The concluding chapter provides a critical reflection on the historical study of sex, gender, and sexuality in Japan, highlighting scholarly strongholds, addressing blind spots, and identifying questions yet to be raised. It notes, for instance, that existing sexuality studies question the once implicit, normative, and exclusive gender binary and heterosexuality. It spins forth Jennifer Robertson’s observation that, historically, in Japan and elsewhere, sexual practices have not presumed a specific sexual orientation or identity – although today some queer activists and homophobic critics tend to fuse the two.