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11 - Emotion, Temperament, Vulnerability, and Development: Evidence from Nonhuman Primate Models

from SECTION THREE - NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM: THEORY, METHODS, AND MEASURES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 July 2009

By
Kristine Erickson ,
J. Dee Higley  and
Jay Schulkin
Edited by
Louis A. Schmidt  and
Sidney J Segalowitz
Kristine Erickson
Affiliation:
Research Scientist with the Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Md
J. Dee Higley
Affiliation:
Professor of Psychology Brigham Young University
Jay Schulkin
Affiliation:
Research Professor in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Brain Basis of Cognition Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC
Louis A. Schmidt
Affiliation:
McMaster University, Ontario
Sidney J Segalowitz
Affiliation:
Brock University, Ontario
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Summary

INTRODUCTION

Nonhuman primates provide the opportunity to study the development of emotional behavior, temperament, and vulnerability to psychiatric disorders under controlled conditions. Like humans, these animals display temperamental variability (Byrne & Suomi, 2002; Higley & Suomi, 1989). Manipulation of prenatal and early life environments influence behavioral, cognitive/emotional, and physiological variables in monkeys and environmental variables continue to affect these domains in adulthood. This finding has implications for vulnerability to conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, and alcoholism in humans. Alterations in early life experience, subsequent behavioral patterns, and neuroendocrine activity are associated with anatomical and functional changes in brain regions implicated in emotional behavior and psychopathology. Linking variables observed during early development with long-term mental health outcomes in adulthood is an area of research in which nonhuman primate studies can contribute important knowledge.

A great advantage of nonhuman primate research is the ability to investigate developmental hypotheses that cannot be studied in human children. First, the ability to manipulate the environment and tightly control that environment is an advantage of nonhuman primate research. Also, procedures are possible with nonhuman primates that are too invasive and therefore anxiety-provoking or even dangerous for human children. For example, measuring plasma concentrations of substances like cortisol requires blood samples; measurement of neuropeptide or neurotransmitter metabolite concentrations requires a lumbar puncture in order to extract cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) samples. Therefore, nonhuman primates provide a way of investigating environmental effects on these types of biological variables.

Type
Chapter
Information
Developmental Psychophysiology
Theory, Systems, and Methods
 , pp. 319 - 342
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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