424.
Ross, Michael L. 2001. “Does Oil Hinder Democracy?World Politics 53(3): 325361.
Saab, Gabriel S. 1967. The Egyptian Agrarian Reform: 1952–1962. London: Oxford University Press.
Sanderson, Steven. 1986. The Transformation of Mexican Agriculture. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sanderson, Susan R. Walsh. 1984Land Reform in Mexico: 1910—1980. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Saulniers, Alfred. 1988. Public Enterprises in Peru: Public Sector Growth and Reform. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Schatz, Edward. 2004. Modern Clan Politics: The Power of “Blood” in Kazakhstan and Beyond. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Shiau, Chyuan-jeng. 1984. “The Political Economy of Rice Policies in Taiwan, 1945–1980.” PhD Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Skocpol, Theda and Somers, Margaret. 1980. “The Uses of Comparative History in Macrosocial Inquiry.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 22(2): 174197.
Scott, James C. 1999. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Scott, James C. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Seragaldin, Samia. 2000. The Cairo House: A Novel. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
Shapiro, Ian. 2002. “Why the Poor Don’t Soak the Rich.” Daedalus 131(1): 118128.
Simmons, Erica and Smith, Nicholas Rush. 2017. “Comparison with an Ethnographic Sensibility.” PS: Political Science and Politics 50(1): 126130.
Sims, David. 2010. Understanding Cairo: Logic of a City Out of Control. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
Singh, Prerna and vom Hau, Matthias. 2016. “Ethnicity in Time: Politics, History, and the Relationship between Ethnic Diversity and Public Goods Provision.Comparative Political Studies 49(10): 13031340.
Slater, Dan. 2010. Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Slater, Dan and Fenner, Sofia. 2011. “State Power and Staying Power: Infrastructural Mechanisms and Authoritarian Durability.Journal of International Affairs 65(1): 1529.
Slater, Dan and Wong, Joseph. 2013. “The Strength to Concede: Ruling Parties and Democratization in Developmental Asia.Perspectives on Politics 11(3): 717733.
Slater, Dan and Ziblatt, Daniel. 2013. “The Enduring Indispensability of the Controlled Comparison.Comparative Political Studies 46(10): 13011327.
Solinger, Dorothy. 1999. Contesting Citizenship in Urban China: Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Sonbol, Amira El Azhary. 2000. The New Mamluks: Egyptian Society and Modern Feudalism. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
Stokes, Susan C., Dunning, Thad, Nazareno, Marcelo, and Brusco, Valeria. 2013. Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism: The Puzzle of Distributive Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Svolik, Milan. 2012. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Tai, Hung-Chao. 1974. Land Reform and Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Themnér, Lotta, and Wallensteen, Peter. 2013. “Armed Conflict, 1946–2012.” Journal of Peace Research 50(4): 509521.
Thiesenhusen, William, ed. 1989. Searching for Agrarian Reform in Latin America. Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman.
Thiesenhusen, William, ed. 1995. Broken Promises: Agrarian Reform and the Latin American Campesino. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Thomas, Hugh. 1971. Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom. New York: Harper & Row.
Trocki, Carl. 2006. Singapore: Wealth, Power, and the Culture of Control. New York: Routledge.
United States Energy Information Administration. 2017. “Country Analysis Brief: Kazakhstan.” Available at www.ieee.es/en/Galerias/fichero/OtrasPublicaciones/Internacional/2017/EIA_Country_Aanlysis_Kazakhstan_10may2017.pdf.
Valdés Paz, Juan. 1997. Procesos Agrarios en Cuba, 1959–1995. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales.
Vanhanen, Tatu. 2009. Index of Power Resources (IPR) 2007. FSD2420, version 1.0. Tampere: Finnish Social Science Data Archive.
Vu, Tuong. 2010. Paths to Development in Asia: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Waldner, David. 1999. State Building and Late Development. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Wallace, Jeremy. 2014. Cities and Stability: Urbanization, Redistribution, and Regime Survival in China. New York: Oxford University Press.
Walsh, Katherine. 2012. “Putting Inequality in Its Place: Rural Consciousness and the Power of Perspective.” American Political Science Review 1(1): 116.
Walsh Sanderson, Susan. 1984. Land Reform in Mexico: 1910–1980. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Warriner, Doreen. 1962. Land Reform and Development in the Middle East: A Study of Egypt, Syria, and Iraq. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wedeen, Lisa. 1999. Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Woodward, Susan. 1995. Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Yom, Sean. 2015. From Resilience to Revolution: How Foreign Interventions Destabilize the Middle East. New York: Columbia University Press.
Zahlan, Rosemarie Said. 1989. The Making of the Modern Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman. London: Routledge.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.