Abramowitz, Alan I. 1994. Issue Evolution Reconsidered: Racial Attitudes and Partisanship in the U.S. Electorate. American Journal of Political Science 38:1–24
Alvarez, R. Michael, and Brehm, John. 1997. Are Americans Ambivalent towards Racial Policies?American Journal of Political Science 41:345–74
Bellah, Robert N., Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swindler, and Steven M. Tipton. 1985. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley: University of California Press
Bobo, Lawrence. 1983. Whites' Opposition to Busing: Symbolic Racism or Realistic Group Conflict?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45:1196–1210
Burstein, Paul. 1998. Discrimination, Jobs, and Politics: The Struggle for Equal Employment Opportunity in the United States since the New Deal. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. New York: Wiley
Cantril, Hadley, with Mildred Strunk. 1951. Public Opinion, 1935–1946. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press
Carmines, Edward G., and Stimson, James A.. 1980. The Two Faces of Issue Voting. American Political Science Review 74(1):78–91
Carmines, Edward G.1989. Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press
Chong, Dennis. 1991. Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Cohodas, Nadine. 1993. Strom Thurmond and the Politics of Southern Change. New York: Simon and Schuster
Colfax, J David, and Sternberg, Susan Frankel. 1972. The Perpetuation of Racial Stereotypes: Blacks in Mass Circulation Magazine Advertisements. Public Opinion Quarterly 36:8–18
Columbia Journalism Review. 1968. Journalism and the Kerner Report. Special Section 7(Fall):42–65
Converse, Philip E. 1964. The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics. In David E. Apter, ed., Ideology and Discontent. New York: Free Press
Cox, Keith K. 1969. Changes in Stereotyping of Negroes and Whites in Magazine Advertisements. Public Opinion Quarterly 33:603–6
Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Scott Keeter. 1996. What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press
Durr, Robert H. 1993. What Moves Policy Sentiment?American Political Science Review 87:158–70
Entman, Robert M. 1994. Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television News. Journalism Quarterly 71(Autumn):509–20
Erikson, Robert S., Michael B. MacKuen, and James A. Stimson. 2002. The Macro Polity. New York: Cambridge University Press
Fisher, Paul L., and Ralph L. Lowenstein, eds. 1967. Race and the News Media. New York: Frederick A. Praeger
Freeman, John R. 1983. Granger Causality and the Time Series Analysis of Political Relationships. American Journal of Political Science 27:327–58
Freeman, John R., Williams, John T., and Lin, Tse-min. 1989. Vector Autoregression and the Study of Politics. American Journal of Political Science 33:842–77
Gans, Herbert J. 1979. Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time. New York: Vintage Books
Gamson, , William, , and Modigliani, Andre. 1966. “Knowledge and Foreign Policy Opinion.” Public Opinion Quarterly 30:187–99
Gilens, Martin. 1995. Racial Attitudes and Opposition to Welfare. Journal of Politics 57:994–1014
Gilens, Martin 1996. ‘Race Coding’ and White Opposition to Welfare. American Political Science Review 90:593–604
Gilens, Martin1999. Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy. Chicago: Universtiy of Chicago Press
Giles, Michael W., and Evans, Arthur. 1986. The Power Approach to Intergroup Hostility. Journal of Conflict Resolution 30:469–86
Gitlin, Todd. 1980. The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley: University of California Press
Gordon, Randall A., Michels, Jennifer L., and Nelson, Caroline L.. 1996. “Group perceptions of criminal behavior: The accuracy of race-related crime stereotypes.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 26:148–59
Hochschild, Jennifer L. 1981. What's Fair? American Beliefs about Distributive Justice. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Huckfeldt, R. Robert, and Carol Kohfeld. 1989. Race and the Decline of Class in America. Urbana: University of Illinois Press
Hyman, Herbert H., and Sheatsley, Paul B.. 1956. Attitudes Toward Desegregation. Scientific American 195:35–9
Hyman, Herbert H. 1964. Attitudes toward Desegregation. Scientific American 211:16–23
Iyengar, Shanto, and Donald R. Kinder. 1987. News That Matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Johnson, Paula B., Sears, David O., and McConahay, John B.. 1971. Black Invisibility, the Press, and the Los Angeles Riot. American Journal of Sociology 76(January):698–721
Kassarjian, Harold H. 1969. The Negro and American Advertising, 1946–1965. Journal of Marketing Research 6(February):29–39
Katz, Irwin, andHass, R. Glen. 1988. Racial Ambivalence and American Value Conflict: Correlational and Priming Studies of Dual Cognitive Structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55(6):893–905
Kellstedt, Paul M. 2000. Media Framing and the Dynamics of Racial Policy Preferences. American Journal of Political Science 44(2):245–60
Kellstedt, Paul M., McAvoy, Gregory E., andStimson, James A.. 1996. Dynamic Analysis with Latent Constructs. Political Analysis 5:113–50
Key, V. O., Jr. 1949. Southern Politics in State and Nation. New York: Vintage Books
Kinder, Donald R. 1986. The Continuing American Dilemma: White Resistance to Racial Change 40 Years after Myrdal. Journal of Social Issues 42(2):151–71
Kinder, Donald R., and Mendelerg, Tali. 1995. Cracks in American Apartheid: The Political Impact of Prejudice among Desegregated Whites. Journal of Politics 57(2):402–24
Kinder, Donald R., and Lynn M. Sanders. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Kinder, Donald R., andSears, David O.. 1981. Prejudice and Politics: Symbolic Racism versus Racial Threats to the Good Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40:414–31
Klandermans, Bert. 1997. The Social Psychology of Protest. Oxford: Blackwell
Kluegel, James R., and Smith, Eliot R.. 1983. Affirmative Action Attitudes: Effects of Self-Interest, Racial Affect, and Stratification Beliefs on Whites' Views. Social Forces 61:797–824
Kluegel, James R.1986. Beliefs about Inequality: Americans' Views of What Is and What Ought to Be. New York: Aldine de Gruyter
Krosnick, Jon A., and Kinder, Donald R.. 1990. Altering the Foundations of Support for the President through Priming. American Political Science Review 84:497–512
Kuklinski, James H., Sniderman, Paul M., Knight, Kathleen, Piazza, Thomas, Tetlock, Philip E., Lawrence, Gordon R., and Mellers, Barbara. 1997. Racial Prejudice and Attitudes toward Affirmative Action. American Journal of Political Science 41:402–19
Lane, Robert E. 1962. Political Ideology: Why the American Common Man Believes What He Does. New York: Free Press
Lester, Paul, and Smith, Ron. 1990. African-American Photo Coverage in Life, Newsweek, and Time, 1937–1988. Journalism Quarterly 67 (Spring):128–36
Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1967. The First New Nation. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday
Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Schneider, William. 1978. The Bakke Case: How Would it be Decided at the Bar of Public Opinion?Public Opinion 1:38–44
Martindale, Carolyn. 1986. The White Press and Black America. New York: Greenwood
Mayer, William G. 1992. The Changing American Mind. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Processes and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
McClosky, Herbert, and John R. Zaller. 1984. The American Ethos. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Myrdal, Gunnar. 1944. An American Dilemma. New York: Harper and Row
Page, Benjamin I., and Robert Y. Shapiro. 1992. The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Piazza, Thomas, Sniderman, Paul M., and Tetlock, Philip E.. 1989. Analysis of the Dynamics of Political Reasoning: A General-Purpose Computer-Assisted Methodology. Political Analysis 1:99–119
Poindexter, Paula M., and Stroman, Carolyn A.. 1981. Blacks and Television: A Review of the Research Literature. Journal of Broadcasting 25(Spring):103–22
Popkin, Samuel L. 1994. The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns. 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Quadagno, Jill. 1994. The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty. New York: Oxford University Press
Rahn, Wendy W., John Transue. 1996. “The Political Significance of Fear of Crime.” A Report to the National Election Studies Board of Overseers
Rainville, Raymond E., and McCormick, Edward. 1977. Extent of Covert Racial Prejudice in Pro Football Announcers' Speech. Journalism Quarterly 54(Spring):20–6
Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. 1968. New York: E. P. Dutton
Schuman, Howard, and Stanley Presser. 1981. Questions and Answers in Attitude Surveys: Experiments on Question Form, Wording, and Context. New York: Academic Press
Schuman, Howard, Charlotte Steeh, Lawrence Bobo, and Maria Krysan. 1997. Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations. Rev. ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Sears, David O. 1988. Symbolic Racism. In P. A. Katz and D. A. Taylor, eds., Eliminating Racism: Profiles in Controversy. New York: Plenum
Sears, David O., and Jack Citrin. 1985. Tax Revolt: Something for Nothing in California. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Sears, David O., and Donald R. Kinder. 1971. Racial Tensions and Voting in Los Angeles. In W. Z. Hirsch, ed., Los Angeles: Viability and Prospects for Metropolitan Leadership. New York: Praeger
Sears, David O., James Sidanius, and Lawrence Bobo, eds. 2000. Racialized Politics: The Debate about Racism in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Shuey, Audrey M., King, Nancy, and Griffith, Barbara. 1953. Stereotyping of Negroes and Whites: An Analysis of Magazine Pictures. Public Opinion Quarterly 17(Summer):281–7
Sidanius, James, Pam Singh, John J. Hetts, and Chris Federico. 2000. It's Not Affirmative Action, It's the Blacks: The Continuing Relevance of Race in American Politics. In David O. Sears, James Sidanius, and Lawrence Bobo, eds., Racialized Politics: The Debate about Racism in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Sigelman, Lee, and Susan Welch. 1991. Black Americans' Views of Racial Inequality: The Dream Deferred. New York: Cambridge University Press
Skogan, Wesley G. 1995. “Crime and the racial fears of white Americans.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 539 (May): 59–71
Sniderman, Paul M., and Edward G. Carmines. 1997. Reaching beyond Race. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
Sniderman, Paul M., and Thomas Piazza. 1993. The Scar of Race. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
Sniderman, Paul M., Piazza, Thomas, Tetlock, Philip E., and Kendrick, Ann. 1991. The New Racism. American Journal of Political Science 35:423–47
Sniderman, Paul M., and Tetlock, Philip E.. 1986a. Symbolic Racism: Problems of Motive Attribution in Political Analysis. Journal of Social Issues 42(2):129–50
Sniderman, Paul M. 1986b. Reflections on American Racism. Journal of Social Issues 42(2):173–87
Stimson, James A. 1994. Domestic Policy Mood: An Update. The Political Methodologist 6(1):20–2
Stimson, James A.1997. The Micro Foundations of Mood. In James Kuklinski, ed., Citizens and Politics: A Political Psychology Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press
Stimson, James A.1999 [1991]. Public Opinion in America: Moods, Cycles, and Swings. 2d ed. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press
Stimson, James A., MacKuen, Michael B., and Erikson, Robert S.. 1995. Dynamic Representation. American Political Science Review 89(3):543–65
Tarrow, Sidney. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. 2d ed. New York: Cambridge University Press
Thurman, W. N., andFisher, M. E.. 1988. Chickens, Eggs, and Causality, or Which Came First?American Journal of Agricultural Economics 70(2):237–8
United States Commission on Civil Rights. 1982. The Federal Civil Rights Enforcement Budget: Fiscal Year 1983. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office
de Tocqueville, Alexis. 1945 [1835, 1840]. Democracy in America. New York: Vintage Books
Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1996. Voice and Equality. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
White, Sylvia E., and Fuentes, Tania. 1997. Analysis of Black Images in Comic Strips. Newspaper Research Journal 18:72–85
Wlezien, Christopher. 1995. The Public as Thermostat: Dynamics of Preferences for Spending. American Journal of Political Science 39:981–1000
Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press
Zaller, John, and Feldman, Stanley. 1992. A Simple Theory of the Survey Response. American Journal of Political Science 36:579–616
