Achen, Christofer H. 2000. “Why Lagged Dependent Variables Can Suppress the Explanatory Power of Other Independent Variables.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Political Methodology Section of the American Political Science Association, July 20–22, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar

Ackerman, Bruce A. and Fishkin, James S.. 2004. Deliberation Day. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Aguiar-Conraria, Luís and Magalhães, Pedro C.. 2009. “Referendum Design, Quorum Rules and Turnout.” Public Choice doi:10.1007/s11127–009–9504–1.CrossRef

Aguiar-Conraria, Luís and Magalhães, Pedro C.. 2010. “How Quorum Rules Distort Referendum Outcomes: Evidence from a Pivotal Voter Model.” European Journal of Political Economy doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2010.03.004.CrossRef

Aguiar, César A. 1985. “Uruguay: Escenas Políticas y Subsistemas Electorales.” Desarrollo Económico 24 (96): 517–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aldrich, John. 1995. Why Parties?Chicago: Chicago University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alesina, Alberto, Devleeschauwer, Arnaud, Easterly, William, Kurlat, Sergio, and Wacziarg, Romain. 2003. “Fractionalization.” Journal of Economic Growth 8 (2): 155–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alfaro Redondo, Ronald. 2006. “Elecciones Nacionales 2006 en Costa Rica y la Recomposición del Sistema de Partidos Políticos.” Revista de Ciencia Política 26 (1): 125–137.Google Scholar

Allamand, Andrés. 1999. La Travesía del Desierto. Santiago: Aguilar.Google Scholar

Almond, Gabriel and Verba, Sidney. 1963. The Civic Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Altman, David. 2002a. “Increasing Horizontal and Social Accountability in Latin America: Satisfaction with Democracy, Social Accountability, and Direct Democracy.” International Review of Public Administration 7 (2): 5–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Altman, David. 2002b. “Popular Initiatives in Uruguay: Confidence Votes on Government or Political Loyalties?” Electoral Studies 21 (4): 617–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Altman, David. 2005. “Democracia Directa en el Continente Americano: ¿Auto-Legitimación Gubernamental o Censura Ciudadana?” Política y Gobierno XII (2): 203–232.Google Scholar

Altman, David. 2008. “Collegiate Executives and Direct Democracy in Switzerland and Uruguay: Similar Institutions, Opposite Political Goals, Distinct Results.” Swiss Political Science Review 14 (3): 483–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Altman, David, Buquet, Daniel, and Luna, Juan Pablo. 2006. “Constitutional Reforms and Political Turnover in Uruguay: Winning a Battle, Losing the War.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 31 – September 3, Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar

Altman, David, Castiglioni, Rossana, and Luna, Juan Pablo. 2008. “Uruguay: A Role Model for the Left?” In Leftovers: Tales of the Latin American Left, edited by Castañeda, J. G. and Morales, M. A.. London-New York: Routledge, 151–173.Google Scholar

Altman, David and Lalander, Rickard. 2003. “Bolivia's Popular Participation Law: An Undemocratic Democratisation Process?” In Decentralisation and Democratic Governance: Experiences from India, Bolivia and South Africa, edited by Hadenius, A.. Stockholm: Expert Group on Development Issues – Almqvist & Wiksell International, 63–104.Google Scholar

Altman, David and Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal. 2002. “Assessing the Quality of Democracy: Freedom, Competitiveness, and Participation in 18 Latin American Countries.” Democratization 9 (2): 85–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alvarez, Angel. 2007. “Venezuela 2007: Los Motores del Socialismo se Alimentan con Petróleo.” Revista de Ciencia Política 27 (EE): 264–286.Google Scholar

Alvarez, Angel. 2008. “Venezuela: ¿La Revolución Pierde su Encanto?” Revista de Ciencia Política 28 (1): 405–432.Google Scholar

Alvarez, Angel and Acosta, Yorelis. 2006. “The 2006 Presidential Elections in Venezuela: Electoral Competition and Regime Change.” Harvard Review of Latin America V (1): 35–37.Google Scholar

Alvarez, R. Michael, Goodrich, Melanie, Hall, Thad E., Kiewiet, D. Roderick, and Sled, Sarah M.. 2004. “The Complexity of the California Recall Election.” PS: Political Science & Politics 37 (1): 23–26.Google Scholar

Amacher, Ryan C. and Boyes, William J.. 1978. “Cycles in Senatorial Voting Behavior: Implications for the Optimal Frequency of Elections.” Public Choice 33 (3): 5–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amorim Neto, Octavio. 2006. Presidencialismo e Governabilidade nas Américas. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV.Google Scholar

Anckar, Dag. 2004. “Direct Democracy in Microstates and Small Island States.” World Development 32 (2): 379–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Araos, María Raquel and Engel, Eduardo. 1989. “Desempleo, Votación Histórica y el Plebiscito de 1988.” Estudios CIEPLAN 27 (Diciembre): 5–17.Google Scholar

Arrarás, Astrid and Deheza, Grace. 2005. “Referéndum del Gas en Bolivia: Mucho Más que un Referéndum.” Revista de Ciencia Política 25 (2): 161–172.Google Scholar

Arrow, Kenneth J. 1950. “A Difficulty in the Concept of Social Welfare.” The Journal of Political Economy 58 (4): 328–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arrow, Kenneth J. 1963 (1st ed., 1951). Social Choice and Individual Values. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Auer, Andreas. 2005. “European Citizens' Initiative.” European Constitutional Law Review 1 (1): 79–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Auer, Andreas. 2007. “National Referendums in the Process of European Integration: Time for Change.” In The European Constitution and National Constitutions: Ratification and Beyond, edited by Albi, A. and Ziller, J.. Amsterdam: Kluwer Law International, 261–271.Google Scholar

Barczak, Monica. 2001. “Representation by Consultation? The Rise of Direct Democracy in Latin America.” Latin American Politics & Society 43 (3): 37–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barros, Robert. 2002. Constitutionalism and Dictatorship: Pinochet, the Junta, and the 1980 Constitution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bejarano, Ana María and Pizarro, Eduardo. 2005. “From “Restricted” to “Besieged”: The Changing Nature of the Limits to Democracy in Colombia.” In The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America: Advances and Setbacks, edited by Hagopian, F. and Mainwaring, S.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 235–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bell, A. Derrick. 1978. “The Referendum: Democracy's Barrier to Racial Equality.” Washington Law Review 54 (1): 1–29.Google Scholar

Benhabib, Seyla. 1996. “Toward a Deliberative Model of Democratic Legitimacy.” In Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political, edited by Benhabib, S.. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 67–94.Google Scholar

Benz, Matthias and Stutzer, Alois. 2004. “Are Voters Better Informed When They Have a Larger Say in Politics? Evidence for the European Union and Switzerland.” Public Choice 119 (1–2): 31–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

,Bertelsmann Stiftung. 2003. BTI 2003 Iraq Country Report. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung.Google Scholar

,Bertelsmann Stiftung. 2007a. BTI 2008 Kazakhstan Country Report. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung.Google Scholar

,Bertelsmann Stiftung. 2007b. BTI 2008 Turkmenistan Country Report. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung.Google Scholar

,Bertelsmann Stiftung. 2007c. BTI 2008 Zimbabwe Country Report. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung.Google Scholar

Black, Duncan. 1948. “On the Rationale of Group Decision-Making.” The Journal of Political Economy 56 (1): 23–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Black, Duncan. 1958. The Theory of Committees and Elections. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bobbio, Norberto. 1987. The Future of Democracy: A Defence of the Rules of the Game. New York: Polity.Google Scholar

Bollen, Kenneth A. 1979. “Political Democracy and the Timing of Development.” American Sociological Review 44 (4): 572–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bollen, Kenneth A. 1993. “Liberal Democracy: Validity and Sources Biases in Cross-National Measures.” American Journal of Political Science 37 (4): 1207–1230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bollen, Kenneth A. and Jackman, Robert W.. 1985. “Political Democracy and the Size Distribution of Income.” American Sociological Review 50 (4): 438–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bollen, Kenneth A. and Jackman, Robert W.. 1995. “Income Inequality and Democratization Revisited: Comment on Muller.” American Sociological Review 60 (6): 983–989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bollen, Kenneth A. and Paxton, Pamela. 2000. “Subjective Measures of Liberal Democracy.” Comparative Political Studies 33 (1): 58–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bottinelli, Oscar, Buquet, Daniel, Caetano, Gerardo, Canzani, Agustín, Cardarello, Antonio, Chasquetti, Daniel, Armas, Gustavo, Garcé, Adolfo, González, Luis E., Guerrini, Aldo, Lanzaro, Jorge, Magri, Altair, Moreira, Constanza, Antón, Romeo Pérez, Queirolo, Rosario, and Yaffé, Jaime (Ed.). 2000. Elecciones 1999/2000. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental – Instituto de Ciencia Politica.

Bowler, Shaun and Cain, Bruce. 2004. “Introduction – Recalling the Recall: Reflections on California's Recent Political Adventure.” PS: Political Science & Politics 37 (1): 7–10.Google Scholar

Bowler, Shaun and Donovan, Todd. 1998. Demanding Choices: Opinion, Voting, and Direct Democracy. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brasil De Lima, Olavo. 1983. “Electoral Participation in Brazil (1945–1978): The Legislation, the Party Systems and Electoral Turnouts.” Luso-Brazilian Review 20 (1): 65–87.Google Scholar

Breuer, Anita. 2007. “Institutions of Direct Democracy and Accountability in Latin America's Presidential Democracies.” Democratization 14 (4): 554–579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Breuer, Anita. 2008a. “Policymaking by Referendum in Presidential Systems: Evidence from the Bolivian and Colombian Cases.” Latin American Politics & Society 50 (4): 59–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Breuer, Anita. 2008b. “The Problematic Relation between Direct Democracy and Accountability in Latin America: Evidence from the Bolivian Case.” Bulletin of Latin American Research 27 (1): 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Breuer, Anita. 2009a. “Costa Rica's 2007 Referendum on the Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR): Citizen Participation or Citizen Manipulation?” Representation 45 (4): 455–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Breuer, Anita. 2009b. “The Use of Government-Initiated Referendums in Latin America: Towards a Theory of Referendum Causes.” Revista de Ciencia Política 29 (1): 23–55.Google Scholar

Brinks, Daniel and Coppedge, Michael. 2006. “Diffusion Is No Illusion: Neighbor Emulation in the Third Wave of Democracy.” Comparative Political Studies 39 (4): 463–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Broder, David S. 2000. Democracy Derailed: Initiative Campaigns and the Power of Money. Orlando: Harcourt.Google Scholar

Brunetti, Aymo. 1997. “Der Status Quo Bias und die bremsende Wirkung des fakultativen Referendums.” In Wieviel direkte Demokratie verträgt die Schweitz?, edited by Borner, S. and Rentsch, H.. Zürich: Verlag Rüegger, 167–182.Google Scholar

Bühlmann, Marc and Freitag, Markus. 2006. “Individual and Contextual Determinants of Electoral Participation.” Swiss Political Science Review 12 (4): 13–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bühlmann, Marc, Nicolet, Sarah, and Selb, Peter. 2006. “National Elections in Switzerland: An Introduction.” Swiss Political Science Review 12 (4): 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buquet, Daniel and Castellano, Ernesto. 1995. “Representación Proporcional y Democracia en Uruguay.” Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política 8: 107–123.Google Scholar

Buquet, Daniel, Chasquetti, Daniel, and Moraes, Juan Andrés. 1998. Fragmentación Política y Gobierno en Uruguay: ¿Un Enfermo Imaginario?Montevideo: Facultad de Ciencias Sociales.Google Scholar

Burden, Barry and Kimball, David. 1998. “A New Approach to the Study of Ticket Splitting.” American Political Science Review 92 (3): 533–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Butler, David and Ranney, Austin (Eds.). 1978. Referendums: A Comparative Study of Practice and Theory. Washington, DC: AEI Press.Google Scholar

Butler, David and Ranney, Austin (Eds.). 1994. Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy. Washington, DC: AEI Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caetano, Gerardo and Rilla, José. 1994. Historia Contemporánea del Uruguay: De la Colonia al MERCOSUR. Montevideo: Colección CLAEH/Editorial Fin de Siglo.Google Scholar

Cain, Bruce E., Russell, J. Dalton, and Scarrow, Susan E.. 2003. “New Forms of Democracy? Reform and Transformation of Democratic Institutions.” In Democracy Transformed? Expanding Political Opportunities in Advanced Industrial Democracies, edited by Cain, B. E., Dalton, R. J., and Scarrow, S. E.. New York: Oxford University Press, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cain, Bruce E., Ferejohn, John, and Fiorina, Morris. 1987. The Personal Vote: Constituency Service and Electoral Independence. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cameron, Maxwell A. and Faletti, Tulia G.. 2005. “Federalism and the Subnational Separation of Powers.” Publius. The Journal of Federalism 35 (2): 245–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, Angus, Converse, Phillip, Miller, Warren, and Stokes, Donald. 1960. The American Voter. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar

Castiglioni, Rossana. 2001. “The Politics of Retrenchment: The Quandaries of Social Protection Under Military Rule in Chile 1973–1990.” Latin American Politics & Society 43 (4): 37–66.Google ScholarPubMed

Castiglioni, Rossana. 2005. The Politics of Social Policy Change in Chile and Uruguay: Retrenchment versus Maintenance 1973–1998. New York & London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Cebula, Richard J. 2008. “Does Direct Democracy Increase Voter Turnout? Evidence from the 2004 General Election.” American Journal of Economics and Sociology 67 (4): 629–644.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chan, Steve. 2003. “Explaining War Termination: A Boolean Analysis of Causes.” Journal of Peace Research 40 (1): 49–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chasquetti, Daniel. 2001. “Democracia, Multipartidismo y Coaliciones en América Latina: Evaluando la Difícil Combinación.” In Tipos de Presidencialismo y Coaliciones Políticas en América Latina, edited by Lanzaro, J.. Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 319–359.Google Scholar

Cheibub, José Antonio. 2007. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cheibub, José Antonio and Gandhi, Jennifer. 2004. “Classifying Political Regimes: A Six-Fold Measure of Democracies and Dictatorships.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, September 2–5, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar

Cheibub, José Antonio and Gandhi, Jennifer. 2005. “Classifying Political Regimes: A Six Fold Classification of Democracies and Dictatorships (Database v.1–2006).” New Haven: Yale University.

Christin, Tomas, Hug, Simon, and Sciarini, Pascal. 2002. “Interests and Information in Referendum Voting: An Analysis of Swiss Voters.” European Journal of Political Research 41 (6): 759–776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clarke, Harold D., Kornberg, Allan, and Stewart, Marianne C.. 2004. “Referendum Voting as Political Choice: The Case of Quebec.” British Journal of Political Science 34 (2): 345–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cleveland, William S. 1979. “Robust Locally Weighted Regression and Smoothing Scatterplots.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 74 (368): 829–836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collier, David. 1991. “The Comparative Method: Two Decades of Change.” In Comparative Political Dynamics: Global Research Perspectives, edited by Rustow, D. A. and Paul, K.. New York: HarperCollins, 7–31.Google Scholar

Collier, David and Levitsky, Steven. 1997. “Democracy with Adjectives: Finding Conceptual Order in Recent Comparative Research.” World Politics 49 (3): 430–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Compagnon, Daniel. 2000. “Briefing: Zimbabwe: Life After ZANU-PF.” African Affairs 99 (396): 449–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coppedge, Michael. 1994. Strong Parties and Lame Ducks: Presidential Partyarchy and Factionalism in Venezuela. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Coppedge, Michael. 1998. “The Evolution of Latin American Party Systems.” In Politics, Society, and Democracy: Latin America, edited by Mainwaring, S. and Valenzuela, A.. Boulder: Westview Press, 171–206.Google Scholar

Coppedge, Michael. 2004. “Quality of Democracy and Its Measurement.” In The Quality of Democracy: Theory and Applications, edited by O'Donnell, G., Cullell, J. V., and Iazzetta, O. M.. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 239–248.Google Scholar

Coppedge, Michael. 2005. “Explaining Democratic Deterioration in Venezuela through Nested Inference.” In The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America: Advances and Setbacks, edited by Hagopian, F. and Mainwaring, S.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 289–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coppedge, Michael. (n.d.) Approaching Democracy: Research Methods in Comparative Politics. Mimeographed.

Cortés, Cecilia (Ed.). 1989. El Referendum Uruguayo del 16 de Abril de 1989. San José: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Centro de Asesoría y Promoción Electoral.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W. 1987. The Efficient Secret: The Cabinet and the Development of Political Parties in Victorian England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cox, Gary W. 1998. “Closeness and Turnout: A Methodological Note.” Journal of Politics 50 (3): 768–775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cox, Gary W. and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1993. Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W. and Munger, Michael C.. 1989. “Closeness, Expenditures and Turnout in the 1982 House Elections.” American Political Science Review 83 (1): 217–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cronin, Thomas. 1999. Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum and Recall. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Cunningham, Frank. 2002. Theories of Democracy: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cutright, Phillip. 1963. “National Political Development: Measurement and Analysis.” American Sociological Review 28 (2): 253–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dahl, Robert. 1956. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Dahl, Robert. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Dahl, Robert. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Dalton, Russell, Bürklin, Wilhelm, and Drummond, Andrew. 2001. “Public Opinion and Direct Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 12 (4): 141–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Danziger, James N. 1998. Understanding the Political World: A Comparative Introduction to Political Science. New York: Longman.Google Scholar

Daroca Oller, Santiago. n.d. “La Guerra del Agua: Protesta y Acción Social en Cochabamba.” Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (Bolivia).

Vreese, Claes H. 2006. “Political Parties in Dire Straits? Consequences of National Referendums for Political Parties.” Party Politics 12 (5): 581–598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diamond, Larry. 1999. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Diamond, Larry. 2003. “Advancing Democratic Governance: A Global Perspective on the Status of Democracy and Directions for International Assistance.” Mimeographed.

Donovan, Todd and Bowler, Shaun. 1998. “Direct Democracy and Minority Rights: An Extension.” American Journal of Political Science 42 (3): 1020–1024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Donovan, Todd and Karp, Jeffrey A.. 2006. “Popular Support for Direct Democracy.” Party Politics 12 (5): 671–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Doorenspleet, Renske. 2004. “The Structural Context of Recent Transitions to Democracy.” European Journal of Political Research 43 (3): 309–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Douglas, Steve. 2005. “Referendum: Hitler's ‘Democratic’ Weapon to Forge Dictatorship.” Executive Intelligence Review 4 (14): 40–43.Google Scholar

Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

Dunn, John. 1979. Western Political Theory in the Face of the Future. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Eisenstadt, Todd A. 2004. Courting Democracy in Mexico: Party Strategies and Electoral Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Elkins, Zachary. 2000. “Gradations of Democracy? Empirical Tests of Alternative Conceptualizations.” American Journal of Political Science 44 (2): 293–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elkins, Zachary and Sides, John. 2007. “Can Institutions Build Unity in Multiethnic States?” American Political Science Review 101 (4): 693–708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ellner, Steve. 2003. “The Contrasting Variants of the Populism of Hugo Chávez and Alberto Fujimori.” Journal of Latin American Studies 35 (1): 139–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elster, John. 1998. “Emotions and Economic Theory.” Journal of Economic Literature 36 (1): 47–74.Google Scholar

Epstein, David L., Bates, Robert, Goldstone, Jack, Kristensen, Ida, and O'Halloran, Sharyn. 2006. “Democratic Transitions.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (3): 551–569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eulau, Heinz and Lewis-Beck, Michael S.. 1985. Economic Conditions and Electoral Outcomes: The United States and Western Europe. New York: Agathon Press.Google Scholar

Fearon, James D. and Laitin, David D.. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” American Political Science Review 97 (1): 75–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Febres Cordero, María M. and Márquez, Bernardo. 2006. “A Statistical Approach to Assess Referendum Results: The Venezuelan Recall Referendum 2004.” International Statistical Review 74 (3): 379–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feld, Lars P. and Kirchgässner, Gebhard. 2001. “The Political Economy of Direct Legislation: Direct Democracy and Local Decision-Making.” Economic Policy 16 (33): 329–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feld, Lars P. and Savioz, Marcel R.. 1997. “Direct Democracy Matters for Economic Performance: An Empirical Investigation.” Kyklos 50 (4): 507–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feoli, Ludovico. 2009. “Costa Rica después del TLC: ¿La Calma que Sigue a la Tempestad?” Revista de Ciencia Política 29 (2): 355–379.Google Scholar

Fiorino, Nadia and Ricciuti, Roberto. 2006. “Determinants of Direct Democracy across Europe.” Department of Public Policy and Public Choice – Universita del Piemonte Amedeo Avogadro Working Paper 72.

Fiorino, Nadia and Ricciuti, Roberto. 2007. “Determinants of Direct Democracy.” CESifo Working Paper No. 2035.

Fishkin, James S. 1991. Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Fossedal, Gregory A. 2002. Direct Democracy in Switzerland. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar

Franklin, Mark, DerEijk, Cees, and Marsh, Michael. 1995. “Referendum Outcomes and Trust in Government: Public Support for Europe in the Wake of Maastricht.” West European Politics 18 (3): 101–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Franklin, Mark N. 2002. “Learning from the Danish Case: A Comment on Palle Svensson's Critique of the Franklin Thesis.” European Journal of Political Research 41 (6): 751–757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Freidenberg, Flabia. 2006. “Izquierda vs. Derecha: Polarización Ideológica y Competencia en el Sistema de Partidos Ecuatoriano.” Política y Gobierno XIII (2): 237–278.Google Scholar

Freidenberg, Flavia. 2003. “Selección de Candidatos y Democracia Interna en los Partidos de América Latina.” Instituto Interuniversitario de Estudios de Iberoamérica y Portugal, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca.

Freire, André and Baum, Michael A.. 2003. “Referenda Voting in Portugal, 1998: The Effects of Party Sympathies, Social Structure and Pressure Groups.” European Journal of Political Research 42 (1): 135–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Freitag, Markus and Stadelmann-Steffen, Isabelle. 2008. “Stumbling Block or Stepping Stone? The Influence of Direct Democracy on Individual Participation in Parliamentary Elections.” Mimeographed.

Freitag, Markus and Vatter, Adrian. 2006. “Initiatives, Referendums, and the Tax State.” Journal of European Public Policy 13 (1): 89–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frey, Bruno S., Kucher, Marcel, and Stutzer, Alois. 2001. “Outcome, Process and Power in Direct Democracy – New Econometric Results.” Public Choice 107 (3–4): 271–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frey, Bruno S. and Goette, Lorenz. 1998. “Does the Popular Vote Destroy Civil Rights?” American Journal of Political Science 42 (4): 1343–1348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frey, Bruno S., Werner Pommerehne, and Friedrich Schneider. 1981. “Politico-Economic Interdependence in a Direct Democracy: The Case of Switzerland.” In Contemporary Political Economy, edited by Hibbs, D. A. and Fassbender, H.. Amsterdam: North Holland, 231–248.Google Scholar

Frey, Bruno S. and Stutzer, Alois. 2000. “Happiness Prospers in Democracy.” Journal of Happiness Studies 1 (1): 79–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Friemel, Thomas N. (Ed.). 2008. Why Context Matters: Applications of Social Network Analysis. Wiesbaden: VS Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gallagher, Michael and Vincenzo Uleri, Pier (Eds.). 1996. The Referendum Experience in Europe. London: Palgrave–Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gamarra, Eduardo A. 1997. “Hybrid Presidentialism and Democratization: The Case of Bolivia.” In Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America, edited by Mainwaring, Scott and Shugart, M.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 363–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gamble, Barbara S. 1997. “Putting Civil Rights to a Popular Vote.” American Journal of Political Science 41 (1): 245–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gandhi, Jennifer. 2008. Political Institutions under Dictatorship. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garcé, Adolfo. 2006. Donde Hubo Fuego. El Proceso de Adaptación del MLN-Tupamaros a la Legalidad y a la Competencia Electoral (1985–2004). Montevideo: Fin de Siglo.Google Scholar

Gerber, Elisabeth R. and Lupia, Arthur. 1995. “Campaign Competition and Policy Responsiveness in Direct Legislation Elections.” Political Behaviour 17 (3): 287–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gerber, Elisabeth R. 1999. The Populist Paradox: Interest Group Influence and the Promise of Direct Legislation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Gerber, Elisabeth R., Lupia, Arthur, and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 2004. “When Does Government Limit the Impact of Voter Initiatives? The Politics of Implementation and Enforcement.” The Journal of Politics 66 (1): 43–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gilland, Karin. 2002a. “Ireland's (First) Referendum on the Treaty of Nice.” Journal of Common Market Studies 40 (3): 527–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gilland, Karin. 2002b. “Ireland's Second Referendum on the Treaty of Nice, October 2002.” Opposing Europe Research Network Referendum Briefing No 1. www.sussex.ac.uk/sei/documents/irelandno1.pdf.

Gillespie, Charles G. 1991. Negotiating Democracy: Politicians and Generals in Uruguay. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gloger, Andrew M. 2006. “Paid Petitioners after Prete.” Initiative & Referendum Institute – Report2006–1 (May).

Goertz, Gary. 2005. Social Science Concepts: A User's Guide. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Goldfrank, Benjamin. 2002. “The Fragile Flower of Local Democracy: A Case Study of Decentralization/Participation in Montevideo.” Politics & Society 30 (1): 51–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldfrank, Benjamin. 2006. “Los Procesos de “Presupuesto Participativo” en América Latina: Exito, Fracaso y Cambio.” Revista de Ciencia Política XXVI (2): 3–28.Google Scholar

González-Rissoto, Rodolfo. 2007. “Democracia Directa: El Caso de Uruguay.” Presented at the Direct Democracy in Latin America, March 14–15, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar

González, Luis E. 1983. “Uruguay, 1980–1981: An Unexpected Opening.” Latin American Research Review 18 (3): 63–76.Google Scholar

Gosnell, Harold F. 1927. “The German Referendum on the Princes' Property.” American Political Science Review 21 (1): 119–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gros Espiell, Héctor. 2002. “Uruguay: ¿Presidencialismo o Parlamentarismo?” Cuestiones Constitucionales 7 (Julio-Diciembre): 87–108.Google Scholar

Gross, Andreas and Kaufmann, Bruno. 2002. IRI Europe Country Index on Citizenlawmaking 2002: A Report on Design and Rating of the I&R Requirements and Practices of 32 European States. Amsterdam: IRI Europe.Google Scholar

Grummel, John A. 2008. “Morality Politics, Direct Democracy, and Turnout.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 8 (3): 282–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hadenius, Axel. 1992. Democracy and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hadenius, Axel and Teorell, Jan. 2005. “Assessing Alternative Indices of Democracy.” Political Concepts, Committee on Concepts and Methods, Working Paper Series #6.Google Scholar

Hajnal, Zoltan and Lewis, Paul G.. 2003. “Municipal Institutions and Voter Turnout in Local Elections.” Urban Affairs Review 38 (5): 645–668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hall, Peter A. and Taylor, Rosemary C. R.. 1996. “Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms.” Political Studies 44 (5): 936–957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hamilton, Alexander, Madison, James, and Jay, John. 1961. The Federalist Papers. Edited by Rossiter, C.. New York: Mentor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Handelman, Howard. 1981. “Politics and Plebiscites: The Case of Uruguay.” Washington: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Working Paper #89.Google Scholar

Hardmeier, Sibylle. 2002. “Switzerland.” European Journal of Political Research 41 (7–8): 1095–1100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haskell, John. 2000. Direct Democracy or Representative Government? Dispelling the Populist Myth. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Hautala, Heidi, Kaufmann, Bruno, and Wallis, Diana (Eds.). 2002. Voices of Europe: IRI Europe Report on the Growing Importance of Initiatives and Referendums in the European Integration Process. Amsterdam: Initiative & Referendum Institute Europe.Google Scholar

Heiss, Claudia and Navia, Patricio. 2007. “You Win Some, You Lose Some: Constitutional Reforms in Chile's Transition to Democracy.” Latin American Politics and Society 49 (3): 163–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Held, David (Ed.). 1993. Prospects for Democracy. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Hibbing, John and Theiss-Morse, Elizabeth. 2001. “Process Preferences and American Politics: What the People Want Government to Be.” American Political Science Review 95 (1): 145–153.Google Scholar

Hibbs, Douglas A.. 1979. “The Mass Public and the Macroeconomic Performance: The Dynamics of Public Opinion towards Unemployment and Inflation.” American Journal of Political Science 23 (4): 705–731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Higley, John and McAllister, Ian. 2002. “Elite Division and Voter Confusion: Australia's Republic Referendum in 1999.” European Journal of Political Research 41 (6): 845–861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hill, Kim Quaile. 1994. Democracy in the Fifty States. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar

Hill, Kim Quaile and Leighley, Jan E.. 1993. “Party Ideology, Organization, and Competitiveness as Mobilizing Forces in Gubernatorial Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 37 (4): 1158–1178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hill, Lisa. 2003. “Democratic Deficit in the ACT: Is the Citizen Initiated Referendum a Solution?” Australian Journal of Social Issues 38 (4): 495–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hinkelammert, Franz. 1994. “Our Project for the New Society in Latin America.” In Latin America Faces the Twenty-First Century, edited by Jonas, S. and McCaughan, E. J.. Boulder: Westview Press, 12–27.Google Scholar

Hobolt, Sara B. 2006a. “Direct Democracy and European Integration.” Journal of European Public Policy 13 (1): 153–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hobolt, Sara B. 2006b. “How Parties Affect Vote Choice in European Integration Referendums.” Party Politics 12 (5): 623–647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hobolt, Sara B. 2008. “How Voters Decide in EU Referendums.” Presented at the Direct Democracy in and around Europe – Integration, Innovation, Illusion and Ideology, 3–4 October, Congress and Culture Center, Aarau, Switzerland.Google Scholar

Hobolt, Sara B. 2009. Europe in Question: Referendums on European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hotelling, Harold. 1929. “Stability in Competition.” Economic Journal 39 41–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hug, Simon. 2002. Voices of Europe. Citizens, Referendums and European Integration. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar

Hug, Simon. 2004. “Occurrence and Policy Consequences of Referendums: A Theoretical Model and Empirical Evidence.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 16 (3): 321–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hug, Simon and Schulz, Tobias. 2007. “Referendums and Ratification of the EU Constitution.” In Direct Democracy in Europe: Developments and Prospects, edited by Pállinger, Z. T., Kaufmann, B., Marxer, W., and Schiller, T.. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 174–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hug, Simon and Tsebelis, George. 2002. “Veto Players and Referendums around the World.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 14 (4): 465–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huneeus, Carlos. 2000. El Régimen de Pinochet. Santiago: Editorial Sudamericana.Google Scholar

Huntington, Samuel. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Huntington, Samuel. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar

Ibarra, Luis. 2005. “La Reforma del Agua: Nuevas Alianzas, Nuevas Instituciones y Nuevos Desafíos.” In Las Claves del Cambio: Ciclo Electoral y Nuevo Gobierno 2004/5002, edited by Buquet, D.. Montevideo: Banda Oriental – Instituto de Ciencia Política, 275–293.Google Scholar

Ingberman, Daniel E. 1985. “Running Against the Status Quo: Institutions for Direct Democracy Referenda and Allocations over Time.” Public Choice 46 (1): 19–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

,Initiative & Referendum Institute. 2007. “Election Results 2007.” Ballotwatch (2).

,Initiative & Referendum Institute. 2008. “Same-Sex Marriage: Breaking the Firewall in California.” Ballotwatch (2).

Jackman, Robert W. and Miller, Ross. 1995. “Voter Turnout in the Industrialized Democracies during the 1980s.” Comparative Political Studies 27 (4): 467–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karl, Terry Lynn. 1985. “Petroleum and Political Pacts: The Transition to Democracy in Venezuela.” In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America, edited by O'Donnell, G., Schmitter, P., and Whitehead, L.. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 196–219.Google Scholar

Karl, Terry Lynn. 1995. “The Hybrid Regimes in Central America.” Journal of Democracy 6 (3): 72–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katz, Richard S. and Mair, Peter. 1995. “Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party.” Party Politics 1 (1): 5–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaufman, Edy. 1979. Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.Google Scholar

Kaufmann, Bruno (Ed.). 2004. Initiative and Referendum Monitor 2004/2005. Amsterdam: IRI Europe.Google Scholar

Kaufmann, Bruno, Büchi, Rolf, and Braun, Nadja. 2007. Guidebook to Direct Democracy in Switzerland and Beyond. 2007 Edition. Bern: Benteli Hallwag Druck AG.Google Scholar

Kaufmann, Bruno, Büchi, Rolf, and Braun, Nadja. 2008. Guidebook to Direct Democracy in Switzerland and Beyond. 2008 Edition. Bern: Benteli Hallwag Druck AG.Google Scholar

Kaufmann, Bruno, Wallis, Diana, Leinen, Jo, Berg, Carsten, and Carline, Paul (Eds.). 2006. Initiative for Europe: A Roadmap for Transnational Democracy. Brussels: The Initiative & Referendum Institute Europe.Google Scholar

Kaufmann, Bruno and Waters, Dane (Eds.). 2004. Direct Democracy in Europe: A Comprehensive Reference Guide to the Initiative and Referendum Process in Europe. Durham: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar

,Keesing's Worldwide. (n.d.). “Keesing's Record of World Events Online.” http://www.keesings.com.

Key, V. O. 1966. The Responsible Electorate. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kiewiet, D. Roderick and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1991. The Logic of Delegation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

King, Gary. 1989. Unifying Political Methodology: The Likelihood Theory of Statistical Inference. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

King, Gary. 1997. A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem: Reconstructing Individual Behavior from Aggregate Data. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

King, Gary, Keohane, Robert, and Verba, Sidney. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

King, Gary, Rosen, Ori, and Tanner, Martin A.. 1999. “Binomial-Beta Hierarchical Models for Ecological Inference.” Sociological Methods and Research 28 (1) 61–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kirchgässner, Gebhard. 2008. “Direct Democracy: Obstacle to Reform?” Constitutional Political Economy 19 (2): 81–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert, Hawkins, Kirk, Luna, Juan Pablo, Rosas, Guillermo, and Zechmeister, Elizabeth-Jean. 2010. Latin American Party Systems. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klöti, Ulrigh. 2001. “Consensual Government in a Heterogeneous Polity.” West European Politics 24 (2): 19–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kobach, Kris. 1993. The Referendum: Direct Democracy in Switzerland. Vermont: Dartmouth Publishing Company Limited.Google Scholar

Kobach, Kris. 1994. “Switzerland.” In Referendums Around the World, edited by Butler, D. and Ranney, A.. Washington, DC: AEI Press, 98–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kohl, Benjamin. 2002. “Stabilizing Neoliberalism in Bolivia: Popular Participation and Privatization.” Political Geography 21 (4): 449–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Koole, Ruud. 1996. “Cadre, Catch-all or Cartel? A Comment on the Notion of the Cartel Party.” Party Politics 2 (4): 507–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kornblith, Miriam. 2005. “Elections Versus Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 16 (1): 124–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kramer, Gerald H. 1971. “Short-Term Fluctuations in U.S. Voting Behavior: 1896–1964.” American Political Science Review 65 (1): 131–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2001. “The Federal Parliament: The Limits of Institutional Reform.” West European Politics 24 (2): 59–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2002. “Individual Opinion Formation in a Direct Democratic Campaign.” British Journal of Political Science 32 (1): 171–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2006. “Role of the Political Elite in Swiss Direct-Democratic Votes.” Party Politics 12 (5): 599–622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kriesi, Hanspeter and Trechsel, Alexander H.. 2008. The Politics of Switzerland: Continuity and Change in a Consensus Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laakso, Markku and Taagepera, Rein. 1979. “Effective Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 12 (1): 3–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ladner, Andreas and Brändle, Michael. 1999. “Does Direct Democracy Matter for Political Parties? An Empirical Test in the Swiss Cantons.” Party Politics 5 (3): 283–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lagerspetz, Eerik. 2006. “Referenda with Multiple Alternatives.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the European Public Choice Society, April 20–23, Turku, Finland.Google Scholar

Lalander, Rickard. 2004. Suicide of the Elephants? Venezuelan Decentralization between Partyarchy and Chavismo. Stockholm: Instituto of Latin American Studies.Google Scholar

Laponce, Jean A. 2004. “Turning Votes into Territories: Boundary Referendums in Theory and Practice.” Political Geography 23 (2): 169–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lassen, David Dreyer. 2005. “The Effect of Information on Voter Turnout: Evidence from a Natural Experiment.” American Journal of Political Science 49 (1): 103–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lawrence, Steve. 2008. “Wealthy Interests Alter Calif's Initiative Process.” Washington Times, October 29.

LeDuc, Lawrence. 1993. “Canada's Next Term Constitutional Referendum of 1992: A ‘Great Big No’.” Electoral Studies 12 (3): 257–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

LeDuc, Lawrence. 2002. “Opinion Change and Voting Behaviour in Referendums.” European Journal of Political Research 41 (6): 711–732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

LeDuc, Lawrence. 2003. The Politics of Direct Democracy: Referendums in Global Perspective. Ontario: Broadview Press.Google Scholar

Lee Van Cott, Donna. 2000. “Party System Development and Indigenous Populations in Latin America: The Bolivian Case.” Party Politics 6 (2): 155–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lessa, Alfonso. 2002. La Revolución Imposible: Los Tupamaros y el Fracaso de la Vía Armada en el Uruguay del Siglo XX. Montevideo: Editorial Fin de Siglo.Google Scholar

Lewis-Beck, Michael. 1988. Economics and Elections: The Major Western Democracies. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Quan, Li and Reuveny, Rafael. 2003. “Economic Globalization and Democracy: An Empirical Analysis.” British Journal of Political Science 33 (1): 29–54.Google Scholar

Lijphart, Arend. 1984. Democracies: Patter of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lijphart, Arend. 1997. “Unequal Participation: Democracy's Unresolved Dilemma.” American Political Science Review 91 (1): 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lindberg, Staffan I. 2006. Democracy and Elections in Africa. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Linder, Wolf. 1994. Swiss Democracy: Possible Solutions to Conflict in Multicultural Societies. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar

Linton, Martin. 2001. “Options for the Referendum on the Voting System.” The Political Quarterly 72 (1): 10–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Linz, Juan J. 1975. “Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes.” In Handbook of Political Science, vol. 3, Macropolitical Theory, edited by Polsby, N. and Greenstein, F.. Reading: Addison-Wesley Press, 175–411.Google Scholar

Lipset, Seymour Martin, Seong, Kyoung-Ryung, and Torres, John Charles. 1993. “A Comparative Analysis of the Social Requisites of Democracy.” International Social Science Journal XLV (2): 155–175.Google Scholar

Lissidini, Alicia. 1998. “Una Mirada Crítica a la Democracia Directa: El Origen y las Prácticas de los Plebiscitos en Uruguay.” Perfiles Latinoamericanos 7 (12): 169–200.Google Scholar

Lissidini, Alicia. 2007. “La Democracia Directa en Venezuela: ¿Democracia Participativa o Democracia Plebiscitaria?” C2D – 25/2008.

Londregan, John and Vindigni, Andrea. 2008. “Authoritarian Plebiscites.” Presented at the Seminarios de Macroeconomía y Finanzas del Banco Central de Chile, June 6, Santiago.Google Scholar

López Maya, Margarita. 2003. “The Venezuelan Caracazo of 1989: Popular Protest and Institutional Weakness.” Journal of Latin American Studies 35 (1): 117–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Luna, Juan Pablo. 2002. “¿Pesimismo Estructural o Voto Económico? Macropolitics en Uruguay.” Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política 13: 123–151.Google Scholar

Luna, Juan Pablo. 2007. “Representación Política en América Latina: El Estado de la Cuestión y una Propuesta de Agenda.” Política y Gobierno XIV (2): 391–435.Google Scholar

Lupia, Arthur. 1994. “The Effect of Information on Voting Behavior and Electoral Outcomes: An Experimental Study of Direct Legislation.” Public Choice 78 (1): 65–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lupia, Arthur and Matsusaka, John G.. 2004. “Direct Democracy: New Approaches to Old Questions.” Annual Review of Political Science 7: 463–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lupia, Arthur and McCubbins, Mathew. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know?Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lüthi, Ruth. 2007. “The Parliament.” In Handbook of Swiss Politics, edited by Klöti, U., Knoepfel, P., Kriesi, H., Linder, W., Papadopoulos, Y., and Sciarini, P.. Zurich: Neue Zurcher Zeitung Publishing, 121–144.Google Scholar

Lutz, Georg. 2006. “The Interaction between Representative and Direct Democracy in Switzerland.” Representation 42 (1): 45–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lutz, Karin Gilland and Hug, Simon. 2006. “A Cross-National Comparative Study of the Policy Effects of Referendums.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 31–September 3, Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar

Machado, Juan Carlos. 2007. “Ecuador: El Derrumbe de los Partidos Tradicionales.” Revista de Ciencia Política 27 (EE): 129–148.Google Scholar

Machado, Juan Carlos. 2008. “Ecuador:…Hasta que se Fueron Todos.” Revista de Ciencia Política 28 (1): 189–215.Google Scholar

Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and its Demise in Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Magleby, David B. 1984. Direct Legislation: Voting on Ballot Propositions in the United States. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott. 1993. “Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy: The Difficult Combination.” Comparative Political Studies 26 (4): 198–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott, Brinks, Daniel, and Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal. 2001. “Classifying Political Regimes in Latin America 1945–1999.” Studies in Comparative International Development 36 (1): 37–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott, Brinks, Daniel, and Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal. 2007. “Classifying Political Regimes in Latin America 1945–2004.” In Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods, edited by Munck, G. L.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 123–160.Google Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Tim (Eds.). 1995a. Building Democratic Institutions. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Tim. 1995b. “Introduction: Party Systems in Latin America.” In Building Democratic Institutions, edited by Mainwaring, S. and Scully, T.. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1–36.Google Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott and Shugart, Matthew S.. 1997. “Conclusion: Presidentialism and the Party System.” In Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America, edited by Mainwaring, S. and Shugart, M. S.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 394–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maor, Moshe. 1998. Parties, Conflicts and Coalitions in Western Europe: Organisational Determinants of Coalition Bargaining. London: Routledge and LSE.Google Scholar

Maravall, José María. 1999. “Accountability and Manipulation.” In Democracy, Accountability and Representation, edited by Przeworski, A., Stokes, S., and Manin, B.. New York: Cambridge University Press, 131–153.Google Scholar

Marcus, Richard R., Mease, Kenneth, and Ottemoeller, Dan. 2004. “Popular Definitions of Democracy from Uganda, Madagascar, and Florida, U.S.A.” Journal of African and Asian Studies 36 (1): 113–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marenco, André. 2006. “Path-Dependency, Instituciones Políticas y Reformas Electorales en Perspectiva Comparada.” Revista de Ciencia Política 26 (2): 53–75.Google Scholar

Margalit, Avishai and Raz, Joseph. 1990. “National Self-Determination.” The Journal of Philosophy 87 (9): 439–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marius, Jorge L. and Bacigalupe, Juan F.. 1998. Sistema Electoral y Elecciones Uruguayas 1925–1998. Montevideo: Fundacion Konrad Adenauer.Google Scholar

Markarian, Vania. 2004. “De la Lógica Revolucionaria a las Razones Humanitarias: La Izquierda Uruguaya en el Exilio y las Redes Transnacionales de Derechos Humanos (1972–1976).” Cuadernos del CLAEH 89 (2): 85–108.Google Scholar

Markoff, John. 1999. “Where and When Was Democracy Invented?” Comparative Studies in Society and History 41 (4): 660–690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marques, Alvaro and Smith, Thomas B.. 1984. “Referendums in the Third World.” Electoral Studies 3 (1): 85–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marshall, Monty G. and Jaggers, Keith. 2001. “Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–1999.” http://www.bsos.umd.edu/cidcm/polity/.

Marshall, Thomas Humphrey. 1992. “Citizenship and Social Class.” In Citizenship and Social Class, edited by Marshall, T. H. and Bottomore, T.. London: Pluto Press, 3–51.Google Scholar

Matsusaka, John G. 2004. For the Many or the Few: The Initiative, Public Policy, and American Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mayhew, David. 1974. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Mayorga, René Antonio. 1997. “Bolivia's Silent Revolution.” Journal of Democracy 8 (1): 142–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCoy, Jennifer L. 2006. “The 2004 Venezuelan Recall Referendum.” Taiwan Journal of Democracy 2 (1): 61–80.Google Scholar

McCoy, Jennifer L. 2005. “One Act in an Unfinished Drama.” Journal of Democracy 16 (1): 109–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCubbins, Mathew and Rosenbluth, Frances. 1995. “Party Provision for Personal Votes: Dividing the Vote in Japan.” In Structure and Policy in Japan and the United States, edited by Cowhey, P. and McCubbins, M.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 35–55.Google Scholar

McDonald, Ronald H. 1982. “The Struggle for Normalcy in Uruguay.” Current History 81 (472): 69–85.Google Scholar

McKelvey, Richard D. and Schofield, Norman. 1986. “Structural Instability of the Core.” Journal of Mathematical Economics 15 (3): 179–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mendelsohn, Matthew and Cutler, Fred. 2000. “The Effect of Referenda on Democratic Citizens: Information, Politicization, Efficacy and Tolerance.” British Journal of Political Science 30 (4): 669–698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mendez, Fernando and Triga, Vasiliki. 2009. “Constitution-Making, Constitutional Conventions and Conflict Resolution: Lesson Drawing for Cyprus.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 11 (4): 363–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Méndez, Juan E. 2004. “Fundamental Rights as a Limitation to the Democratic Principle of Majority Will.” In The Quality of Democracy: Theory and Applications, edited by O'Donnell, G., Cullell, J. V., and Iazzetta, O. M.. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 196–202.Google Scholar

Mershon, Carol. 1996. “The Cost of Coalition: Coalition Theories and Italian Governments.” American Political Science Review 90 (3): 534–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Michels, Robert. 1999 (1911). Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar

Miller, Kenneth P. 2003. “The Courts and the Initiative Process.” In Initiative and Referendum Almanac, edited by Waters, D. M.. Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 459–467.Google Scholar

Miller, William L. 1988. Irrelevant Elections? The Quality of Local Democracy in Britain. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Milner, Helen V. 2006. “The Digital Divide: The Role of Political Institutions in Technology Diffusion.” Comparative Political Studies 39 (2): 176–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mittendorf, Volker. 2007. “Databases for (Empirical) Research on ‘Direct Democracy.’” In Direct Democracy in Europe: Developments and Prospects, edited by Pállinger, Z. T., Kaufmann, B., Marxer, W., and Schiller, T.. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 207–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Montalvo, Jose G. and Reynal-Querol, Marta. 2005. “Ethnic Diversity and Economic Development.” Journal of Development Economics 76 (2): 293–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moon, Bruce E., Harvey, Jennifer, Ceisluk, Sylvia, Garlett, Lauren M., Hermias, Joshua J., Mendenhall, Elizabeth, Schmid, Patrick D., and Wong, Wai Hong. 2006. “Voting Counts: Participation in the Measurement of Democracy.” Studies in Comparative International Development 41 (2): 3–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morales Viteri, Juan Pablo. 2008. “Ecuador: Mecanismos de Democracia Directa.” C2D Working Paper Series 20.Google Scholar

Morgenstern, Scott. 2004. Patterns of Legislative Politics: Roll-Call Voting in Latin America and the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Morlino, Leonardo. 2004. “What Is a ‘Good’ Democracy?” Democratization 11 (5): 10–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Muller, Edward N. 1988. “Democracy, Economic Development, and Income Inequality.” American Sociological Review 53 (2): 50–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Muller, Edward N. 1989. “Democracy and Inequality: Reply to Weede.” American Sociological Review 54 (5): 868–871.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Muller, Edward N. 1995. “Economic Determinants of Democracy.” American Sociological Review 60 (6): 966–982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Müller, Wolfgang C. 1999. “Plebiscitary Agenda-Setting and Party Strategies: Theoretical Considerations and Evidence from Austria.” Party Politics 5 (3): 303–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Munck, Gerardo. 2003. “Teaching Qualitative Methodology: Rationale, State of the Art, and an Agenda.” Qualitative Methods-Newsletter of the APSA Organized Section on Qualitative Methods 1 (1): 12–15.Google Scholar

Munck, Gerardo L. 2007. “The Study of Politics and Democracy: Touchstones of a Research Agenda.” In Regimes and Democracy in Latin America. Theories and Methods, edited by Munck, G. L.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 25–38.Google Scholar

Munck, Gerardo L. 2009. Measuring Democracy. A Bridge between Scholarship and Politics. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Munck, Gerardo and Verkuilen, Jay. 2002. “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices.” Comparative Political Studies 35 (1): 5–34.Google Scholar

Nadeau, Richard, Martin, Pierre, and Blais, André. 1999. “Attitude Towards Risk-Taking and Individual Choice in the Quebec Referendum on Sovereignty.” British Journal of Political Science 29 (3): 523–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nannestad, Peter and Paldman, Martin. 1994. “The VP-Function: A Survey of the Literature on Vote and Popularity Functions after 25 Years.” Public Choice 79 (3–4): 213–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nedelmann, Birgitta. 1987. “Individuals and Parties – Changes in Processes of Political Mobilization.” European Sociological Review 3 (3): 181–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Negretto, Gabriel L. 2004. “Government Capacities and Policy Making by Decree in Latin America.” Comparative Political Studies 37 (5): 531–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nussbaum, Martha. 2000. Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O'Donnell, Guillermo. 1993. “On the State, Democratization and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances at Some Postcommunist Countries.” World Development 21 (8): 1355–1369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O'Donnell, Guillermo. 1994. “Delegative Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 5 (1): 55–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O'Donnell, Guillermo. 2001. “Reflections on Contemporary South American Democracies.” Journal of Latin American Studies 33 (3): 599–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O'Donnell, Guillermo. 2002. “Acerca de varias Accountabilities y sus Interrelaciones.” In Controlando la Política: Ciudadanos y Medios en las Nuevas Democracias Latinoamericanas, edited by Peruzzotti, E. and Smulovitz, C.. Buenos Aires: Temas, 87–102.Google Scholar

O'Donnell, Guillermo. 2004a. “Exploración sobre el Desarrollo de la Democracia.” In La Democracia en América Latina: Hacia un Democracia de Ciudadanas y Ciudadanos, edited by PNUD. New York: PNUD, 47–70.Google Scholar

O'Donnell, Guillermo. 2004b. “Human Development, Human Rights, and Democracy.” In The Quality of Democracy: Theory and Applications, edited by O'Donnell, G., Cullell, J. V., and Iazzetta, O. M.. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 9–92.Google Scholar

Olken, Benjamin A. 2008. “Direct Democracy and Local Public Goods: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia.” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper Series No. 14123.

Pachano, Simón. 1997. “Bucaram, ¡Fuera! Bucaram, ¿Fuera?” In ¿Y Ahora Qué? Una Contribución al Análisis Político-Histórico Actual. Quito: Eskeletra Editorial, 229–264.Google Scholar

Panizza, Francisco E. 1990. Uruguay: Batllismo y Después. Pacheco, Militares y Tupamaros en la Crisis del Uruguay Batllista. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental.Google Scholar

Panzer, John and Paredes, Ricardo. 1991. “The Role of Economic Issues in Elections: The Case of the 1988 Chilean Presidential Referendum.” Public Choice 71 (1–2): 51–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Papadopoulos, Yannis. 1995. “Analysis of Functions and Dysfunctions of Direct Democracy: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Perspectives.” Politics and Society 23 (4): 421–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Papadopoulos, Yannis. 2001. “How Does Direct Democracy Matter? The Impact of Referendum Votes upon Politics and Policy-Making.” West European Politics 24 (2): 35–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Parkinson, John. 2003. “Legitimacy Problems in Deliberative Democracy.” Political Studies 51 (1): 180–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pateman, Carole. 1970. Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Patterson, Samuel and Caldeira, Gregory. 1983. “Getting Out the Vote: Participation in Gubernatorial Elections.” American Political Science Review 77 (3): 675–689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal. 2000. “The Institutional Determinants of Impeachment.” Presented at the Latin American Science Association, March 16–18, Miami, FL.Google Scholar

Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal. 2006. “Evaluating Presidential Runoff Elections.” Electoral Studies 25 (1): 129–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal. 2007. Presidential Impeachment and the New Political Instability in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pettit, Philip. 2003. “Deliberative Democracy, the Discursive Dilemma and Republican Theory.” In Philosophy, Politics and Society, edited by Fishkin, J. and Laslett, P.. New York: Cambridge University Press, 138–162.Google Scholar

Phillips, Anne. 1991. Engendering Democracy. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar

Pierson, Paul. 2004. Politics in Time. History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

,PNUD. 2004. La Democracia en América Latina: Hacia una Democracia de Ciudadanas y Ciudadanos. New York: Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.Google Scholar

Pommerehne, Werner W. and Weck-Hannemann, Hannelore. 1996. “Tax Rates, Tax Administration and Income Tax Evasion in Switzerland.” Public Choice 88 (1/2): 161–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Porzecanski, Arturo C. 1973. Uruguay's Tupamaros: The Urban Guerrilla. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar

Pottie, David. 2003. “The Presidential Elections in Zimbabwe, March 2002.” Electoral Studies 22 (3): 516–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pottie, David. 2002. “Parliamentary Elections in Zimbabwe, 2000.” Electoral Studies 21 (3): 485–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Powell, G. Bingham. 1986. “American Voter Turnout in Comparative Perspective.” American Political Science Review 80 (1): 17–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Powell, G. Bingham. 2004. “Political Representation in Comparative Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 7: 273–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Preston, Matthew. 2004. Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective. New York: Tauris Academic Studies.Google Scholar

Pribble, Jennifer. 2008. “Protecting the Poor: Welfare Politics in Latin America's Neoliberal Era.” Department of Political Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Ph.D. Thesis.

Przeworski, Adam. 1986. “Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy.” In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives, vol. III, edited by O'Donnell, G., Schmitter, P. C., and Whitehead, L.. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 47–63.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam. 1988. “Democracy as a Contingent Outcome of Conflicts.” In Constitutionalism and Democracy, edited by Elster, J. and Slagstad, R.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 59–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Przeworski, Adam, Alvarez, Michael, Cheibub, José Antonio, and Limongi, Fernando. 1996. “What Makes Democracies Endure?” Journal of Democracy 7 (1): 39–55.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam, Alvarez, Michael E., Cheibub, José Antonio, and Limongi, Fernando. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Przeworski, Adam and Limongi, Fernando. 1997. “Modernization: Theories and Facts.” World Politics 49 (2): 155–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Qvortrup, Mads. 1999. “A.V. Dicey: The Referendum as the People's Veto.” History of Political Thought XX (3): 531–546.Google Scholar

Qvortrup, Mads. 2005. A Comparative Study of Referendums: Government by the People. 2nd ed. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar

Ragin, Charles. 2000. Fuzzy-Set, Social Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Ragin, Charles and Sonnett, John. 2004. “Between Complexity and Parsimony: Limited Diversity, Counterfactual Cases, and Comparative Analysis.” In Vergleichen in der Politikwissenschaft, edited by Kropp, S. and Minkenberg, M.. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 180–197.Google Scholar

Ranney, Austin. 1965. “Parties in State Politics.” In Politics in the American States: A Comparative Analysis, edited by Jacob, H. and Vines, K. N.. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 51–92.Google Scholar

Rasler, Karen. 1996. “Concessions, Repression, and Political Protest in the Iranian Revolution.” American Sociological Review 61 (1): 132–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reif, Karlheinz. 1984. “National Electoral Cycles and European Elections.” Electoral Studies 3 (3): 244–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reif, Karlheinz and Schmitt, Hermann. 1980. “Nine Second Order National Elections: A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results.” European Journal of Political Research 8 (1): 3–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Remmer, Karen. 1989. Military Rule in Latin America. Boston: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Réti, Pál. 2009. “Hungary: Direct Democracy in an Antagonistic Society.” In Global Citizens in Charge: How Modern Direct Democracy Can Make Our Representative Democracies Truly Representative, edited by Lee, J.-O. and Kaufmann, B.. Seoul: Korea Democracy Foundation, 211–220.Google Scholar

Reynal-Querol, Marta. 2002. “Ethnicity, Political Systems, and Civil Wars.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1): 29–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rial, Juan. 2000. “Instituciones de Democracia Directa en América Latina.” National Democratic Institute (October). www.ndipartidos.org/pdf/gobernando/democraciadirecta.pdf.

Riker, William. 1982. Liberalism against Populism. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co.Google Scholar

Rilla, José. 1997. “Uruguay 1980: Transición y Democracia Plebiscitaria.” Nueva Sociedad 150 (Julio-Agosto): 77–83.Google Scholar

Rius, Andrés. 1992. “El Gobierno, la Economía y el Hombre de la Calle.” SUMA 7 (13): 7–35.Google Scholar

Rodríguez Raga, Juan Carlos and Botero, Felipe. 2006. “Ordenando el caos. Elecciones legislativas y reforma electoral en Colombia.” Revista de Ciencia Política 26 (1): 138–151.Google Scholar

Rosenstone, Steven J. and Mark Hansen, John. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: MacMillan.Google Scholar

Rotberg, Robert I. 2000. “Africa's Mess, Mugabe's Mayhem.” Foreign Affairs 79 (5): 47–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rotberg, Robert I. 2007. “The Challenge of Weak, Failing, and Collapsed States.” In Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 83–94.Google Scholar

Rourke, John T., Hiskes, Richard P., and Zirakzadeh, Cyrus Ernesto. 1992. Direct Democracy and International Politics: Deciding International Issues Through Referendums. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1988. The Social Contract. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar

Royston, Patrick and Altman, Douglas G.. 1997. “Approximating Statistical Functions by Using Fractional Polynomial Regression.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series D (The Statistician) 46 (3): 411–422.Google Scholar

Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, Huber, Evelyne, and Stephens, John. 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Rummel, Rudolph J. 1997. “Is Collective Violence Correlated with Social Pluralism?” Journal of Peace Research 34 (2): 163–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rustow, Dankwart. 1970. “Transitions to Democracy.” Comparative Politics 2 (3): 337–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rydgren, Jens. 2005. “Is Extreme Right-Wing Populism Contagious? Explaining the Emergence of a New Party Family.” European Journal of Political Research 44 (3): 413–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sartori, Giovanni. 1970. “Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics.” American Political Science Review 64 (4): 1033–1046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sartori, Giovanni. 1976. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Sartori, Giovanni. 1987. The Theory of Democracy Revisited. New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers.Google Scholar

Sartori, Giovanni. 1997. Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes. New York: New York University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scarrow, Susan. 1999. “Parties and the Expansion of Direct Democracy: Who Benefits?” Party Politics 5 (3): 341–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scarrow, Susan E. 2001. “Direct Democracy and Institutional Change: A Comparative Investigation.” Comparative Political Studies 34 (6): 651–665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schattschneider, Elmer Eric. 1960. The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar

Schlozman, Daniel and Yohai, Ian. 2008. “How Initiatives Don't Always Make Citizens: Ballot Initiatives in the American States, 1978–2004.” Political Behavior 30 (4): 469–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schmidt, Manfred G. 2002. “Political Performance and Types of Democracy: Findings from Comparative Studies.” European Journal of Political Research 41 (1): 147–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schneider, Friedrich and Naumann, Jorg. 1982. “Interest Groups in Democracies – How Influential Are They? An Empirical Examination for Switzerland.” Public Choice 38 (3): 281–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schofer, Evan and Fourcade-Gourinchas, Marion. 2001. “The Structural Contexts of Civic Engagement. Voluntary Association Membership, Comparative Perspective.” American Sociological Review 66 (6): 806–828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schuck, Andreas R. T. and Vreese, Claes H.. 2008. “The Dutch No to the EU Constitution: Assessing the Role of EU Skepticism and the Campaign.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 18 (1): 101–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schumpeter, Joseph. 1950. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper and Brother Publishers.Google Scholar

Sen, Amartya. 1997. “Maximization and the Act of Choice.” Econometrica 65 (4): 745–779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development as Freedom. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar

Serdült, Uwe. 2007. “Direct Democracy in Switzerland and its Discontents.” Presented at the Direct Democracy in Latin America, March 14–15, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar

Setälä, Maija. 1999a. Referendums and Democratic Government: Normative Theory and the Analysis of Institutions. London: Palgrave – MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Setälä, Maija. 1999b. “Referendums in Western Europe – A Wave of Direct Democracy?” Scandinavian Political Studies 22 (4): 327–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Setälä, Maija. 2006a. “National Referendums in European Democracies: Recent Developments.” Representation 42 (1): 13–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Setälä, Maija. 2006b. “On the Problems of Responsibility and Accountability in Referendums.” European Journal of Political Research 45 (4): 699–721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Silva, Fred. 2003. “The Indirect Initiative Process.” In Initiative and Referendum Almanac, edited by Waters, D. M.. Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 13–29.Google Scholar

Skidmore, Thomas E. and Smith, Peter H.. 2001. Modern Latin America. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Slaughter, Barbara and Nolan, Stuart. 2000. “Zimbabwe: Referendum Defeat for Mugabe Shakes Zanu-PF Government.” World Socialist Web Site. http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/feb2000/zimb-f22.shtml.

Smith, Daniel A. and Tolbert, Caroline J.. 2004. Educated by Initiative: The Effects of Direct Democracy on Citizens and Political Organizations in the American States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, Mark A. 2002. “Ballot Initiatives and the Democratic Citizen.” The Journal of Politics 64 (3): 892–903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, Peter H. 2004. “Los Ciclos de Democracia Electoral en América Latina 1900–2000.” Política y Gobierno XI (2): 189–228.Google Scholar

Sondrol, Paul C. 1991. “Totalitarian and Authoritarian Dictators: A Comparison of Fidel Castro and Alfredo Stroessner.” Journal of Latin American Studies 23 (3): 599–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sotelo Rico, Mariana. 1999. “La Longevided de los Partidos Tradicionales Uruguayos desde una Perspectiva Comparada.” In Los Partidos Políticos Uruguayos en Tiempos de Cambio, edited by González, L. E.. Montevideo: Fundación de Cultura Universitaria, 131–158.Google Scholar

Stallings, Barbara and Brock, Phillip. 1993. “The Political Economy of Adjustment: Chile, 1973–1990.” In Political and Economic Interactions in Economic Policy Reform: Evidence of Eight Countries, edited by Bates, R. and Krueger, A.. Cambridge: Blackwell, 78–121.Google Scholar

Starr, Harvey. 1991. “Democratic Dominoes: Diffusion Approaches to the Spread of Democracy in the International System.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 35 (2): 356–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stepan, Alfred C. 1978. The State and Society: Peru in Comparative Perspective. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Stimson, James. 1985. “Regression in Space and Time: A Statistical Essay.” American Journal of Political Science 29 (4): 914–947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stokes, Susan C. 1996. “Economic Reform and Public Opinion in Peru, 1990–1995.” Comparative Political Studies 29 (5): 544–565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stokes, Susan C. 1999. “What Do Policy Switches Tell Us about Democracy?” In Democracy, Accountability and Representation, edited by Przeworski, A., Stokes, S. C., and Manin, B.. New York: Cambridge University Press, 98–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stokes, Susan C. 2001. Mandates and Democracy: Neoliberalism by Surprise in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stone, Walter J. and Narayan Datta, Monti. 2004. “Rationalizing the California Recall.” PS: Political Science & Politics 37 (1): 19–21.Google Scholar

Suksi, Markku. 1993. Bringing in the People: A Comparison of Constitutional Forms and Practices of the Referendums. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.Google Scholar

Svensson, Palle. 2002. “Five Danish Referendums on the European Community and European Union: A Critical Assessment of the Franklin Thesis.” European Journal of Political Research 41 (6): 733–750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Svensson, Palle. 2007. “Direct and Representative Democracy – Supplementing, Not Excluding Each Other.” Presented at the ECPR Joint Sessions, 7–12 May, Helsinki.Google Scholar

Szczerbiak, Aleks and Taggart, Paul. 2004. “The Politics of European Referendum Outcomes and Turnout: Two Models.” West European Politics 27 (4): 557–583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Teixeira, Ruy. 1987. Why Americans Don't Vote: Turnout Decline in the United States, 1960–1984. New York: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

,The National Conference of State Legislatures. 2008. Available at http://www.ncsl.org/ncsldb/elect98/irsrch.cfm.

Thomas Acuña, Evaristo. 2007. “Colombia: Entre la crisis de la representatividad y la democracia directa.” C2D – 16/2008.Google Scholar

Tolbert, Caroline J. and Bowen, Daniel. 2008. “Direct Democracy, Engagement and Turnout.” In Democracy in the States: Experiments in Election Reform, edited by Cain, B. E., Donovan, T., and Tolbert, C.. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 99–113.Google Scholar

Tolbert, Caroline J. and Smith, Daniel A.. 2005. “The Educative Effects of Ballot Initiatives on Voter Turnout.” American Politics Research 33 (2): 283–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tolbert, Caroline J. and Smith, Daniel A.. 2006. “Representation and Direct Democracy in the United States.” Representation 42 (1): 25–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Torres Rivas, Edelberto. 1997. “La Gobernabilidad Centroamericano en las Noventa: Consideraciones sobre las Posibilidades Democráticas en la Postguerra.” América Latina Hoy 8 (June): 27–34.Google Scholar

Tranter, Bruce. 2003. “The Australian Constitutional Referendum of 1999: Evaluating Explanations of Republican Voting.” Electoral Studies 22 (4): 677–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trechsel, Alexander H. and Kriesi, Hanspeter. 1996. “Switzerland: The Referendum and Initiative as a Centerpiece of the Political System.” In The Referendum Experience in Europe, edited by Gallagher, M. and Uleri, P. V.. London: Macmillan, 185–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trechsel, Alexander H. and Sciarini, Pascal. 1998. “Direct Democracy in Switzerland: Do Elites Matter?” European Journal of Political Research 33 (1): 99–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsebelis, George. 1990. Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Tsebelis, George. 1995. “Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism.” British Journal of Political Science 25 (3): 289–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tyler, Tom R. 1997. “Procedural Fairness and Compliance with the Law.” Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics 133 (2/2): 219–240.Google Scholar

Uggla, Fredrik. 2008. “Bolivia: Referéndums como Armas Políticas.” Presented at the ¿Hacia dónde va la democracia en América Latina? October 20–21, Montevideo.Google Scholar

Uleri, PierVincenzo. 1996. “Italy: Referendums and Initiatives from the Origins to the Crisis of a Democratic Regime.” In The Referendum Experience in Europe, edited by Gallagher, M. and Uleri, P. V.. London: Macmillan, 106–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Uleri, PierVincenzo. 2002. “On Referendum Voting in Italy: YES, NO or Non–Vote? How Italian Parties Learned to Control Referendums.” European Journal of Political Research 41 (6): 863–883.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ullman, Jodie B. 1996. “Structural Equation Model.” In Using Multivariate Statistics, edited by Tabachnick, B. and Fidell, L.. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 653–771.Google Scholar

Valenzuela, Arturo. 1991. “The Military in Power: The Consolidation of One-Man Rule.” In The Struggle for Democracy in Chile, 1982–1990, edited by Drake, P. and Jaksic, I.. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 21–72.Google Scholar

Valenzuela, Samuel J. 1992. “Democratic Consolidation in Post-Transitional Settings: Notion, Process and Facilitating Conditions.” In Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective, edited by Mainwaring, S., O'Donnell, Guillermo, and Valenzuela, S.. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 57–73.Google Scholar

Vanhanen, Tatu. 1999. “Domestic Ethnic Conflict and Ethnic Nepotism: A Comparative Analysis.” Journal of Peace Research 36 (1): 55–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vanhanen, Tatu. 2000. “A New Dataset for Measuring Democracy, 1810–1998.” Journal of Peace Research 37 (2): 251–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vargas Cullell, Jorge. 2007. “Costa Rica: Fin de una Era Política.” Revista de Ciencia Política 27 (EE): 113–128.Google Scholar

Vargas Cullell, Jorge. 2008. “Costa Rica: Una Decisión Estratégica en Tiempos Inciertos.” Revista de Ciencia Política 28 (1): 147–169.Google Scholar

Vatter, Adrian. 2000. “Consensus and Direct Democracy: Conceptual and Empirical Linkages.” European Journal of Political Research 38 (2): 171–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vatter, Adrian. 2007. “Three Dimensions of Democracy? Lijphart's Typology and Direct Democracy. A Cross-National Analysis of Forms of Government in 23 Advanced Democracies between 1997 and 2006.” Presented at the 35th Joint Sessions of Workshops of the European Consortium for Political Research, May 7–12, Helsinki.Google Scholar

Vatter, Adrian. 2008. “Swiss Consensus Democracy in Transition: A Re-analysis of Lijphart's Concept of Democracy for Switzerland from 1997 to 2007.” World Political Science Review 4 (2): Article 1.Google Scholar

Vatter, Adrian. 2009. “Lijphart Expanded: Three Dimensions of Democracy in Advanced OECD Countries?” European Political Science Review 1 (1): 125–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Venter, Denis. 2005. “Zimbabwe Before and After the June 2000 Elections: An Assessment.” EISA. Available at http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/zim2000election1.htm.

Venturini, Angel R. 1989. Estadísticas Electorales 1917–1989. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental.Google Scholar

Vergara, Pilar. 1985. Auge y Caída del Neoliberalismo en Chile. Santiago: FLACSO-Salesianos.Google Scholar

Vergara, Pilar. 1986. “Changes in the Economic Functions of the Chilean State under the Military Regime.” In Military Rule in Chile: Dictatorship and Oppositions, edited by Valenzuela, A. and Valenzuela, S.. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Verhulst, Jos and Nijeboer, Arejen. 2007. Direct Democracy: Facts and Arguments about the Introduction of Initiative and Referendum. Brussels: Democracy International.Google Scholar

Voss, Stephen and Lublin, David. 1998. “Ecological Inference and the Comparative Method.” American Political Science Association – Comparative Politics Newsletter. Winter 25–31.

Wald, Kenneth D., Button, James W., and Rienzo, Barbara A.. 1996. “The Politics of Gay Rights in American Communities: Explaining Antidiscrimination Ordinances and Policies.” American Journal of Political Science 40 (4): 1152–1178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Walton, John and Seddon, David. 1994. Free Markets and Food Riots. The Politics of Global Adjustments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Walzer, Michael. 2004. Politics and Passion: Toward a More Egalitarian Liberalism. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Ward, Michael D. 2002. “Green Binders in Cyberspace: A Modest Proposal.” Comparative Political Studies 35 (1): 46–51.Google Scholar

Warren, Mark E. 2001. Democracy and Association. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Wernli, Boris. 1998. “Die Bestimmungsfaktoren der Wahlbeteiligung. Eine vergleichende Analyse von 10 Schweizer Kantonen.” In Selects. Die Schweizer Wahlen 1995, edited by Kriesi, H., Linder, W., and Klöti, U.. Bern: Haupt, 73–100.Google Scholar

Weyland, Kurt. 1998. “The Politics of Corruption in Latin America.” Journal of Democracy 9 (2): 108–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weyland, Kurt. 2002. The Politics of Market Reform in Fragile Democracies: Argentina, Brazil, Peru, and Venezuela. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Weyland, Kurt. 2005. “Theories of Policy Diffusion: Lessons from Latin American Pension Reform.” World Politics 57 (2): 262–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wheatley, Jonathan. 2008. “Direct Democracy in the Commonwealth of Independent States: The State of the Art.” C2D Working Paper Series 28.Google Scholar

Whitehead, Laurence. 1992. “The Alternatives to ‘Liberal Democracy’: A Latin American Perspective.” Political Studies 40 (1): 146–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wintrobe, Ronald. 1998. The Political Economy of Dictatorship. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wolfinger, Raymond and Rosenstone, Steven. 1980. Who Votes?New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Zimmerman, Joseph F. 1986. Participatory Democracy: Populism Revived. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar

Zovatto, Daniel. 2001. “La Práctica General de las Instituciones de Democracia Directa en América Latina. Un Balance Comparado: 1978–2000.” Presented at the Primer Encuentro Multidisciplinario sobre Democracia y Formación Ciudadana, Diciembre 6–8, México.Google Scholar

Zovatto, Daniel, Marulanda, Iván, Lizarazo, Antonio, and González, Rodolfo. 2004. Democracia Directa y Referéndum en Amércia Latina. La Paz: Corte Nacional Electoral.Google Scholar