Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Contributors
- Part I Systems
- 1 Infective Endocarditis
- 2 Myocarditis and Pericarditis
- 3 Dental and Odontogenic Infections
- 4 Systemic Diseases Causing Fever and Rash
- 5 Otitis Media
- 6 Otitis Externa
- 7 Sinusitis
- 8 Supraglottitis
- 9 Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis
- 10 Deep Neck Space Infections
- 11 Mumps
- 12 Peritonitis
- 13 Viral Hepatitis
- 14 Infectious Biliary Diseases: Cholecystitis and Cholangitis
- 15 Acute Infectious Diarrhea
- 16 Diarrhea in HIV-Infected Patients
- 17 Ulcerative Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- 18 Nonulcerative Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- 19 Vulvovaginitis
- 20 Male Genitourinary Infections
- 21 Adult Septic Arthritis
- 22 Hand Infections: Fight Bite, Purulent Tenosynovitis, Felon, and Paronychia
- 23 Osteomyelitis
- 24 Open Fractures
- 25 Spinal Infections
- 26 Prosthetic Joint Infections
- 27 Diabetic Foot Infections
- 28 Plantar Puncture Wounds
- 29 Periocular Infections
- 30 Conjunctival and Corneal Infections
- 31 Uvea, Vitreous, and Retina Infections
- 32 Community-Acquired Pneumonia
- 33 Tuberculosis
- 34 Influenza
- 35 HIV-Associated Respiratory Infections
- 36 Arthritis in the Acute Care Setting
- 37 Lower Urinary Tract Infection in Adults
- 38 Pyelonephritis in Adults
- 39 Fever and Headache: Meningitis and Encephalitis
- 40 Fever and Focal Cerebral Dysfunction
- 41 Fever and Acute Weakness Localizing to the Spinal Cord
- 42 Altered Mental Status in HIV-Infected Patients
- 43 Bacterial Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
- Part II Pediatrics
- Part III Special Populations
- Part IV Current Topics
- Part V Overview of Antibiotics
- Part VI Microbiology/Laboratory Tests
- Part VII Infection Control Precautions
- Index
- References
13 - Viral Hepatitis
from Part I - Systems
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 December 2009
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Contributors
- Part I Systems
- 1 Infective Endocarditis
- 2 Myocarditis and Pericarditis
- 3 Dental and Odontogenic Infections
- 4 Systemic Diseases Causing Fever and Rash
- 5 Otitis Media
- 6 Otitis Externa
- 7 Sinusitis
- 8 Supraglottitis
- 9 Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis
- 10 Deep Neck Space Infections
- 11 Mumps
- 12 Peritonitis
- 13 Viral Hepatitis
- 14 Infectious Biliary Diseases: Cholecystitis and Cholangitis
- 15 Acute Infectious Diarrhea
- 16 Diarrhea in HIV-Infected Patients
- 17 Ulcerative Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- 18 Nonulcerative Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- 19 Vulvovaginitis
- 20 Male Genitourinary Infections
- 21 Adult Septic Arthritis
- 22 Hand Infections: Fight Bite, Purulent Tenosynovitis, Felon, and Paronychia
- 23 Osteomyelitis
- 24 Open Fractures
- 25 Spinal Infections
- 26 Prosthetic Joint Infections
- 27 Diabetic Foot Infections
- 28 Plantar Puncture Wounds
- 29 Periocular Infections
- 30 Conjunctival and Corneal Infections
- 31 Uvea, Vitreous, and Retina Infections
- 32 Community-Acquired Pneumonia
- 33 Tuberculosis
- 34 Influenza
- 35 HIV-Associated Respiratory Infections
- 36 Arthritis in the Acute Care Setting
- 37 Lower Urinary Tract Infection in Adults
- 38 Pyelonephritis in Adults
- 39 Fever and Headache: Meningitis and Encephalitis
- 40 Fever and Focal Cerebral Dysfunction
- 41 Fever and Acute Weakness Localizing to the Spinal Cord
- 42 Altered Mental Status in HIV-Infected Patients
- 43 Bacterial Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
- Part II Pediatrics
- Part III Special Populations
- Part IV Current Topics
- Part V Overview of Antibiotics
- Part VI Microbiology/Laboratory Tests
- Part VII Infection Control Precautions
- Index
- References
Summary
INTRODUCTION
A number of viruses have been found to primarily infect hepatocytes, though not all cause clinically relevant disease. The classically recognized hepatotropic viruses are the hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G viruses. Of clinically apparent acute and chronic hepatitis, 10% to 20% is cryptogenic in nature and is thought to be caused by as yet unidentified viruses.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Hepatitis viruses A and E are transmitted via the fecal-oral route, whereas B, C, and D are spread primarily via contact with infected blood or other body fluid. Hepatitis G is transferred by either route, but is not proven to cause clinical disease. Fecal-oral transmission of the A and E viruses is responsible for most acute outbreaks, whereas B and C constitute a major chronic public health burden.
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection accounts for approximately 25,000 cases of acute hepatitis annually in the United States, with as many as 40% of the urban population having serologic evidence of past infection. Outbreaks often affect clusters of persons exposed to a single source, such as a food handler or contaminated central water supply.
Persons infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) carry the virus in all bodily fluids (blood, breast milk, saliva, semen, and urine). HBV can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, the latter conferring risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is estimated that 200 million people worldwide are chronically infected with HBV.
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- Information
- Emergency Management of Infectious Diseases , pp. 59 - 64Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2008