Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Part I General perspectives
- Part II Regional floristic and animal diversity
- Part III Hydrometeorology of tropical montane cloud forest
- Part IV Nutrient dynamics in tropical montane cloud forests
- Part V Cloud forest water use, photosynthesis, and effects of forest conversion
- Part VI Effects of climate variability and climate change
- Part VII Cloud forest conservation, restoration, and management issues
- 62 Environmental history and forest regeneration dynamics in a degraded valley of north-west Argentina's cloud forests
- 63 Impact of deforestation and forest regrowth on vascular epiphyte diversity in the Andes of Bolivia
- 64 Ecology and use of old-growth and recovering montane oak forests in the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica
- 65 Forest restoration in the tropical montane cloud forest belt of central Veracruz, Mexico
- 66 Ecological and social bases for the restoration of a High Andean cloud forest: preliminary results and lessons from a case study in northern Ecuador
- 67 Biodiversity-based livelihoods in the ceja andina forest zone of northern Ecuador: multi-stakeholder learning processes for the sustainable use of cloud forest areas
- 68 Embracing epiphytes in sustainable forest management: a pilot study from the Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico
- 69 Fire dynamics and community management of fire in montane cloud forests in south-eastern Mexico
- 70 Assessment needs to support the development of arrangements for Payments for Ecosystem Services from tropical montane cloud forests
- 71 Conservation strategies for montane cloud forests in Costa Rica: the case of protected areas, payments for environmental services, and ecotourism
- References
63 - Impact of deforestation and forest regrowth on vascular epiphyte diversity in the Andes of Bolivia
from Part VII - Cloud forest conservation, restoration, and management issues
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 May 2011
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Part I General perspectives
- Part II Regional floristic and animal diversity
- Part III Hydrometeorology of tropical montane cloud forest
- Part IV Nutrient dynamics in tropical montane cloud forests
- Part V Cloud forest water use, photosynthesis, and effects of forest conversion
- Part VI Effects of climate variability and climate change
- Part VII Cloud forest conservation, restoration, and management issues
- 62 Environmental history and forest regeneration dynamics in a degraded valley of north-west Argentina's cloud forests
- 63 Impact of deforestation and forest regrowth on vascular epiphyte diversity in the Andes of Bolivia
- 64 Ecology and use of old-growth and recovering montane oak forests in the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica
- 65 Forest restoration in the tropical montane cloud forest belt of central Veracruz, Mexico
- 66 Ecological and social bases for the restoration of a High Andean cloud forest: preliminary results and lessons from a case study in northern Ecuador
- 67 Biodiversity-based livelihoods in the ceja andina forest zone of northern Ecuador: multi-stakeholder learning processes for the sustainable use of cloud forest areas
- 68 Embracing epiphytes in sustainable forest management: a pilot study from the Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico
- 69 Fire dynamics and community management of fire in montane cloud forests in south-eastern Mexico
- 70 Assessment needs to support the development of arrangements for Payments for Ecosystem Services from tropical montane cloud forests
- 71 Conservation strategies for montane cloud forests in Costa Rica: the case of protected areas, payments for environmental services, and ecotourism
- References
Summary
ABSTRACT
Species richness of vascular epiphytes in mature sub-montane and montane forests is compared that in adjacent 15-year old fallow forests at two sites in the Andes of Bolivia. These forests rank among the richest worldwide in terms of epiphyte diversity. Approximately 500 species (25 families, 110 genera) were recorded in total, whereas 0.33 ha of moist montane forest had up to 175 species. Fallows had 60–70% fewer epiphyte species than did mature forest, but species reductions varied considerably among different groups of epiphytes. Species richness of orchids, bromeliads, and grammitid and filmy ferns was much lower in fallows than in mature forest but was not reduced for hemi-epiphytic aroids, nor for polypodioid and asplenioid ferns. The reduced epiphyte diversity in fallows is explained by structural characteristics of the fallow trees, including the lack of dense epiphytic moss mats, and by the drier micro-climate in the fallows.
INTRODUCTION
Vascular epiphytes, including orchids, aroids, bromeliads, and ferns, are important components of moist tropical montane forests, both in terms of species richness (Gentry and Dodson, 1987; Benzing, 1990; Nieder et al., 1999; Krömer et al., 2005; Liede-Schumann and Breckle, 2008; Catchpole and Kirkpatrick, this volume), and their role in rainfall and cloud water interception and release (Hölscher et al., 2004; Köhler et al., 2007; Köhler et al., this volume; Tobón et al., this volume #26) and nutrient cycling (Nadkarni, 1984; Coxson and Nadkarni, 1995; cf. Chang et al., this volume; Oesker et al., this volume).
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Tropical Montane Cloud ForestsScience for Conservation and Management, pp. 605 - 609Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2011
References
, and (2001). Diversidad y distribución vertical de epífitas en los alrededores del campamento río Eslabón y de la laguna Chalalán, Parque Nacional Madidi, Dpto. La Paz, Bolivia. Revista de la Sociedad Boliviana de Botánica 3: 104–123.Google Scholar
, , and (2003). Species richness and habitat diversification of bryophytes in submontane rain forest and fallows of Bolivia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19: 9–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2004). Globalization, migration, and Latin American ecosystems. Science 305: 1915–1916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2001). Diversity and abundance of vascular epiphytes: a comparison of secondary vegetation and primary montane rain forest in the Venezuelan Andes. Plant Ecology 152: 145–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1990). Vascular Epiphytes: General Biology and Related Biota. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1995). The physical mosaic and plant variety in forest canopies. Selbyana 16: 159–168.Google Scholar
, , and (2006). Vascular epiphyte distribution patterns: explaining the mid-elevation richness peak. Journal of Ecology 94: 144–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1995). Ecological roles of epiphytes in nutrient cycles of forest ecosystems. In Forest Canopies, eds. and , pp. 495–546. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
(2000). Bromeliad communities in isolated trees and three successional stages of an Andean cloud forest in Ecuador. Selbyana 21: 137–143.Google Scholar
(1995). Estudio de suelos en la zona de colonización Alto Beni, La Paz, Bolivia. Ecología en Bolivia 25: 37–69.Google Scholar
(1999). Diversität und Ökologie der vaskulären Epiphyten eines Berg- und eines Tieflandregenwaldes in Venezuela. Hamburg, Germany: Books on Demand.Google Scholar
, and (1987). Diversity and biogeography of neotropical vascular epiphytes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 74: 205–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1992). The vanishing tropical rain forest as an environment for bryophytes and lichens. In Bryophytes and Lichens in a Changing Environment, eds. and , pp. 234–258. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
, , , , and . (2003) A protocol for rapid and representative sampling of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte diversity in tropical rain forests. Selbyana 24: 105–111.Google Scholar
, , and (eds.) (1995). Tropical Montane Cloud Forests. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1996). Epiphyte vegetation and diversity on remnant trees after forest clearance in southern Veracruz, Mexico. Biology and Conservation 75: 103–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2004). The importance of epiphytes to total rainfall interception by a tropical montane rain forest in Costa Rica. Journal of Hydrology 292: 308–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2005). Cryptogamic epiphytes in primary and recovering upper montane oak forests of Costa Rica: species richness, community composition and ecology. Plant Ecology 178: 89–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996). Neotropische Epiphytendiversität: Das Beispiel Bolivien. Wiehl, Germany: Martina Galunder-Verlag.Google Scholar
, and (2002). One last stand? Montane forests and change on Ecuador's Eastern Cardillera. Geographical Review 92: 235–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. St. Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden Press.Google Scholar
, , , and (1994). Floristics and biogeography of a rain forest in the Venezuelan Andes. Journal of Biogeography 21: 223–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2007). Biomass and water storage dynamics of epiphytes in old-growth and secondary montane cloud forest stands in Costa Rica. Plant Ecology, doi:10.1007/511258–006–9256–7.CrossRef
(2003). Diversität und Ökologie der vaskulären Epiphyten in primären und sekundären Bergwäldern Boliviens. Göttingen, Germany: Cuvillier-Verlag.Google Scholar
, and (2003). Species richness of vascular epiphytes in two primary forests and fallows in the Bolivian Andes. Selbyana 24: 190–195.Google Scholar
, , , and (2005). Diversity patterns of vascular epiphytes along an elevational gradient in the Andes. Journal of Biogeography 32: 1799–1809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2007). Vertical stratification of vascular epiphytes in submontane and montane forest of the Bolivian Andes: the importance of the understory. Plant Ecology 189: 261–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2004). Large-scale diversity patterns of vascular epiphytes in Neotropical montane rain forests. Journal of Biogeography 31: 1477–1487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (eds.) (2008). Provisional Checklists of Flora and Fauna of the San Francisco Valley and its Surroundings, Southern Ecuador. Bonn, Germany: Society of Tropical Ecology.Google Scholar
(1984). Epiphyte biomass and nutrient capital of a neotropical elfin forest. Biotropica 16: 249–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005). Effekte anthropogener Störung auf die Diversität kryptogamischer Epiphyten (Flechten, Moose) in einem Bergregenwald in Süd Ecuador. Ph.D. thesis, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2008). Disturbance effects on diversity in montane forest of Ecuador: sessile epiphytes versus mobile moths. Basic and Applied Ecology 9: 4–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2009). ¿Qué pueden aportar los acahuales y las plantaciones de cítricos a la conservación de las epífitas vasculares en Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz? In Avances y perspectivas en la investigación de bosques tropicales y sus alrededores: Los Tuxtlas, eds. and . México, DF: UNAM.Google Scholar
(1978). A method of access into the crowns of emergent and canopy trees. Biotropica 10: 155–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1980). The epiphytic biomass and its effect on the water balance of two rain forest types in the Uluguru Mountains (Tanzania, East Africa). Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 26: 143–167.Google Scholar
, and (1989). Distribution and ecology of vascular epiphytes in lowland rain forest of Guyana. Biotropica 21: 331–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (1994). A study of plant species extinction in Singapore: lessons for the conservation of tropical biodiversity. Conservation Biology 8: 705–712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2004). Distribution and conservation significance of endemic species of flowering plants in Peru. Biodiversity and Conservation 13: 1699–1713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1997). Vertical distribution and associations of vascular epiphytes in four different forest types in the Guianas. In Botanical Diversity in the Tropical Rain Forest of Guyana, ed. , pp. 65–89. Wageningen, the Netherlands: Tropenbos Foundation.Google Scholar
, and (2009). Diversity of dry forest epiphytes across a gradient of human disturbance in the tropical Andes. Journal of Vegetation Science 20: 59–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2005). Diversity of vascular epiphytes on isolated remnant trees in the montane forest belt of southern Ecuador. Ecotropica 11: 21–40.Google Scholar
(2005). The response of epiphytes to anthropogenic disturbance of pine–oak forests in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 212: 376–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2006). Vascular epiphytes and their potential as a tool in pine–oak forests of Chiapas, Mexico. In Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Oak Forests, ed. , pp. 375–391. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2009). A protocol for sampling vascular epiphyte richness and abundance. Journal of Tropical Ecology 25: 107–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2003). The epiphyte vegetation of the palm Socratea exorrhiza: correlations with tree size, tree age, and bryophyte cover. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19: 81–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar