Other PublicationsAcemoglu, Daron and James, A. Robinson. 2006. “De Facto Political Power and Institutional Persistence.” American Economic Review 96 (2): 326–30.
Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon and Robinson, James A.. 2001. “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation.” The American Economic Review 91 (5): 1369–401.
Ackah, C. A. 1988. Akan Ethics: A Study of the Moral Ideas and the Moral Behaviour of the Akan Tribes of Ghana. Accra, Ghana: Ghana Universities Press.
Acquaah, Benjamin. 1999. Cocoa Development in West Africa: The Early Period with Particular Reference to Ghana. Accra, Ghana: Ghana Universities Press.
Adams, Glenn and Plaut, Victoria. 2003. “The Cultural Grounding of Personal Relationship: Friendship in North American and West African Worlds.” Personal Relationships 10: 333–47.
Adams, Richard H. 1991a. “The Economic Uses and Impact of International Remittances in Rural Egypt.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 39 (4): 695–722.
Adams, Richard H. 1991b. The Effects of International Remittances on Poverty, Inequality, and Development in Rural Egypt. Research Report No. 86. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Adcock, Robert and Collier, David. 2001. “Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research.” American Political Science Review 95 (3): 529–47.
Addison, Ernest K. Y. 2006. “The Macroeconomic Impact of Remittances.” In At Home in the World?: International Migration and Development in Contemporary Ghana and West Africa, ed., Manuh, Takyiwaa. Legon, Ghana: Sub-Saharan Publishers, 118–38.
Ahmad, Ehtisham, Dreze, Jean, Hills, John and Sen, Amartya, eds. 1991. Social Security in Developing Countries. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Akuamoah-Boateng, R. 2004. “Retirement and Poverty Among the Aged in Africa–The Ghanaian Experience.” In Africa Through Ghanaian Lenses, ed., Samuel, E.Quainoo. Binghamton, NY: Vestal International Press.
Albarran, P. and Attanasio, O.. 2002. Do Public Transfers Crowd Out Private Transfers? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Mexico. Discussion Paper No. 2002/6. Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research.
Alderman, Harold and Christina, H. Paxson. 1992. “Do the Poor Insure?: A Synthesis of the Literature on Risk and Consumption in Developing Countries.” Policy Research Working Papers No. 1008. Agriculture and Rural Development Department, World Bank.
Alence, Rod. 1990. “The 1937–38 Gold Coast Cocoa Crisis: The Political Economy of Commercial Stalemate.” African Economic History 19: 77–104.
Alexandre, Pierre. 1970. “Chieftancy in French West Africa.” In West African Chiefs, ed., Crowder, Michael. London: Hutchinson & Co.
Amoako-Tuffour, Joe and Armah, Bartholomew. 2008. Poverty Reduction Strategies in Action: Perspectives and Lessons from Ghana. New York, NY: Lexington Books.
Amon D'Aby, Francois-Joseph. 1988. Le Probleme des Chefferies Traditionnelles en Cote d'Ivoire. Abidjan: Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines.
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Anderson, Jock R. 2001. “Risk Management in Rural Development: A Review.” Rural Strategy Background Paper No. 7. World Bank.
Annan-Yao, Elizabeth. 1997. “Reproduction Economique–Sociale et Democratization: Les Effets du Programme d'Ajustement Structurale (PAS) et de la Devaluation Monetaire sur les Femmes en Cote d'Ivoire.” Unpublished paper.
Apt, Nana Araba. 1996. Coping with Old Age in a Changing Africa: Social Change and the Elderly Ghanaian. Surrey, United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing.
Apter, David. 1965. The Politics of Modernization. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Archibugi, Daniele and Held, David. 1995. Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agenda for a New World Order. New York, NY: Polity Press.
Ardayfio-Schandorf, E., ed. 1996. The Changing Family in Ghana. Accra, Ghana: Ghana Universities Press.
Arhin, Kwame. 1985. The Expansion of Cocoa Production: The Working Conditions of Migrant Cocoa Farmers in the Central and Western Regions. Unpublished report.
Arhin, Kwame. 1976. “The Pressure of Cash and its Political Consequences in Asante in the Colonial Period.” Journal of African Studies 3 (4): 253–368.
Arrow, Kenneth J. 1971. Essay in Theory of Risk-Bearing. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North Holland.
Aryeetey, Ernest and Goldstein, Markus. 2000. “Ghana: Social Policy Reform in Africa.” In Reforming Social Policy: Changing Perspectives on Sustainable Human Development, eds., Daniel, A., Morales-Gomez, Necla Tschirgi and Moher, Jennifer L.. Ottawa, ON: International Development Research Centre, 9–44.
Asamoah, Yvonne and Nortey, D. N. A.. 1987. “Ghana.” In Social Welfare in Africa, ed., Dixon, John. New York, NY: Croom Helm, 22–68.
Asante, Ben, ed. 1987. The Growth of Social Security in Liberia. London: Pan-African Communications Services.
Assimeng, Max. 1989. Religion and Social Change in West Africa: An Introduction to the Sociology of Religion. Accra, Ghana: Ghana Universities Press.
,Associates in Rural Development. 1991. The Experience in Ivory Coast with Decentralized Approaches to Local Delivery of Primary Education and Primary Health Services. Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development.
Attanasio, Orazio and Rios-Rull, Jose-Victor. 2000. “Consumption Smoothing in Island Economies: Can Public Insurance Reduce Welfare?” European Economic Review 44: 1225–58.
Austin, Gareth. 1988. “Capitalists and Chiefs in the Cocoa Hold-Ups in South Asante, 1927–38.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 21: 63–95.
Austin, Gareth. 2005. Labour, Land and Capital in Ghana: From Slavery to Free Labour in Asante, 1807–1956. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
Ayee, Joseph R. A. 1994. An Anatomy of Public Policy Implementation: The Case of Decentralization Policies in Ghana. Avebury: Aldershot Press.
Ayee, Joseph R. A. 2004. “An Overview of Local Government Experience in Ghana.” In Africa Through Ghanaian Lenses, ed., Samuel, E.Quainoo. Binghamton, NY: Vestal International Press.
Azarya, Victor and Chazan, Naomi. 1987. “Disengagement from the State in Africa: Reflections on the Experience of Ghana and Guinea.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 29 (1): 106–31.
Bakary, T. 1997. “Political Polarization Over Governance in Côte d'Ivoire.” In Governance as Conflict Management: Politics and Violence in West Africa, ed., Zartman, I. William. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 9–48.
Bakayoko, Adama and Ehouman, Sylvestre. 1987. “Ivory Coast.” In Social Welfare in Africa, ed., Dixon, John. New York, NY: Croom Helm, 69–99.
Bannerman-Richter, Gabriel. 1982. The Practice of Witchcraft in Ghana. Winona, MN: Apollo Books.
Bantig, Keith. 1999. “Social Citizenship and the Multicultural Welfare State.” In Citizenship, Diversity and Pluralism: Canadian and Comparative Perspectives, eds., Cairns, Alan C., Courtney, John C., MacKinnon, Peter, Michelmann, Hans J. and Smith, David. Montreal, QC: McGill-Queen's University Press.
Bardhan, Pranab. 1989. “The New Institutional Economics and Development Theory: A Brief Critical Assessment.” World Development 17 (9): 1333–47.
Bardhan, Pranab. 2004. “History, Institutions and Underdevelopment.” In Scarcity, Conflicts and Cooperation: Essays in the Political and Institutional Economics of Development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Barker, Jonathan. 1989. Rural Communities Under Stress: Peasant Farmers and the State in Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Bates, Robert. 1981. Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Bates, Robert. 1989. Beyond the Miracle of the Market: The Political Economy of Agrarian Development in Kenya. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Bates, Robert. 1990. “Capital, Kinship and Conflict.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 24: 151–64.
Bates, Robert. 1997. “Social Dilemmas and Rational Individuals: An Assessment of the New Institutionalism.” In New Institutional Economics and Third World Development, eds., Harriss, J., Hunter, J. and Lewis, C. M.. New York, NY: Routledge, 27–48.
Bates, Robert and Curry, Amy Farmer. 1992. “Community Versus Market: A Note on Corporate Villages.” American Political Science Review 86 (2): 457–63.
Bayart, Jean-François. 1993. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. New York, NY: Longman Group Publishers.
Bayart, Jean François, Ellis, Stephen and Hibou, Beatrice. 1999. The Criminalization of the State in Africa. Oxford and Bloomington: James Currey Press and Indiana University Press.
Beckett, W. H. 1944. Akokoaso: A Survey of a Gold Coast Village. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
Beckman, Bjorn. 1976. Organising the Farmer: Cocoa Politics and National Development in Ghana. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
Benda-Beckmann, F., Benda-Beckmann, K., Casino, E., Hirtz, F., Woodman, G. and Zacher, H. F., eds. 1988. Between Kinship and the State: Social Security and Law in Developing Countries. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Foris Publications.
Berger, Suzanne and Dore, Ronald, eds. 1996. National Diversity and Global Capitalism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Berman, Sheri. 2001. “Civil Society and Political Institutionalization.” In Beyond Tocqueville: Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective, eds., Edwards, Bob, Foley, Michael W. and Diani, Mario. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 32–42.
Berry, L. 1995. Ghana: A Country Study. Washington, DC: Federal Research Division.
Berry, Sara. 1985. Fathers Work for their Sons: Accumulation, Mobility, and Class Formation in an Extended Yoruba Community. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Berry, Sara. 1989. “Social institutions and Access to Resources.” Africa 59 (1): 41–55.
Berry, Sara. 1993. No Condition is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Berry, Sara. 1997. “Tomatoes, Land and Hearsay: Property and History in Asante in the Time of Structural Adjustment.” World Development 25 (8): 1225–41.
Blau, Peter M. 1964. Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York, NY: J. Wiley.
Boafo-Arthur, K. 1998. “Party Organization, Finance and the Democratic Process: The Case of the Opposition Parties.” In The 1996 General Elections and Democratic Consolidation in Ghana, ed., Ayee, Joseph R. A.. Legon, Ghana: University of Ghana.
Boone, Catherine. 1995. “The Social Origins of Ivoirian Exceptionalism: Rural Society and State Formation.” Comparative Politics 27 (4): 445–63.
Boone, Catherine. 2003. Political Topographies of the African State. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Bortei-Doku Aryeetey, Ellen and Aryeetey, Ernest. 1996. Operation, Utilization and Change in Rotating Susu Savings in Ghana. Technical Publication No. 59. Accra, Ghana: ISSER.
Bourdieu, P. 1986. “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, ed., Richardson, J.. New York, NY: Greenwood Press.
Bratton, Michael. 1989. “Beyond the State: Civil Society and Associational Life in Africa.” World Politics 31 (3): 407–30.
Bratton, Michael. 1994. “Peasant-State Relations in Post-Colonial Africa.” In State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World, eds., Migdal, Joel, Kohli, A. and Shu, V.. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 231–54.
Bratton, Michael. 2008. “Formal Versus Informal Institutions in Africa.” In How People View Democracy, eds., Diamond, Larry and Plattner, Marc F.. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Bratton, Michael and Walle, Nicolas. 1992. “Popular Protest and Political Transition in Africa.” Comparative Politics 24 (4): 419–22.
Bratton, Michael, Mattes, Robert and Boadi, E. Gyimah. 2005. Public Opinion, Market Reform and Democracy in Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Browne, J. Orde. 1935. “Witchcraft and British Colonial Law.” Journal of the International African Institute 8 (4): 481–7.
Brunet-Jailly, Joseph. 1997. Innover dans les systèmes de santé: Expériences d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Paris: Karthala.
Busia, K. A. 1951. The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti. London: Oxford University Press.
Cammett, Melani and MacLean, Lauren M., eds. n.d. The Politics of Non-State Social Welfare Provision in the Global South.
Campbell, Andrea. 2003. How Policies Make Citizens: Senior Citizen Activism and the American Welfare State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Carey, John M. 2000. “Parchment, Equilibria, and Institutions.” Comparative Political Studies 33 (6/7): 735–61.
Chabal, Patrick and Daloz, Jean-Pascal. 1999. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. Oxford: James Currey Press and Indiana University Press.
Chaudhry, Kiren. 1993. “The Myths of the Market and the Common History of Late Developers.” Politics and Society 21 (3): 245–74.
Chauveau, Jean-Pierre and Dozon, Jean-Pierre. 1988. “Ethnies et Etat en Cote d'Ivoire.” Revue Francaise de Science Politique 38 (5) (October): 732–47.
Chazan, Naomi. 1983. An Anatomy of Ghanaian Politics: Managing Political Recession, 1969–1982. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Chazan, Naomi. 1988. “Patterns of State-Society Incorporation and Disengagement.” In The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, eds., Rothchild, Donald and Chazan, Naomi. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Chazan, Naomi. 1994. “Engaging the State: Associational Life in Sub-Saharan Africa. In State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World, eds., Migdal, Joel, Kohli, Atul and Shue, Vivienne. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Chen, Shaohua and Ravallion, Martin. 2008. The Developing World is Poorer Than We Thought, But No Less Successful in the Fight Against Poverty. Policy Research Working Paper No. 4703. Washington, DC: Development Research Group, The World Bank.
Cheru, Fantu. 1997. “The Silent Revolution and the Weapons of the Weak: Transformation and Innovation from Below.” In Innovation and Transformation in International Studies, eds., Gill, Stephen and Mittelman, James H.. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 153–69.
Clark, Gracia. 1994. Onions are My Husband: Survival and Accumulation by West African Market Women. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Clignet, Remi and Foster, Philip. 1966. The Fortunate Few: A Study of Secondary Schools and Students in the Ivory Coast. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
Coleman, James. 1988. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94: 95.
Coleman, James. 1990. The Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Coleman, Jonathan R., Akiyama, Takamasa and Varangis, Panos. 1993. How Policy Changes Affected Cocoa Sectors in Sub-Saharan African Countries. Working Paper No. 1129. Washington, DC: World Bank, Policy Research on International Trade.
Colson, Elizabeth. 1974. Tradition and Contract. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Co.
Collier, Paul and Garg, Ashish. 1999. “On Kin Groups and Wages in the Ghanaian Labour Market.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 61 (2): 133–51.
Collier, Ruth Berins and Collier, David. 1991. Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Comaroff, J. and Comaroff, J. L. 1999. “Occult Economies and the Violence of Abstraction: Notes from the South African Postcolony.” American Ethnologist 26 (2): 279–303.
Comaroff, J. and Comaroff, J. L. 2009. Ethnicity, Inc. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Commander, Simon, Howell, John and Seini, Wayo. 1989. “Ghana: 1983–7.” In Structural Adjustment and Agriculture: Theory and Practice in Africa and Latin America, ed., Commander, Simon. London: Overseas Development Institute.
Cooper, Frederick. 1996. Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in French and British Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Cooper, Frederick. 2002. Africa Since 1940: The Past of the Present. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Coulibaly, Loucoumane and Lewis, David. 2009. “Ivory Coast Election Chief Confirms Poll Delay.” Reuters, November 11. http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSLB279965
Couret, Dominique, Ibo, Jonas and Pape, Marc, eds. 1994. Crises, Ajustements et Recompositions en Côte d'Ivoire: La Remise en Cause d'Un Modèle. International Colloquium, November 28–December 2, 1994. Abidjan: ORSTOM.
Crawford, Sue E. and Ostrom, Elinor. 1995. “A Grammar of Institutions.” American Political Science Review 89 (3): 582–600.
Crook, Richard. 1989. “Patrimonialism, Administrative Effectiveness and Economic Development in Cote d'Ivoire.” African Affairs 88 (351): 205–28.
Crook, Richard. 1990. “State, Society and Political Institutions in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana.” IDS Bulletin 21 (4): 24–3.
Crook, Richard. 1994. “Four Years of the Ghana District Assemblies in Operation: Decentralization, Democratization and Administrative Performance.” Public Administration and Development 14 (4): 339–64.
Crook, Richard C. and Manor, James. 1998. Democracy and Decentralization in South Asia and West Africa: Participation, Accountability and Performance. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Crowder, Michael. 1968. West Africa Under Colonial Rule. London: Hutchinson & Co.
Crowder, Michael and Ikeme, Obaro, eds. 1970. West African Chiefs: Their Changing Status Under Colonial Rule and Independence. London: Hutchinson & Co.
Danquah, J. B. 1928. Gold Coast: Akan Laws and Customs and the Akim Abuakwa Constitution. London: Routledge.
Danquah, J. B.Obligation in Akan Society (West African Pamphlet Series No. 8).
Dasgupta, Partha and Serageldin, Ismail. 2000. Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Deaton, Angus. 1992. “Household Saving in LDCs: Credit Markets, Insurance and Welfare.” The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 94 (2): 253–73.
Deaton, Angus and Benjamin, Dwayne. 1988. The Living Standard Survey and Price Policy Reform: A Study of Cocoa and Coffee Production in Côte d'Ivoire. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Dei, George J. Sefa. 1992. Hardships and Survival in Rural West Africa: A Case Study of a Ghanaian Community. Dakar: CODESRIA.
Demery, Lionel. 1994. “Côte d'Ivoire: Fettered Adjustment.” In Adjustment in Africa: Lessons from Country Case Studies, eds., Husain, Ishrat and Faruqee, Rashid. Washington, DC: World Bank, 72–152.
Demery, L., Chao, S., Bernier, R. and Mehra, K.. 1995. The Incidence of Social Spending in Ghana. Poverty and Social Policy Discussion Paper No. 82. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Dercon, S. 2002. “Income Risk, Coping Strategies and Safety Nets.” World Bank Research Observer 17: 141–66.
Dercon, S. 2003. “Poverty Traps and Development: The Equity-Efficiency Trade-Off Revisited.” Unpublished paper.
Dercon, Stefan and Krishnan, Pramila. 1996. “Income Portfolios in Rural Ethiopia and Tanzania: Choices and Constraints.” The Journal of Development Studies 32 (6): 850–75.
Dercon, Stefan and Krishnan, Pramila. 1997. “In Sickness and in Health… Risk-Sharing Within Households in Rural Ethiopia.” Working Paper Series No. 97–12, April.
Devereux, Stephen. 2001. Social Pensions in Namibia and South Africa. IDS Discussion Paper No. 379, February 2001. Brighton, England: Institute of Development Studies.
DiMaggio, Paul J. 1998. “The New Institutionalisms: Avenues of Collaboration.” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 154 (4): 696–705.
Dixon, John, ed. 1987. Social Welfare in Africa. New York, NY: Croom Helm.
Dixon, John, ed. 1999. Social Security in Global Perspective. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Douglas, Mary. 1985. Risk Acceptability According to the Social Sciences. New York, NY: Russel Sage Foundation.
Duflo, Esther and Christopher, Udry. 2004. “Intrahousehold Resource Allocation in Cote d'Ivoire: Social Norms, Separate Accounts and Consumption Choices.” Unpublished paper.
Dunn, John and Robertson, A. F.. 1973. Dependence and Opportunity: Political Change in Ahafo. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Dunning, Thad. 2008. “Improving Causal Inference: Strengths and Limitations of Natural Experiments.” Political Research Quarterly 61: 282–93.
Ekeh, Peter. 1975. “Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (1): 91–112.
Engerman, Stanley L. and Sokoloff, Kenneth L.. 2002. “Factor Endowments, Inequality, and Paths of Development Among New World Economies.” Economia 3 (1): 41–109.
Ensminger, Jean. 1992. Making a Market. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Evans, Peter. 1996. “Government Action, Social Capital and Development Reviewing the Evidence on Synergy.” World Development 24 (6): 1033–7.
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1937. Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Eyoh, Dickson. 1998. “Conflicting Narratives of Anglophone Protest and the Politics of Identity in Cameroon.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 16 (2): 249–76.
Fadayomi, T. O. 1991. “The History of Social Development in Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria.” In Social Development in Africa: Strategies, Policies, and Programmes After the Lagos Plan, ed., Mohammed, Duri. New York, NY: Hans Zell Publishers.
Fafchamps, Marcel. 1992. “Solidarity Networks in Preindustrial Societies: Rational Peasants with a Moral Economy.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 41 (1): 147–76.
Ferguson, James. 2006. Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Fine, Ben. 2001. Social Capital Versus Social Theory: Political Economy and Social Science at the Turn of the Millenium. New York, NY: Routledge.
Fine, Ben. 2003. “Social Capital: The World Bank's Fungible Friend.” Journal of Agrarian Change 3 (4): 586–603.
Firmin-Sellers, Katherine. 1996. The Transformation of Property Rights in the Gold Coast: An Empirical Analysis Applying Rational Choice Theory. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Firmin-Sellers, Katherine. 2000. “Institutions, Context, and Outcomes: Explaining French and British Rule in West Africa.” Comparative Politics 32 (3): 253–72.
Fortes, Meyer. 1950. “Kinship and Marriage Among the Ashanti.” In African Systems of Kinship and Marriage, eds., Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. and Fordepages, D.. London: Oxford University Press.
Fortes, Meyer. 1969. Kinship and the Social Order: The Legacy of Lewis Henry Morgan. London: Aldine Publishing Company.
Foster, Philip and Zolberg, Aristide R.. 1971. Ghana and the Ivory Coast: Perspectives on Modernization. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Fraser, Nancy. 1989. “Women, Welfare and the Politics of Need Interpretation.” In Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse, and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory, ed., Fraser, Nancy. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 144–60.
Frimpong-Ansah, A. 1991. The Vampire State in Africa: The Political Economy of Decline in Ghana. London: James Currey.
Fukuyama, Francis. 1995. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York, NY: The Free Press.
Galvan, Dennis. 2004. The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
George, Betty Stein. 1976. Education in Ghana. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
Geschiere, Peter. 1993. “Chiefs and Colonial Rule in Cameroon: Investing in Chieftancy, French and British Style.” Africa 63 (2): 151–75.
Geschiere, Peter. 1997. The Modernity of Witchcraft: Politics and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
Geschiere, Peter. 2009. The Perils of Belonging: Autochtony, Citizenship and Exclusion in Africa and Europe. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Geschiere, Peter and Nyamnjoh, Francis. 2001. “Capitalism and Autochthony: The Seesaw of Mobility and Belonging.” In Millenial Capitalism and the Culture of Neoliberalism, eds., Comaroff, Jean and Comaroff, John L.. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 159–90.
Ginneken, Wouter, ed. 1999. Social Security for the Excluded Majority: Case Studies of Developing Countries. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office.
Glewwe, Paul and Tray, Dennis. 1988. The Poor During Adjustment: A Case Study of Côte d'Ivoire. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Glewwe, Paul and Tray, Dennis. 1999. “Chop Time, No Friends: Intrahousehold and Individual Insurance Mechanisms in Southern Ghana.” Unpublished Article based on Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California at Berkeley.
Gockel, Augustine Fritz. 1996. The Formal Social Security System in Ghana. Accra, Ghana: Friedrich Ebert Foundation.
Goldstein, Markus, Janvry, Alain and Sadoulet, Elisabeth. 2000. “You Can't Always Get What You Want: Inclusion and Exclusion in Mutual Insurance Networks in Southern Ghana.” Unpublished paper.
Gore, Charles with contributions from Figueiredo, Jose B. and Rodgers, Gerry. 1995. “Introduction: Markets, Citizenship and Social Exclusion,” In Social Exclusion: Rhetoric, Reality and Responses, eds., Rodgers, G., Gore, C. and Figueiredo, J.. Geneva, Switzerland: International Institute for Labour Studies, International Labour Organization.
Gough, Ian, et.al. 2004. Insecurity and Welfare Regimes in Asia, Africa and Latin America: Social Policy in Development Contexts. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
,Government of Côte d'Ivoire (GOCI). 1993. Agissons Tous Ensemble Pour La Sauvegarde de la Famille. Abidjan: Ministere de la Famille et de la Promotion de la Femme.
,Government of Côte d'Ivoire (GOCI). 1994. Rapport de Gestion 1994: CHR Abengourou. Abidjan: Ministere de la Sante Publique et des Affaires Sociales.
,Government of Côte d'Ivoire (GOCI). 1996. Cout Estimatif d'un Eleve a la Rentree Scolaire, 1995–1996. Abidjan: Ministere de l'Education National et de la Formation de Base.
,Government of Côte d'Ivoire (GOCI). 1997. Enquete Prioritaire Sur les Dimensions Sociales de l'Ajustement Structurel: Depenses des Menages, vol. 1. Abidjan: Institut National de la Statistique.
,Government of Côte d'Ivoire (GOCI). 1999a. Profil de Pauvrete: 1998. Abidjan: Ministere de la Planification et de la Programmation du Developpement et Institut National de la Statistique.
,Government of Côte d'Ivoire (GOCI). 1999b. Partageaons Ensemble le Risqué Maladie. Abidjan: Ministere de la Sante Publique.
,Government of Ghana (GOG). 1946. Report of the Committee on Higher Education. Accra, Ghana: Government Printing Department.
,Government of Ghana (GOG). 1993. Rural Communities in Ghana: Report of a National Rural Community Survey Carried Out as Part of the Third Round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey 1991/92. Accra, Ghana: Ghana Statistical Service.
,Government of Ghana (GOG). 1995. The Pattern of Poverty in Ghana, 1988–1992: A Study Based on the Ghana Living Standards Survey. Accra, Ghana: Ghana Statistical Service.
,Government of Ghana (GOG). 1996. Development Plan for Tano District (1996–2000). Bechem: Tano District Assembly, Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development.
,Government of Ghana (GOG). 1998a. Annual Evaluation Report, Tano District, January–December 1998. Bechem: Government of Ghana.
,Government of Ghana (GOG). 1998b. Unit Committees. Accra, Ghana: National Commission for Civic Education.
Graeber, David. 2001. Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value: The False Coin of Our Own Dreams. New York, NY: Palgrave.
Graham, C. 1971. The History of Education in Ghana. London: Frank Cass and Co., Ltd.
Graham, Carol. 1994. Safety Nets, Politics and the Poor: Transitions to Market Economies. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
Granovetter, Mark. 1985. “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology 91 (3): 481–510.
Gray, Natasha Adriene. 2000. The Legal History of Witchcraft in Colonial Ghana: Akyem Abuakwa, 1913–1943. PhD diss., Department of History, Columbia University.
Gray, Natasha Adriene. 2005. “The Politics of Policing Anti-Witchcraft Movements in Colonial Ghana, 1908–1927.” Journal of Religion in Africa 35 (2): 139–58.
Greenwald, Bruce C. and Sitglitz, J.. 1986. “Externalities in Economies with Imperfect Information and Incomplete Markets.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 101 (2): 229–64.
Gregory, C. A. 1982. Gifts and Commodities. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Greif, Avner. 1997. “Cultural Beliefs as a Common Resource in an Integrating World: An Example from the Theory and History of Collectivist and Individualist Societies.” In The Economics of Transnational Commons, eds., Dasgupta, P., Mäler, K.-G. and Vercelli, A.. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Greif, Avner. 1992. “Institutions and International Trade: Lessons from the Commercial Revolution.” American Economic Review 82 (2): 128–33.
Grischow, Jeff. 1998. “Corruptions of Development in the Countryside of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, 1927–57.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 26 (1): 139–58.
Grootaert, C. and Bastelaer, T., eds. 2002a. The Role of Social Capital in Development: An Empirical Assessment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Grootaert, C. and Bastelaer, T., eds. 2002b. Understanding and Measuring Social Capital: A Multidisciplinary Tool for Practitioners. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Grootaert, C., Narayan, Deepa, Jones, Veronica Nyhan and Woolcock, Michael. 2004. Measuring Social Capital: An Integrated Questionnaire. World Bank Working Paper No. 18. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Gruat, J. V. 1990. “Social Security Schemes in Africa: Current Trends and Problems.” International Labour Review 129: 405–21.
Gupta, Akhil. 1995. “Blurred Boundaries: The Discourse of Corruption, the Culture of Politics, and the Imagined State.” American Ethnologist 22 (2): 375–402.
Guyer, Jane I. 1995. Money Matters: Instability, Values and Social Payments in the Modern History of West African Communities. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Guyer, Jane, Denzer, LaRay and Agbaje, Adigun, eds. 2002. Money Struggles and City Life. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Gyimah-Boadi, E. 1993. Ghana Under PNDC Rule. Dakar: CODESRIA.
Gyimah-Boadi, E. 1995. “Ghana: Adjustment, State Rehabilitation and Democratization.” In Between Liberalisation and Oppression: The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Africa, eds., Mkandawire, Thandika and Olukoshi, Adebayo. Dakar: CODESRIA.
Habyarimana, James, Humphreys, Macartan, Posner, Daniel and Weinstein, Jeremy. 2007. “Why Does Ethnic Diversity Undermine Public Goods Provision?” American Political Science Review 101 (4): 709–25.
Haggard, Stephan and Kaufman, Robert R.. 2008. Development, Democracy and Welfare States: Latin America, East Asia and Eastern Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hailey, Lord. 1957. An African Survey: A Study of Problems Arising in Africa South of the Sahara. London: Oxford University Press.
Hall, Peter A. and Taylor, Rosemary. 1996. “Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms.” Political Studies 44 (5): 936–57.
Handloff, Robert, ed. 1991. Côte d'Ivoire: A Country Study. Washington, DC: Library of Congress.
Hansen, Karen. 2004. Informality Reconsidered: Perspectives from Urban Africa. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
Hanson, Holly Elizabeth. 2003. Landed Obligation: The Practice of Power in Buganda. Portsmouth, NH: Heineman.
Hecht, R. M. 1983. “Ivory Coast Economic ‘Miracle’: What Benefits for Peasant Farmers?” Journal of Modern African Studies 21: 25–53.
Helmke, Gretchen and Levitsky, Steven. 2004. “Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda.” Perspectives on Politics 2 (4): 725–40.
Helmke, Gretchen and Levitsky, Steven., eds. 2006. Informal Institutions and Democracy: Lessons from Latin America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Henry, Alain, Tchente, Guy-Honoré and Guillerme-Dieumegard, Philippe. 1991. Tontines et banques au Cameroun: Les principes de la Société des amis. Paris: Karthala.
Herbst, Jeffrey. 2000. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Heyman, Richard D., Lawson, Robert F. and Stamp, Robert M.. 1972. “The British Model of Education in Her African Territories.” Studies in Educational Change. Minneapolis, MN: Winston Press.
Hill, Polly. 1963. The Migrant Cocoa Farmers of Southern Ghana: A Study in Rural Capitalism. London: Cambridge University Press.
Hills, John, Grand, Julian and Piachaud, David, eds. 2002. Understanding Social Exclusion. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Hirtz, Frank. 1995. Managing Insecurity: State Social Policy and Family Networks in the Rural Philippines. Saarbrucken: Verlag fur Enwicklungspolitik Breitenbach GmbH.
Hochschild, Adam. 1998. King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Hoon, Parakh. 2005. Between Exchange and Reciprocity?: The Politics of Wildlife Conservation in Botswana and Agricultural Diversification in Zambia. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Florida.
Hoon, Parakh. 2009. “Working is Celebrating: Institutional Creativity among the Ngonis in Eastern Zambia.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the African Studies Association, New Orleans, LA, November 2009.
Hukansson, Thomas. 1989. “Family Structure, Bridewealth, and Environment in Eastern Africa: A Comparative Study of House-Property Systems.” Ethnology 28: 117–33.
Hyden, Goran. 1980. Beyond Ujaama in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Hyden, Goran. 1983. No Shortcuts to Progress, African Development Management in Perspective. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Hyden, Goran. 2006. African Politics in Comparative Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Ihonvbere, Julius. 1994. “The ‘Irrelevant’ State, Ethnicity, and the Quest for Nationhood in Africa.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 17 (1): 42–60.
Immergut, Ellen. 1992. “The Rules of the Game: The Logic of Health Policy-Making in France, Switzerland, and Sweden.” In Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis, eds., Steinmo, Sven, Frank Longstreth, Kathleen Thelen. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
,International Labor Office (ILO). 2006. La Contribution des Systemes de Protection Sociale Dans La Lutte Contre La Pauvrete: Exemples de la Guinee, Du Mali, de la Mauritanie et du Senegal. Dakar: Bureau International du Travail.
,Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER). 1996. National Health Insurance in Ghana: A Study of the Informal Sector. Accra, Ghana: ISSER.
Jacob, J. P. and Delville, Ph. Lavigne. 1994. Les associations paysannes en Afrique: Organisation et dynamiques. Paris: Karthala.
Janin, Pierre. 1995. Immuable, Le Changeant et L'Imprevu: Les Economies de Plantation Bamilieke et Beti du Cameroun Confrontees aux Chocs Exterieurs. These de geographie, Universite de Paris IV, Sorbonne, Mai.
Janoski, Thomas. 1998. Citizenship and Civil Society: A Framework of Rights and Obligations in Liberal, Traditional and Social Democratic Regimes. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Kahneman, Daniel and Tversky, A.. 1979. “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decisions Under Risk.” Econometrica 47 (2): 263–91.
Kaseke, Edwin, ed. 1998. Social Security Systems in Rural Zimbabwe. Harare: Friedrich Ebert Stiftun.
Kaufman, Robert and Nelson, Joan M., eds. 2004. Crucial Needs, Weak Incentives: Social Sector Reform, Globalization and Democratization in Latin America. Baltimore, MD: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and Johns Hopkins University Press.
Kaufman, Robert and Segura-Ubiergo, Alex. 2001. “Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Social Spending in Latin America: A Time-Series Cross Section Analysis, 1973–1997.” World Politics 53: 553–87.
Kazianga, Harounan and Udry, Christopher. 2006. “Consumption Smoothing?: Livestock, Insurance and Drought in Rural Burkina Faso.” Journal of Development Economics 79 (2): 413–46.
Keck, Margaret and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Kipre, Pierre. 1987. La Cote d'Ivoire Coloniale. Tome Second. Abidjan: Edition Ami.
Knight, Jack. 1992. Institutions and Social Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Kochler, Hans. 1995. “The Concept of the Nation and the Question of Nationalism: The Traditional ‘Nation-State’ Versus a Multicultural ‘Community State.’” In Citizenship and Rights in Multicultural Societies, eds., Dunne, Michael and Keele, Tiziano Bonazzi., Staffordshire: Keele University Press, 43–52.
Konate, Hamadou. 1997. Politique Sociale en Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre. Ottawa, ON: IDRC.
Krishna, Anirudh. 2002. Active Social Capital: Tracing the Roots of Development and Democracy. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Kumado, Kofi and Gockel, Augustine Fritz. 2003. Social Security in Ghana. Accra, Ghana: Friedrich Ebert Foundation.
Kwadzo, G. T. M. and Kumekpor, M. L.. 1994. PAMSCAD Evaluation (CIDA-supported programs). Ottawa, ON: Canadian International Development Agency.
Kymlicka, Will. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kymlicka, Will and Norman, Wayne. 2000. Citizenship in Diverse Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ferrara, Eliana. 2003. “Kin Groups and Reciprocity: A Model of Credit Transactions in Ghana.” The American Economic Review 93 (5): 1730–51.
Landy, Marc. 1993. “Public Policy and Citizenship.” In Public Policy for Democracy, eds., Ingram, Helen and Smith, Steven Rathgeb. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 19–45.
Lauth, Hans-Joachim. 2000. “Informal Institutions and Democracy.” Democratization 7 (4): 21–50.
Leechor, Chad. 1994. “Ghana: Frontrunner in Adjustment.” In Adjustment in Africa: Lessons from Country Case Studies, eds., Husain, Ishrat and Faruqee, Rashid. Washington, DC: World Bank, 153–92.
Leliveld, Andre. 1994. Social Security in Developing Countries: Operation and Dynamics of Social Security Mechanisms in Rural Swaziland. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Thesis Publishers.
Leonard, David K., ed. 2000. Africa's Changing Markets for Health and Veterinary Services: The New Institutional Issues. London: Macmillan.
Leonard, David. 1982. “Analyzing the Organizational Requirements for Serving the Rural Poor.” In Institutions of Rural Development for the Poor: Decentralization and Organizational Linkages, eds., Leonard, David and Marshall, Dale. Berkeley, CA: Institute of International Studies.
Lerner, Daniel. 1958. The Passing of Traditional Society. New York, NY: MacMillan Press.
Levi, Margaret. 1996. “Asocial and Unsocial Capital.” Politics and Society 24: 45–55.
Levi-Strauss, Claude. 1969. The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Levy, Jonah. 2006. The State After Statism: New State Activities in the Age of Liberalization. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Lin, Nan. 2001. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Locoh, Therèse. 1993. “Les familles africaines fâce à la crise.” Afrique contemporaine 166: 3–14.
Logan, Carolyn and Bratton, Michael. 2006. “Voters but Not Yet Citizens: The Weak Demand for Political Accountability in Africa's Unclaimed Democracies.” Afrobarometer Working Paper No. 63, September 2006.
Lugard, Frederic. 1926. The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa.
Lyon, Fergus. 2000. “Trust, Networks and Norms: The Creation of Social Capital in Agricultural Economies in Ghana.” World Development 28 (4): 663–81.
Lyon, Fergus. 2003. “Community Groups and Livelihoods in Remote Rural Areas of Ghana: How Small-Scale Farmers Sustain Collective Action.” Community Development Journal 38 (4): 323–31.
MacGaffey, Janet. 1991. The Real Economy of Zaire: The Contribution of Smuggling and Other Unofficial Activities to the National Wealth. Philadelphia, PA: University of Philadelphia Press.
MacLean, . 1999. “The Politics of Poverty Alleviation in Ghana.” Briefing Paper, Center for Democracy and Development, 1 (2) (July), Accra, Ghana.
MacLean, Lauren M. 2002. “Constructing a Social Safety Net in Africa: An Institutionalist Analysis of Colonial Rule and State Social Policies in Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire.” Studies in Comparative International Development 37 (3): 64–90.
MacLean, Lauren M. 2003. “State Social Policies and Social Insurance Networks: The Unintended Consequences of State Policymaking on Informal Networks in Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire.” International Journal of Public Administration 26 (6): 665–91.
MacLean, Lauren M. 2004. “Empire of the Young: The Legacies of State Agricultural Policy on Local Capitalism and Social Support Networks in Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 46 (3): 469–96.
MacLean, Lauren M. 2004. “Mediating Ethnic Conflict at the Grassroots: The Role of Local Associational Life in Shaping Political Values in Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana.” Journal of Modern African Studies 42 (4): 589–617.
Mahieu, François. 1990. Les Fondements de la Crise Economique en Afrique. Paris: l'Harmattan.
Mahieu, François. 1993. “L'opposition villes-campagnes est-elle fatale?” Afrique contemporaine, no. speciale (4): 108–21.
Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1950 [orig. 1922]. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. New York, NY: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc.
Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Manuh, Takyiwaa. 1994. “Ghana: Women in the Public and Informal Sectors Under the Economic Recovery Programme.” In Mortgaging Women's Lives: Feminist Critiques of Structural Adjustment, ed., Sparr, Pamela. London: Zed Books.
Manuh, Takyiwaa. 2006. At Home in the World?: International Migration and Development in Contemporary Ghana and West Africa. Legon, Ghana: SubSaharan Publishers.
Marie, Alain. 1995. “ ‘Y a pas l'argent’: l'endette insolvable et le creancies floue, deux figures complementaires de la pauvrete abidjanaise.” Revue Tiers-Monde 36 (142): 303–24.
Marie, Alain. 1997. L'Afrique des individus: Itinéraires citadins dans l'Afrique contemporaine (Abidjan, Bamako, Dakar, Niamey). Paris: Karthala.
Marshall, T. H. and Bottomore, Tom. 1992 [orig. 1950]. Citizenship and Social Class. Concord, CA: Pluto Press.
Marx, Karl. 1978. [orig. 1843]. “On the Jewish Question.” In The Marx-Engels Reader, ed., Tucker, Robert. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co, 26–52.
Marx, Karl. 1978. [orig. 1852].“The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.” In The Marx-Engels Reader, ed., Tucker, Robert. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co, 594–617.
Marx, Karl. 1978. [orig. 1887]. “Capital.” In The Marx-Engels Reader, ed., Tucker, Robert. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co, 294–442.
Marx, Karl. 1978. [orig. 1845–1846]. “The German Ideology.” In The Marx-Engels Reader, ed., Tucker, Robert. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co, 146–202.
Mauss, M. 1954. [orig. 1925]. The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies. Glencoe, NM: The Free Press.
Mazzucato, Valentina, Boom, Bart and Nsowah-Nuamah, Nicholas N. N.. 2006. “Origin and Destination of Remittances in Ghana.” In At Home in the World?: International Migration and Development in Contemporary Ghana and West Africa, ed., Manuh, Takyiwaa. Legon, Ghana: Sub-Saharan Publishers, 139–52.
McCaskie, T. C. 1983. “Accumulation, Wealth and Belief in Asante History: To the Close of the Nineteenth Century.” Africa 53 (1): 23–43.
McCaskie, T. C. 1995a. “Konnurokusem: Kinship and Family in the History of the Oyoko KOkOO Dynasty of Kumase.” The Journal of African History 36 (3): 357–89.
McCaskie, T. C. 1995b. State and Society in Pre-Colonial Asante. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
McCaskie, T. C. 2001. Asante Identities: History and Modernity in an African Village, 1850–1950. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
McCaskie, T. C. 2007. “Denkyira in the Making of Asante, 1660–1720.” Journal of African History 48: 1–25.
McIntire, John and Varangis, Panos. “Reforming Cote d'Ivoire's Cocoa Marketing and Pricing System.” Washington, DC: World Bank.
Menocal, Alina Rocha. 2004. “And If There was No State?: Critical Reflections on Bates, Polanyi and Evans on the Role of the State in Promoting Development.” Third World Quarterly 25 (4): 765–77.
Merry, Sally Engle. 1988. “Legal Pluralism,” Law and Society Review 22: 869–96.
Mershon, Carol. 1994. “Expectations and Informal Rules in Coalition Formation.” Comparative Political Studies 27 (1): 40–79.
Mesa-Lago, C. 1992. “Comparative Analysis of Asian and Latin American Social Security Systems.” In Rethinking Social Security: Reaching Out to the Poor, eds., Getubig, I. P. and Schmidt, S.. Kuala Lumpur: Asian & Pacific Development Center.
Mettler, Suzanne. 2005. Soldiers to Citizens: The G.I. Bill and the Making of the Greatest Generation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Mettler, Suzanne and Soss, Joe. 2004. “The Consequences of Public Policy for Democratic Citizenship: Bridging Policy Studies and Mass Politics.” Perspectives on Politics 2 (1): 55–73.
Meyer, Birgit. 1995. “‘Delivered from the Powers of Darkness’: Confessions of Satanic Riches in Christian Ghana.” Africa 65 (2): 236–55.
Midgley, James. 1994. “Social Security Policy in Developing Countries: Integrating State and Traditional Systems.” Focaal 22/23 (1): 219–30.
Midgley, James and Kaseke, Edwin. 1996. “Challenges to Social Security in Developing Countries: Coverage and Poverty in Zimbabwe.” In Challenges to Social Security: An International Exploration, eds., Midgley, JamesTracy, and Martin. Westport, CT: Auburn House.
Migdal, Joel. 1988. Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Migdal, Joel. 2001. State in Society: Studying How States and Societies Transform and Constitute One Another. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Migdal, Joel, Kohli, A. and Shue, V., eds. 1994. State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Mikell, Gwendoline. 1989. Cocoa and Chaos in Ghana. New York, NY: Paragon.
Miles, John. 1978. “Rural Protest in the Gold Coast: The Cocoa Hold-Ups, 1907–38.” In The Imperial Impact, eds., Dewey, C. and Hopkins, A. G.. London: Athlone Press.
Montiel, Peter, Agenor, P. R. and Haque, N.. 1993. Informal Financial Markets in Developing Countries: A Macroeconomic Analysis. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Moore, Henrietta. 1992.“Households and Gender Relations.” In Understanding Economic Processes, ed., Ortiz, Sutti. Lanham, MD: Society for Economic Anthropology.
Moore, Henrietta and Sanders, Todd. 2001. Magical Interpretations, Material Reality: Modernity, Witchcraft and the Occult in Post-Colonial Africa. London: Routledge.
Moore, Sally Falk. 2001.“Certainties Undone: Fifty Turbulent Years of Legal Anthropology, 1949–99.” Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute 7: 95–116.
Moore, Sally Falk. 1986. Social Facts and Fabrications: “Customary Law” on Kilimanjaro, 1880–1980. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Morduch, J. 1999. “Between the State and the Market: Can Informal Insurance Patch the Safety Net.” World Bank Research Observer 14 (2): 187–207.
Munro, William A. 1996. “Power, Peasants and Political Development: Reconsidering State Construction in Africa.” Society for Comparative Study of Society and History 38 (1): 112–48.
Naryan, Deepa, Woolcock, Michael, Grootaert, Christiaan and Nyhan-Jones, Veronica. 2003. Measuring Social Capital: An Integrated Questionnaire. Working Paper No. 18. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Ndegwa, Stephen. 1998. “Citizenship Amid Economic and Political Change in Kenya.” Africa Today 45 (3): 351–67.
Nelson, Joan. 2007. “Elections, Democracy and Social Services.” Studies in Comparative International Development 41 (4): 79–97.
North, Douglass C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Ntsama, Etienne. 1997. La Securite Sociale au Cameroun: Enjeux et Perspectives. Yaounde: Editions Saagraph.
Nukunya, G. K. 1992. Tradition and Change: The Case of the Family. Accra, Ghana: Ghana Universities Press.
Okali, Christine. 1983. Cocoa and Kinship in Ghana: The Matrilineal Akan of Ghana. London: Kegan Paul for the International African Institute.
Olowu, Dele and Wunsch, James, eds. 1990. The Failure of the Centralized State: Institutions and Self-Governance in Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Oppong, Christine. 1974. Marriage Among a Matrilineal Elite: A Family Study of Ghanaian Senior Civil Servants. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Osseo-Asare, Francislee Syversen. 1991. We are Magicians: Chronic Stress and the Economy of Affection in Africa. Ph.D. Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University.
Elinor, Ostrom. 2000. “Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 13 (4): 137–58.
Elinor, Ostrom. 2005. Understanding Institutional Diversity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Owusu, Maxwell. 1970. Uses and Abuses of Political Power: A Case Study of Continuity and Change in the Politics of Ghana. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Packenham, Thomas. 1991. The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876–1912. New York, NY: Avon Books.
Parish, Jane. 2001. “Black Market, Free Market: Anti-Witchcraft Shrines and Fetishes Among the Akan.” In Magical Interpretations, Material Realities: Modernity, Witchcraft, and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa, eds., Henrietta, L. Moore and Sanders, Todd. New York, NY: Routledge, 118–35.
Patterson, K. David. 1981. Health in Colonial Ghana: Disease, Medicine, and Socio-Economic Change, 1900–1955. Waltham, MA: Crossroads Press.
Pellow, Deborah. 2002. Landlords and Lodgers: Socio-Spatial Organization in an Accra Community. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
Pellow, Deborah and Chazan, Naomi. 1986. Ghana: Coping with Uncertainty. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Penrose, Perran. 1997. “Cost-Sharing in Education.” Unpublished Draft Commissioned by Overseas Development Association (ODA). Cambridge, MA: ODA.
Perrot, Claude. 1982. Les Anyi-Indenye et le pouvoir aux 18è et 19è siècles. Abidjan: CEDA.
Piault, Marc H. 1987. La Colonisation: Rupture ou Parenthese? Paris: L'Harmattan.
Pierson, Paul. 2000. “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence and the Study of Politics.” American Political Science Review 94 (2): 251–67.
Pierson, Paul. 1993. “When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback and Political Change.” World Politics 45 (4): 595–628.
Platteau, Jean-Philipe. 1997. “Mutual Insurance as an Elusive Concept in Traditional Rural Communities.” The Journal of Development Studies 33 (6): 764–96.
Platteau, Jean-Philipe. 1994. “Behind the Market Stage Where Real Societies Exist–Part I: The Role of Public and Private Order Institutions.” The Journal of Development Studies 30 (3): 533–77.
Platteau, Jean-Philipe. 1994. “Behind the Market Stage Where Real Societies Exist–Part II: The Role of Moral Norms.” The Journal of Development Studies 30 (3): 753–817.
Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Popkin, Samuel. 1979. The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Posner, Daniel. 2005. Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Price, Robert. 1979. Society and Bureaucracy in Contemporary Ghana. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Putnam, Robert D. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Rattray, R. S. 1923. Ashanti. London: Oxford University Press.
Rattray, R. S. 1929. Ashanti Law and Constitution. London: Oxford University Press.
Ray, Donald I. 1996. “Divided Sovereignty: Traditional Authority and the State in Ghana.” Journal of Legal Pluralism 37/38: 181–202.
Reno, William. 1998. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Rhodie, Sam. 1968. “The Gold Coast Cocoa Hold-Up of 1930–31.” Transaction of the Historical Society of Ghana 9: 105–18.
Rodgers, Gerry, Gore, Charles and Figueiredo, Jose B., eds. 1995. Social Exclusion: Rhetoric, Reality, Responses. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labor Organization.
Roncoli, Maria Carla. 1994. Managing on the Margins: Agricultural Production and Household Reproduction in Northeastern Ghana. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Binghamton.
Rothchild, Donald. 1997. Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Rothchild, Donald and Chazan, Naomi, eds. 1988. The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Rudoph, Lloyd and Rudoph, Susan. 1967. The Modernity of Tradition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Schaeffer, Frederic. 1999. Democracy in Translation: Undestanding Politics in an Unfamiliar Culture. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Scott, James C. 1976. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Scott, James C. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Scott, James C. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Conditions Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Sen, Amartya. 2000. Development as Freedom. New York, NY: Anchor Books.
Senah, Kodjo. 1989. “Problems of the Health Care Delivery System.” In The State, Development and Politics in Ghana, eds., Hansen, Emmanuel and Ninsin, Kwame A.. London: Codesria.
Sengupta, Somini. 2004.“Land Quarrels Unsettle Ivory Coast's Cocoa Belt.” New York Times, May 26, p. A3.
Sery, Jean-Pierre. 1998. Les Principaux Axes de la Reforme du Financement de la Santé en Côte d'Ivoire: Le Recouvrement des Couts des Actes de Santé et L'Assurance-Maladie Auto-Financée. Paper presented at International Seminar on the Pre-Payment of Healthcare and Health Mutualism in West Africa, Paris, France.
Shehata, Samer. 2006. “Ethnography, Identity and the Production of Knowledge.” In Interpretation and Method: Empirical Research Methods and the Interpretive Turn, eds., Yanow, Dvora and Schwartz-Shea, Peregrine. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 244–63.
Shepard, Donald S. 1996. Financement de la Securite Sociale et de la Sante en Côte d'Ivoire. Study Conducted for the World Bank. Waltham: Institute for Health Policy, Brandeis University.
Shipton, Parker. 2008. The Nature of Entrustment. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Silver, Hilary. 1994. “Social Exclusion and Social Solidarity: Three Paradigms.” International Labour Review 133 (5–6): 531–78.
Smith, Steven Rathgeb. 1993. “The New Politics of Contracting: Citizenship and the Nonprofit Role.” In Public Policy for Democracy, eds., Ingram, Helen and Smith, Steven Rathgeb. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Soss, J. and Schram, S. F. 2007. “A Public Transformed? Welfare Reform as Policy Feedback.” American Political Science Review 101 (1): 111–27.
Sparr, Pamela, ed. 1994. “Feminist Critiques of Structural Adjustment.” In Mortgaging Women's Lives: Feminist Critiques of Structural Adjustment. London: Zed Books Ltd.
Steger, Manfred B. 2002. “Robert Putnam, Social Capital and a Suspect Named Globalization.” In Social Capital: Critical Perspectives on Community and “Bowling Alone”, eds., McLean, Scott P., Schultz, David A. and Steger, Manfred. New York, NY: New York University Press, 260–80.
Stiglitz, Joseph E. 2005. “Rational Peasants, Efficient Institutions and a Theory of Rural Organization: Methodological Remarks for Development Economics.” In New Institutions for Agrarian Change, ed., Bardhan, Pranab. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Stiglitz, Joseph E. 1986. “The New Development Economics.” World Development 14 (2): 257–65.
Strathern, Marilyn. 1988. The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Stryker, J. Dirck. 1990. Trade, Exchange Rate and Agricultural Pricing Policies in Ghana. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Tarrow, S. 1996. “Making Social Science Work Across Space and Time: A Critical Reflection on Robert Putnam's Making Democracy Work.” American Political Science Review 90 (2): 389–97.
Teal, Francis. 2002. “Export Growth and Trade Policy in Ghana in the Twentieth Century.” The World Economy 25 (9): 1319–37.
Teal, Francis, Zeitlin, Andrew and Maamah, Haruna. 2006. “Ghana Cocoa Farmers Survey 2004: Report to Ghana Cocoa Board,” March 11, 2006.
Terray, Emmanuel. 1986. “L'Etat, le hazard et la necessite: Reflexions sur une Histoire.” L'Homme 26 (1–2): 213–24.
Thelen, Kathleen. 2004. How Institutions Evolve: The Political Economy of Skills in Germany, Britain, the United States and Japan. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Thompson, E. P. 1993a. “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd.” Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture. New York, NY: The New Press.
Thompson, E. P. 1993b. “The Moral Economy Reviewed.” Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture. New York, NY: The New Press.
Tilly, Charles, ed. 1995. Citizenship, Identity and Social History. New York, NY: International Review of Social History.
Toqueville, Alexis. 1945. [orig. 1835]. Democracy in America, vol. 1. Edited by Bradley, Philipps. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
Toqueville, Alexis. 1990. [orig. 1840]. Democracy in America, vol. 2. Edited by Bradley, Philipps. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
Tripp, Aili Mari. 1997. Changing the Rules: The Politics of Liberalization and the Informal Economy in Tanzania. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Tsai, Lilly. 2007. Accountability Without Democracy: Solidary Groups and Public Goods Provision in Rural China. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Udry, Chris. 1995. “Risk and Saving in Northern Nigeria.” American Economic Review 85 (5): 1287–300.
Udry, Chris. 1996. “Gender, Agricultural Production and the Theory of the Household.” Journal of Political Economy 104 (5): 1010–46.
Udry, Chris and Conley, Tim. 2004. “Social Networks in Ghana.” Unpublished paper.
,UNESCO. 2007. Institute for Statistics. http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=143&IF_Language=eng
,UNIRIN. 2008. “Cote d'Ivoire: Shaky Peace Leading Into Elections.” United Nations Integrated Regional Information Network (UNIRIN), October, 1. http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=80702.
,University of Ghana at Legon (UOG). 1996a. Ghana Post-Election Survey, 1996: Variables, Coding and Marginals. Legon, Ghana: Department of Political Science.
,University of Ghana at Legon (UOG). 1996b. Ghana Pre-Election Survey, 1996: Variables, Coding and Marginals. Legon, Ghana: Department of Political Science.
Walle, Nicolas. 2001. African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Walle, Nicolas. 2000. “Africa's Range of Regimes: Elections Without Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 13 (2): 66–80.
Vanderpuye-Orgle, Jacqueline. 2006. “Economy and Poverty in Ghana in the 1990s: A Review.” Discussion Paper No. 29, Institute of Statistical, Social & Economic Research, University of Ghana Legon.
Gijsegem, Veerle. 2006. “Criminal Law of French Origin and Criminal Behavior of African Occult Origin: The Modernity of Witchcraft Trials in the West of the Republic of the Ivory Coast.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 26 (2): 191–202.
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2002. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Verstralen, Karin. 1995. On Whose Account…?: A Study on the Impact of Structural Adjustment Policies on Financial Self-Help Activities Among Women in Mamobi, a Low-Income Area in Accra, Ghana. Master's Thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University.
Vimard, Patrice. 1987. Diversité des Structures Familiales en Côte d'Ivoire: Une Approche à Partir d'Études de Cas en Milieu Rural Akan. Abidjan: ORSTOM.
Vimard, Patrice. 1993. “Modernité et pluralité familial en afrique de l'ouest.” Revue Tiers Monde 34 (133): 89–115.
Ward, W. E. F. 1958. A History of Ghana, 2nd ed. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Watts, Michael. 1983. Silent Violence: Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Weiner, Annette. 1980. “Reproduction: A Replacement for Reciprocity?” American Ethnologist 7: 71–85.
Weiner, Annette. 1992. Inalienable Possessions: The Paradox of Keeping-While-Giving. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Weyland, Kurt. 2002. “Limitations of Rational-Choice Institutionalism for the Study of Latin American Politics.” Studies in Comparative International Development 37 (1): 57–85.
Widner, Jennifer A. 1993a. “The Discovery of ‘Politics’: Smallholder Reactions to the Cocoa Crisis of 1988–1990 in Côte d'Ivoire.” In Hemmed in: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline, eds., Callaghy, Thomas M. and John Ravenhill. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Widner, Jennifer A. 1993b. “The Origins of Agricultural Policy in Ivory Coast, 1960–86.” Journal of Development Studies 29 (4): 25–59.
Widner, Jennifer A. 1994. “Political Reform in Anglophone and Francophone African Countries.” In Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa, ed., Widner, Jennifer. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 49–79.
Wilks, Ivor. 1993. Forests of Gold: Essays on the Akan and the Kingdom of Asante. Columbus: Ohio University Press.
Wilks, Ivor. 1975. Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Wolf, Joyce and Odonkor, Martina. 1997. How Educating a Girl Changes the Woman She Becomes: An Intergenerational Study in Northern Ghana. Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development.
,World Bank. 1981. Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank.
,World Bank. 1989. Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth. Washington, DC: World Bank.
,World Bank. 1990. World Development Report 1990: Poverty. Washington, DC: World Bank.
,World Bank. 1994. Averting the Old Age Crisis: Policies to Protect the Old and Promote Growth. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
,World Bank. 1995. Ghana: Poverty Past, Present and Future. Washington, DC: Population and Human Resources Division, World Bank.
,World Bank. 1996. Staff Appraisal Report: Republic of Ghana, Basic Education Sector Improvement Program. Washington, DC: Population and Human Resources Division, World Bank.
,World Bank. 2001a. African Development Indicators: 2001. Washington, DC: World Bank.
,World Bank. 2001b. World Development Indicators: 2001. Washington, DC: World Bank.
,World Bank. 2005. World Development Indicators: 2005. Washington, DC: World Bank.
,World Bank 2007. World Development Indicators: 2007. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Woronoff, Jon. 1972. West African Wager: Houphouet Versus Nkrumah. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Yanow, Dvora and Schwartz-Shea, Perigrine, eds. 2006. Interpretation and Method: Empirical Research Methods and the Interpretive Turn. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Yimam, Arega. 1990. Social Development in Africa, 1950–1985: Methodological Perspectives and Future Prospects. Brookfield, IL: Avebury.
Young, Crawford. 1994. The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Young, Crawford. 2004. “The End of the Post-Colonial State?: Reflections on Changing African Political Dynamics.” African Affairs 103: 23–49.
Young, Iris Marion. 1989. “Polity and Group Differences: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship.” Ethics 99: 250–74.
Zolberg, Aristide. 1964. One-Party Government in the Ivory Coast. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Zolberg, Aristide. 1966. Creating Political Order: The Party-States of West Africa. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally and Co.
