Abbott, C. (2004). Corridors and edges: reshaping downtown Portland. In The Portland Edge: Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities, ed. Ozawa, C. P.. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 164–183.Google Scholar

Abercrombie, P. (1945). Greater London Plan 1944. London: H. M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar

Able, K. W., Manderson, J. P. and Studholme, A. L. (1998). The distribution of shallow water juvenile fishes in an urban estuary: the effects of manmade structures in the lower Hudson River. Estuaries, 21, 731–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Able, K. W., Manderson, J. P. and Studholme, A. L. (1999). Habitat quality for shallow water fishes in an urban estuary: the effects of man-made structures on growth. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 187, 227–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abs, M. and Bergen, F. (2008). A long-term survey of the avifauna in an urban park. In Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature, eds. Marzluff, J. M., Schulenberger, E., Endlicher, W. et al. New York: Springer, pp. 373–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Acebillo, J. and Folch, R. (2000). Atles Ambiental de l’area de Barcelona: Balanc de recursos i problemes. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel.Google Scholar

Adams, C. E. and Leedy, D. L, eds. (1991). Wildlife Conservation in Metropolitan Environments. Columbia, Maryland: National Institute for Urban Wildlife.Google Scholar

Adams, C. E. and Lindsey, K. J. (2011). Anthropogenic ecosystems: the influence of people on urban wildlife populations. In Urban Ecology: Patterns, Processes, and Applications, eds. Niemela, J., Breuste, J. H., Elmqvist, T. et al. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 116–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adams, C. E., Lindsey, K. J. and Ash, S. J. (2006). Urban Wildlife Management. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar

Adams, L. W. and Dove, L. E. (1989). Wildlife Reserves and Corridors in the Urban Environment. Columbia, Maryland: National Institute for Urban Wildlife.Google Scholar

Addicott, J. F., Abo, J. M., Antolin, M. F. et al. (1987). Ecological neighborhoods: scaling environmental patterns. Oikos, 49, 340–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adler, F. R. and Tanner, C. J. (2013). Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Principles for the Built Environment. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adler, S. and Dill, J. (2004). The evolution of transportation planning in the Portland metropolitan area. In The Portland Edge: Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities, ed. Ozawa, C. P.. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp. 230–256.Google Scholar

Aey, W. (1990). Historical approaches to urban ecology: methods and first results from a case study (Lubeck, West-Germany). In Plants and Plant Communities in Urban Environments, eds. Sukopp, H., Hejny, S. and Kowarik, I.. The Hague, Netherlands: SPB Academic Publishing, pp. 113–129.Google Scholar

Agger, P. and Brandt, P. (1988). Dynamics of small biotopes in Danish agricultural landscapes. Landscape Ecology, 1, 227–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ahern, J. (2002). Greenways as Strategic Landscape Planning: Theory and Application. Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen University.Google Scholar

Ahern, J. (2004). Greenways in the USA: theory, trends and prospects. In Ecological Networks and Greenways: Concept, Design, Implementation, eds. Jongman, R. H. G. and Pungetti, G.. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 34–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ahern, J. and Boughton, J. (1994). Wildflower meadows as sustainable landscapes. In The Ecological City: Preserving and Restoring Urban Biodiversity, eds. Platt, R. H., Rowntree, R. A. and Muik, P. C.. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press, pp. 172–187.Google Scholar

Ahrens, C. D. (1991). Meteorology Today: An Introduction to Weather, Climate, and the Environment. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Company.Google Scholar

Aizenberg, J. (2010). New nanofabrication strategies: inspired by biomineralization. MRS Bulletin, 35, 323–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alam, M. G. M., Snow, E. T. and Tanaka, A. (2003). Arsenic and heavy metal contamination of vegetables grown in Samta Village, Bangladesh. Science of the Total Environment, 308, 83–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alberti, M. (2008). Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating Humans and Ecological Processes in Urban Ecosystems. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alberti, M. and Marzluff, J. (2004). Ecological resilience in urban ecosystems: linking urban patterns to human and ecological functions. Urban Ecosystems, 7, 241–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alberti, M. and Waddell, P. (2000). An integrated urban development and ecological simulation model. Integrated Assessment, 1, 215–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alberti, M., Marzluff, J. M., Shulenberger, E. et al. (2003). Integrating humans into ecology: opportunities and challenges for studying urban ecosystems. BioScience, 53, 1169–1179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alcoforado, M. J. and Andrade, H. (2008). Global warming and the urban heat island. In Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature, eds. Marzluff, J. M., Shulenberger, E., Endlicher, W. et al. New York: Springer, pp. 249–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aldhous, P. (2012). Protecting New York City from the next big storm. New Scientist, 216, 8–9.Google Scholar

Alexander, A., Ishikawa, S., Silverstein, M. et al. (1977). A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ali-Toudert, F. and Mayer, H. (2007). Effects of asymmetry, galleries, overhanging facades and vegetation on thermal comfort in urban street canyons. Solar Energy, 81, 742–754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allan, J. D. (2004). Landscapes and river scapes: the influence of land use on stream ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 35, 257–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allan, J. D. and Castillo, M. (2007). Stream Ecology: Structure and Function of Running Water. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allan, T. and Warren, A. (1993). Deserts, The Encroaching Wilderness: A World Conservation Atlas. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Allen, A. (2006). Understanding environmental change in the context of rural-urban interactions. In The Peri-Urban Interface: Approaches to Sustainable Natural and Human Resource Use, eds. McGregor, D., Simon, D. and Thompson, D.. London: Earthscan, pp. 30–43.

Allen, A., Milenic, D. and Sikora, P. (2003). Shallow gravel aquifers and the urban “heat-island” effect: a source of low enthalpy geothermal energy. Geothermics, 32, 569–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allenby, B. (2006). Progress in Industrial Ecology. London: Interscience Enterprises Ltd.Google Scholar

Alonso, W. (1964). Location and Land Use. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Al-Rashid, H. P. and Sherif, M. M. (2001). Hydrogeological aspects of groundwater drainage of the urban areas of Kuwait City. Hydrological Processes, 15, 777–795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alston, K. P. and Richardson, D. M. (2006). The roles of habitat features, disturbance, and distance from putative source populations in structuring alien plant invasions at the urban/wildland interface on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Biological Conservation, 132, 183–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Altshuler, A. and Luberoff, D. (2003). Mega-Projects: The Changing Politics of Urban Public Investment. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Aluko, G. A. and Husseneder, C. (2007). Colony dynamics of the Formosan subterranean termite in a frequently disturbed urban landscape. Journal of Economic Entomology, 100, 1037–1046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amaral, J. M. J., Simoes, A. L. and De Jong, D. (2005). Genetics and Molecular Research, 4, 832–838.

Ambrose, J. P. and Bratton, S. P. (1990). Trends in landscape heterogeneity along the borders of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Conservation Biology, 4, 135–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

American Planning Association. (2006). Planning and Urban Design Standards. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Amundson, R., Gong, P. and Guo, Y. (2003). Soil diversity and land use in the United States. Ecosystems, 6, 472–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anas, A., Arnott, R. and Small, K. (1998). Urban spatial structure. Journal of Economic Literature, 36, 1426–1464.Google Scholar

Anderson, D. L. and Otis, R. J. (2000). Integrated wastewater management in growing urban environments. In Managing Soils in an Urban Environment, eds. Brown, R. B., Huddleston, J. H. and Anderson, J. L.. Madison, Wisconsin: American Society of Agronomy, pp. 199–250.Google Scholar

Andreassen, H. P., Ims, R. A. and Steinset, O. K. (1996). Discontinuous habitat corridors: effects on male root vole movement. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33, 555–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andrzejewski, A. V. (2009). Building privacy and community: surveillance in a postwar American suburban development in Madison, Wisconsin. Landscape Journal, 28, 40–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Angilletta, M. J., Wilson, R. S., Niehaus, A. C. et al. (2007). Urban physiology: city ants possess high heat tolerance. PLoS ONE, 2(2), e258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Angold, P. G., Sadler, J. P., Hill, M. O. et al. (2006). Biodiversity in urban habitat patches. Science of the Total Environment, 360, 196–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anikwe, M. A. N. and Nwobodo, K. C. A. (2002). Long term effects of municipal waste disposal on soil properties and productivity of sites used for urban agriculture in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Bioresource Technology, 83, 241–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anthony, A., Atwood, J., August, P. et al. (2009). Coastal lagoons and climate change: ecological and social ramifications in U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coast ecosystems. Ecology and Society, 14(1): article 8. [Online]. URL: .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Antos, M. J., Ehmke, G. C., Tzaros, C. L. and Weston, M. A. (2007). Unauthorized human use of an urban coastal wetland sanctuary: current and future patterns. Landscape and Urban Planning, 80, 173–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Antrop, M. (2006). Sustainable landscapes: contradiction, fiction or utopia?Landscape and Urban Planning, 75, 187–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arnold, C. L. and Gibbons, C. J. (1996). Impervious surface coverage: the emergence of a key environmental indicator. Journal of the American Planning Association, 62, 243–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arnold, G. W. (1983). The influence of ditch and hedgerow structure, length of hedgerows, and area of woodland and garden on bird numbers in farmland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 20, 731–750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arnold, R. A. and Goins, A. E. (1987). Habitat enhancement techniques for the El Segundo blue butterfly: an urban endangered species. In Integrating Man and Nature in the Metropolitan Environment, eds. Adams, L. W. and Leedy, D. L.. Columbia, Maryland: National Institute for Urban Wildlife, pp. 173–181.Google Scholar

Asaeda, T. and Ca, V. T. (1998). A case study on the effects of vegetation on the climate in the urban area. In Urban Ecology, eds. Breuste, J., Feldmann, H. and Uhlmann, O.. New York: Springer, pp. 78–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Asaeda, T. and Ca, V. T. (2000). Characteristics of permeable pavement during hot summer weather and impact on the thermal environment. Building and Environment, 35, 363–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Asakawa, S., Yoshida, K. and Yabe, K. (2004). Perceptions of urban stream corridors within the greenway system of Sapporo, Japan. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68, 167–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Asare Afrane, Y., Klinkenberg, E. and Drechsel, P. (2004). Does irrigated urban agriculture influence the transmission of malaria in the city of Kamasi, Ghana?Acta Tropica, 89, 125–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ashley, R. M., Balmforth, D. J., Saul, A. J. and Blanskby, J. D. (2005). Flooding in the future: predicting climate change, risks and responses in urban areas. Water Science and Technology, 52, 265–273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ashton, W. (2008). Understanding the organization of industrial ecosystems. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 12, 34–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Atkinson, I. (1989). Introduced animals and extinctions in conservation for the twenty-first century. In Conservation for the Twenty-First Century, eds. Western, D. and Pearl, M. C.. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 54–75.Google Scholar

Attorre, F., Bruno, M., Francesconi, F. et al. (2000). Landscape changes of Rome through tree-lined roads. Landscape and Urban Planning, 49, 115–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Attorre, F., Francesconi, F., Pepponi, L. et al. (2003). Spatio-temporal analyses of parks and gardens of Rome. In Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes, eds. Attorre, F. et al. New York: Taylor and Francis, pp. 293–306.Google Scholar

Attorre, F., Rossetti, A., Sbrega, B. and Bruno, F. (1998). Landscape changes in Rome, Italy. Coenoses, 13, 57–64.Google Scholar

Attorre, F., Stanisci, A. and Bruno, F. (1997). The urban woods of Rome (Italy). Plant Biosystems, 131, 113–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Attwell, K. (2000). Urban land resources and urban planning: case studies from Denmark. Landscape and Urban Planning, 52, 145–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Audouin, J. and Loubiere, A. (1996). Les Banlieues. Paris: Hachette Livre.Google Scholar

August, P., Iverson, L. and Nugranad, J. (2002). Human conversion of terrestrial habitats. In Applying Landscape Ecology in Biological Conservation, ed. Gutzwiller, K. J.. New York: Springer, pp. 198–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Austin, M. P. (1987). Models for the analysis of species response to environmental gradients. Vegetatio, 69, 35–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Austin, M. P. (1999). A silent clash of paradigms: some inconsistencies in community ecology. Oikos, 86, 170–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Auyero, J. and Swistun, D. A. (2009). Flammable: Environmental Suffering in an Argentine Shantytown. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Avery, M. and Genchi, A. (2004). Avian perching deterrents on ultrasonic sensors at airport wind-shear alert systems. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 32, 718–725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Avila-Flores, R. and Fenton, M. B. (2005). Use of spatial features by foraging insectivorous bats in a large urban landscape. Journal of Mammalogy, 86, 1193–1204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ayres, D. R., Smith, D. L., Zaremba, K. et al. (2004). Spread of exotic cordgrasses and hybrids (Spartina sp.) in the tidal marshes of San Francisco Bay, California, USA. Biological Invasions, 6, 221–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Babbitt, B. (2005). Cities in the Wilderness: A New Vision of Land Use in America. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.Google Scholar

Baccini, P. (2012). Designing urban systems: ecological strategies with stocks and flows of energy and material. In Applied Urban Ecology: A Global Framework, eds. Richter, M. and Weiland, U.. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 55–65.Google Scholar

Bagchi, A. (1994). Design, Construction, and Monitoring of Landfills. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Baken, R. (2003). Plotting, Squatting, Public Purpose, and Politics: Land Market Development, Low Income Housing, and Public Intervention in India. Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate.Google Scholar

Baker, D., Hinton, A. and Luken, J. (1990). Forest edges associated with power-line corridors and implications for corridor siting. Landscape and Urban Planning, 20, 315–324.Google Scholar

Baker, H. G. (1974). The evolution of weeds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 5, 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baker, L. A., ed. (2009). The Water Environment of Cities. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baker, P. J., Bentley, A. J., Ansell, R. J. and Harris, S. (2005). Impact of predation by domestic cats Felis catus in an urban area. Mammal Review, 35, 302–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bakir, H. A. (2001). Sustainable wastewater management for small communities in the Middle East and North Africa. Journal of Environmental Management, 61, 319–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ball, P. (2009). Nature’s Patterns: A Tapestry in Three Parts: Flow. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Balling, R. C., Carveny, R. S. and Idso, C. D. (2001). Does the urban CO2 dome of Phoenix, Arizona contribute to its heat island?Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 4599–4601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Balogh, J. C. and Walker, W. J. (1992). Golf Course Management and Construction: Environmental Issues. Chelsea, Michigan: Lewis Publishers.Google Scholar

Barber, L., Murphy, S., Verplanck, P. et al. (2006). Chemical loading into surface water along a hydrological, biogeochemical, and land use gradient: a holistic watershed approach. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 475–486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barnes, H. F. (1949). The slugs in our garden. New Biologist, 6, 29–49.Google Scholar

Barras, S. and Seamans, T. W. (2002). Habitat Management Approaches for Reducing Wildlife Use of Airfields. Davis, California: University of Califrnia, pp. 309–315.Google Scholar

Barrat, D. G. (1997). Home range size, habitat utilisation and movement patterns of suburban and farm cats (Felis catus). Ecography, 20, 271–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barrett, G. W. and Barrett, T. L. (2001). Cemeteries as repositories of natural and cultural diversity. Conservation Biology, 15, 1820–1824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barrett, M. E. (2005). Performance comparison of structural stormwater best management practices. Water Environment Research, 77, 78–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barrett, M. H., Hiscock, H. M., Pedley, S. et al. (1999). Major species for identifying urban groundwater recharge sources: a review and case study in Nottingham, UK. Water Research, 33, 3083–3097.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartuska, T. J. and Young, G. L., eds. (1994). The Built Environment: A Creative Inquiry into Design and Planning. Menlo Park, California: Crisp Publications.Google Scholar

Baschak, L. A. and Brown, R. D. (1995). An ecological framework for the planning, design and management of urban river greenways. Landscape and Urban Planning, 33, 211–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bastian, L. and Thomas, C. D. (1995). Plant metapopulations and conservation in urban habitat fragments. Land Contamination and Reclamation, 3, 70–72.Google Scholar

Bastian, L. and Thomas, C. D. (1999). The distribution of plant species in urban vegetation fragments. Landscape Ecology, 14, 493–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Batty, M. and Longley, P. (1994). Fractal Cities: A Geometry of Form and Function. San Diego, California: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Baxter, C. V., Fausch, K. D. and Saunders, W. C. (2005). Tangled webs: reciprocal flows of invertebrate prey link streams and riparian zones. Freshwater Biology, 50, 201–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bean, E. Z., Hunt, W. F. and Bidelspach, D. A. (2007). Field survey of permeable pavement surface infiltration rates. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 133, 249–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beard, J. S. (1955). The classification of tropical American vegetation-types. Ecology, 36, 89–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beatley, T. (1994). Habitat Conservation Planning. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Beatley, T. (2000a). Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.Google Scholar

Beatley, T. (2000b). Preserving biodiversity: challenge for planners. Journal of the American Planning Association, 66, 5–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beatley, T., ed. (2012). Green Cities of Europe. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beatley, T., Brower, D. J. and Schwab, A. K. (1994). An Introduction to Coastal Zone Management. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.Google Scholar

Beckett, K. P., Freer-Smith, P. H. and Taylor, G. (1998). Urban woodlands: their role in reducing the effects of particulate pollution. Environmental Pollution, 99, 347–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bednar, M. (2006). L’Enfant’s Legacy: Public Open Spaces in Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects Press.Google Scholar

Beissinger, S. and Osborne, D. (1982). Effects of urbanization on avian community organization. Condor, 84, 75–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Belanger, P. (2007). Underground landscape: the urbanism and infrastructure of Toronto’s downtown pedestrian network. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 22, 272–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Belanger, P. (2009). Landscape as infrastructure. Landscape Journal, 28, 79–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Belisle, M. and Desrochers, A. (2002). Gap-crossing decisions by forest birds: an empirical basis for parameterizing spatially-explicit, individual based-models. Landscape Ecology, 17, 219–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bell, S., Blom, D., Rautamaki, M. et al. (2005). Design of urban forests. In Urban Forests and Trees, eds. Konijnendijk, C. C., Nilsson, K., Randrup, T. B. and Schipperijn, J.. New York: Springer, pp. 149–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ben-Joseph, E. (2012). Rethinking a Lot: The Design and Culture of Parking. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Benedict, M. A. and McMahon, E. T. (2006). Green Infrastructure: Linking Landscape and Communities. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.Google Scholar

Benedikz, T., Ferrini, F., Garcia-Valdecantos, J. L. and Tello, M.-L. (2005). Plant quality and establishment. In Urban Forests and Trees, eds. Konijnendijk, C. C., Nilsson, K., Randrup, T. B. and Schipperijn, J.. New York: Springer, pp. 231–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benfield, F. K., Raimi, M. D. and Chen, D. D. T. (1999). Once There Were Greenfields: How Urban Sprawl is Undermining America’s Environment, Economy and Social Fabric. Washington, D.C.: Natural Resources Defense Council.Google Scholar

Benfield, F. K., Terris, J. and Vorsanger, N. (2001). Solving Sprawl: Models of Smart Growth in Communities Across America. Washington, D.C.: Natural Resources Defense Council.Google Scholar

Bengston, D. N. and Youn, Y. C. (2006). Urban containment policies and the protection of natural areas: the case of Seoul’s greenbelt. Ecology and Society, 11 (1): article 3 [Online]. URL: .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bengtsson, L., Grahn, L. and Olsson, J. (2005). Hydrological function of a thin extensive green roof in southern Sweden. Nordic Hydrology, 36, 259–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benjamin, T. S., Green, A. and Deshais, K. (2003). New light on the Neponset near Boston, a public/private partnership “daylights” a stretch of river. Landscape Architecture, 93(4), 46–54.Google Scholar

Bennett, A. F. (2003). Linkages in the Landscape: The Role of Corridors and Connectivity in Wildlife Conservation. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN, The World Conservation Union.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bennett, A. F. and Radford, J. (2003). Know your ecological thresholds. In Thinking Bush. Melbourne, Victoria: State of Victoria, Native Vegetation Research and Development Program.Google Scholar

Bennett, A. F., Radford, J. Q. and Haslem, A. (2006). Properties of land mosaics: implications for nature conservation in agricultural environments. Biological Conservation, 133, 250–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bennett, G. W. and Owens, J. M., eds. (1986). Advances in Urban Pest Management. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar

Bennett, H. H. (1948). Soil conservation in a hungry world. Geographical Review, 38, 311–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benson, D. H. and Howell, J. (1990). Sydney’s vegetation 1788–1988: utilisation, degradation, and rehabilitation. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia, 16, 115–127.Google Scholar

Benton-Short, L. and Short, J. R. (2008). Cities and Nature. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Benyus, J. (2002). Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. New York: Harper Perennial.Google Scholar

Benyus, J. (2008). A good place to settle: biomimicry, biophilia, and the return. In Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, eds. Kellert, S. R., Heerwagen, J. H. and Mador, M. L.. New York: John Wiley, pp. 27–42.Google Scholar

Berger, A. (2006). Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban America. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.Google Scholar

Berger, M. (2004). Les periurbains de Paris: De la ville dense a la metropole eclatee?Paris: CNRS Editions.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berke, P. R., Godschalk, D. R., Kaiser, E. J. and Rodriguez, D. A. (2006). Urban Land Use Planning. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Berkowitz, A. R., Nilon, C. H. and Holweg, K. S., eds. (2003). Understanding Urban Ecosystems: A New Frontier for Science and Education. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar

Berland, A. (2012). Long-term urbanization effects on tree canopy cover along an urban-rural gradient. Urban Ecosystems, 15, 721–738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berling-Wolff, S. and Wu, J. (2004). Modeling urban landscape dynamics: a review. Ecological Research, 19, 119–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berman, M. and Dunbar, I. (1983). The social behaviour of free-ranging suburban dogs. Applied Animal Ethology, 10, 5–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bernhardt, E. S. and Palmer, M. (2007). Restoring streams in an urbanizing world. Freshwater Biology, 52, 738–751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bernhardt, E. S., Band, L. E., Walsh, C. and Berke, P. (2008). Understanding, managing, and minimizing urban impacts of surface water nitrogen loading. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 33, 61–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bernhardt, G. E. (2009). Management of bayberry in relation to tree-swallow strikes at John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York. Human-Wildlife Conflicts, 3, 237–241.Google Scholar

Berrizbeitia, A. (1999). The Amsterdam Bos: the modern public park and the construction of collective experience. In Recovering Landscapes, ed. Corner, J.. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, pp. 187–203.Google Scholar

Berry, B. J. L. (1990). Urbanization. In The Earth as Transformed by Human Actions: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years, eds. Turner, B. L., Clark, W. C., Kates, R. W. et al. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 103–119.Google Scholar

Bertasi, F. (2007). Effects of an artificial protection structure on the sandy shore macrofaunal community: the special case of Lido di Dante (Northern Adriatic Sea). Hydrobiologia, 586, 277–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berthier, E., Dupont, S., Mestayer, P. G. and Andrieu, H. (2006). Comparison of two evapotranspiration schemes on a sub-urban site. Journal of Hydrology, 328, 635–646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bertin, R. I., Manner, M. E., Larrow, B. F. et al. (2005). Norway maple (Acer platanoides) and other non-native trees in urban woodlands of Central Massachusetts. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 132, 225–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bevanger, K. (1995). Estimates and population consequences of Tetraonid mortality caused by collisions with high tension power lines in Norway. Journal of Applied Ecology, 32, 745–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bhattacharya, M., Primack, R. B. and Gerwein, J. (2003). Are roads and railroads barriers to bumblebee movement in a temperate suburban conservation area?Biological Conservation, 109, 37–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bianca, S. (2000). Urban Form in the Arab World: Past and Present. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar

Biggs, A. (1990). The Impact of Airport Noise: A Case Study of Vancouver International Airport. Vancouver, British Columbia: University of British Columbia.Google Scholar

Biggs, T. W., Atkinson, E., Powell, R. and Ojeda-Revah, L. (2010). Land cover following rapid urbanization on the US-Mexico border: implications for conceptual models of urban watershed proceses. Landscape and Urban Planning, 96, 78–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Binford, M. W. and Karty, R. (2006). Riparian greenways and water resources. In Designing Greenways: Sustainable Landscapes for Nature and People, eds. Hellmund, P. C. and Smith, D. A.. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp. 108–157.Google Scholar

Binns, T. and Maconachie, R. (2006). Re-evaluating people-environment relationships at the rural-urban interface: how sustainable is the peri-urban zone in Kano, Northern Nigeria? In The Peri-Urban Interface: Approaches to Sustainable Natural and Human Resource Use, eds. McGregor, D., Simon, D. and Thompson, D.. London: Earthscan, pp. 211–228.Google Scholar

Bird, D., Varland, D. and Negro, J., eds. (1996). Raptors in Human Landscapes: Adaptations to Built and Cultivated Environments. San Diego, California: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Biro, Z., Lanszki, J., Szemethy, L. et al. (2005). Feeding habits of feral domestic cats (Felis catus), wild cats (Felis silvestris) and their hybrids: trophic niche overlap among cat groups in Hungary. Journal of Zoology, 266, 187–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blair, R. B. (1996). Land use and avian species diversity along an urban gradient. Ecological Applications, 6, 506–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blair, R. B. (1999). Birds and butterflies along an urban gradient: surrogate taxa for assessing biodiversity?Ecological Applications, 9, 164–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blair, R. B. (2008). Creating a homogeneous avifauna. In Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature, eds. Marzluff, J. M., Schulenberger, E., Endlicher, W. et al. New York: Springer, pp. 405–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blair, R. B. and Launer, A. E. (1997). Butterfly diversity and human land use: species assemblages along an urban gradient. Biological Conservation, 80, 113–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blanc, P. (2008). The vertical garden. In Nature and the City. New York: Norton.Google Scholar

Blomqvist, M. M., Vos, P., Klinkhamer, P. G. L. and ter Keurs, W. J. (2003). Declining plant species richness of grassland ditch banks – a problem of colonisation or extinction?Biological Conservation, 109, 391–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bloom, P. H. and McCrary, M. D. (1996). The urban buteo: red-shouldered hawks in Southern California. In Raptors in Human Landscapes: Adaptations to Built and Cultivated Environments, eds. Bird, D. M., Varland, D. E. and Negro, J. J.. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 31–39.Google Scholar

Blume, H.-P. (1982). Boden des Verdichtungsraumes Berlin. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, 33, 269–280.Google Scholar

Blume, H.-P. (2009). Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. Berlin: Spektrum Verlag.Google Scholar

Boada, M. and Capdevila, L. (2000). Barcelona Biodiversitat urbana. Barcelona: Ajuntament de Barcelona.Google Scholar

Boeri, S. and Insulata, F. (2009/10). The vertical forest and new urban comfort. Harvard Design Magazine, 31, 60–65.Google Scholar

Bogo, J., Klinkenberg, J., Bender, K. and Dole, C. H. (2002). Going the extra yard. Audubon, 104(2), 64–71.Google Scholar

Bohl, C. C. (2002). Place Making: Developing Town Centers, Main Streets, and Urban Villages. Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute.Google Scholar

Bolen, E. G. (2000). Wildlife as related to soils. In Managing Soils in an Urban Environment, eds. Brown, R. B., Huddleston, J. H. and Anderson, J. L.. Madison, Wisconsin: American Society of Agronomy, pp. 157–177.Google Scholar

Bolund, P. and Hunhammer, S. (1999). Ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecological Economics, 29, 293–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bonter, D. N., Gauthreaux, S. A., Jr. and Donovan, T. M. (2009). Characteristics of important stopover locations for migrating birds: remote sensing with radar in the Great Lakes Basin. Conservation Biology, 23, 440–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Boone, M. D., Semlitsch, R. D. and Mosby, C. (2005). Suitability of golf course ponds for amphibian metamorphosis when bullfrogs are removed. Conservation Biology, 22, 172–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Booth, D. B. and Bledsoe, B. P. (2009). Streams and ubanization. In The Water Environment of Cities, ed. Baker, L. A.. New York: Springer, pp. 93–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Booth, D. B. and Jackson, C. R. (1997). Urbanization of aquatic systems: degradation threshold stormwater detection and the limits of mitigation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 33, 1077–1090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Booth, D. B. and Leavitt, J. (1999). Field evaluation of permeable pavement systems for improved stormwater management. Journal of the American Planning Association, 65, 316–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Borchert, J. R. (1993). Megalopolis: Washington, D.C. to Boston. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar

Bormann, F. H., Balmori, D. and Geballe, G. T. (1993). Redesigning the American Lawn: A Search for Environmental Harmony. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Bossel, H. (1998). Earth at a Crossroads: Paths to a Sustainable Future. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bosselman, P. (2008). Land Transformation: Understanding City Design and Form. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.Google Scholar

Botham, M., Rothery, P., Hulme, P. et al. (2009). Do urban areas act as foci for the spread of alien plant species? An assessment of temporal trends in the UK. Diversity and Distributions, 15, 338–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowen, J. L. and Valiela, I. (2001). The ecological effects of urbanization of coastal watersheds: historical increases in nitrogen loads and eutrophication of Waquoit Bay estuaries. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58, 1489–1500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowers, M. A. and Breland, B. (1996). Foraging of gray squirrels on an urban-rural gradient: use of the gradient to assess anthropogenic impact. Ecological Applications, 6, 1135–1142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Box, J. (2011). Building urban biodiversity through financial incentives, regulation, and targets. In Urban Ecology: Patterns, Processes, and Applications, eds. Niemela, J., Breuste, J. H., Elmqvist, T. et al. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 309–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boyden, S., Millar, S., Newcombe, K. and O’Neill, B. (1981). The Ecology of a City and its People: The Case of Hong Kong. Canberra: Australian National University Press.Google Scholar

Brack, C. (2002). Pollution mitigation and carbon sequestration by an urban forest. Environmental Pollution, 116, 195–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bradley, G. A., ed. (1995). Urban Forest Landscapes: Integrating Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar

Bradley, M. P. and Stolt, M. H. (2006). Landscape-level seagrass-sediment relations in a coastal lagoon. Aquatic Botany, 84, 121–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bradshaw, A. D. (2003). Natural ecosystems in cities: a model for cities as ecosystems. In Understanding Urban Ecosystems: A New Frontier for Science and Education, eds. Berkowitz, A. R., Nilon, C. H. and Hollweg, K. S.. New York: Springer, pp. 77–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bradshaw, A., Hunt, B. and Walmsley, T. (1995). Trees in the Urban Landscape: Principles and Practice. London: E&FN Spon.Google Scholar

Brady, N. C. and Weil, R. R. (2002). The Nature and Properties of Soils. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Braithwaite, L. (1976). Canals in Town. London: Adam and Charles Black.Google Scholar

Brande, A., Bockeer, R. and Graf, A. (1990). Changes of flora, vegetation and urban biotopes in Berlin (West). In Urban Ecology: Plants and Plant Communities in Urban Environments, eds. Sukopp, H., Hejny, S. and Kowarik, I.. The Hague, Netherlands: SPB Academic Publishing, pp. 155–165.Google Scholar

Brandle, J. R., Hintz, D. L. and Sturrock, J. W., eds. (1988). Windbreak Technology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. [Reprinted from Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 22–23 (1988)].Google Scholar

Brandt, J., Vejre, H., Mander, U. and Antrop, M. (2003–2004) Multifunctional Landscapes. Southampton, UK: WIT.Google ScholarPubMed

Brantz, D. and Duempelmann, S. (2011). Greening the City: Urban Landscapes in the Twentieth Century. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press.Google Scholar

Braskerud, B. C., Tonderski, K. S., Wedding, B. et al. (2005). Can constructed wetlands reduce the diffuse phosphorus loads to eutrophic water in cold temperate regions?Journal of Environmental Quality, 34, 2145–2155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brattlebo, B. O. and Booth, D. B. (2003). Long-term stormwater quantity and quality performance of permeable pavement systems. Water Research, 37, 4369–4376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brauman, K. A., Daily, G. C., Duarte, A. K. and Mooney, H. A. (2007). The nature and value of ecosystem services: an overview highlighting hydrological services. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 32, 67–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Braun Blanquet, J. (1964). Pflanzensoziologie Grundzuge der Vegetationskunde. Vienna: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brazel, A. J. and Heisler, G. M. (2009). Climatology of urban long-term ecological research sites: Baltimore Ecosystem Study and Central Arizona-Phoenix. Geography Compass, 3, 22–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brazel, A., Selover, N., Voce, R. and Heisler, G. (2000). The tale of two climates—Baltimore and Phoenix LTER sites. Climate Research, 15, 123–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brazel, A. J., Chow, W. T. L., Hedquist, B. C. and Prashad, L. (2009). Desert heat island study in winter by mobile transect and remote sensing techniques. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 98, 323–325.Google Scholar

Brearley, G., McAlpine, C., Bell, S. and Bradley, A. (2012). Influence of urban edges on stress in an arboreal mammal: a case study of squirrel gliders in southeast Queensland, Australia. Landscape Ecology, 27, 1407–1419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Breed, A. C., Field, H. E., Epstein, J. H. and Daszak, P. (2006). Infectious disease and mammalian conservation. Biological Conservation, 131, 211–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Breen, A. and Rigby, D. (1996). The New Waterfront: A Worldwide Urban Success Story. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Brenneisen, S. and Haenggi, A. (2006). Green roofs – ecological characterization of a new urban habitat type based on a comparison between the spider fauna found on green roofs and in railway sidings with high conservation interest in Basel (Switzerland). Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaften beider Basel, 9, 99–122.Google Scholar

Brenner, M., Schelske, C. L. and Keenan, L. W. (2001). Historical rates of sediment and nutrient accumulation in marshes of the Upper St. Johns River Basin, Florida, USA. Journal of Paleolimnology, 26, 241–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brenner, M., Whitmore, T. J., Riedinger-Whitmore, M. A. et al. (2006). Geochemical and biological consequences of groundwater augmentation in lakes of west-central Florida (USA). Journal of Paleolimnology, 36, 371–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Breuste, J. H. (2004). Decision making, planning and design for the conservation of indigenous vegetation within urban development. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68, 439–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Breuste, J. H. (2009). Structural analysis of urban landscapes for landscape management in German cities. In Ecology of Cities and Towns: A Comparative Approach, eds. McDonnell, M. J., Hahs, A. K. and Breuste, J. H.. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 355–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Breuste, J., Feldmann, H. and Uhlmann, O., eds. (1998). Urban Ecology. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brick, G. (2009). Subterranean Twin Cities. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Brickell, C., ed. (2003). The American Horticultural Society Encylopedia of Gardening. New York: DK Publishing.Google Scholar

Bridgewater, P. B. (1990). The role of synthetic vegetation in present and future landscapes of Australia. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia, 16, 129–134.Google Scholar

Brigham, R. M., Cebek, J. E. and Hickey, B. C. (1989). Intraspecific variation in the echolocation calls of two species of insectivorous bats. Journal of Mammalogy, 70, 426–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brillemburg, A., Feireiss, K. and Klumpner, H. (2005). Informal city: Caracas case. Munich: Prestel.Google Scholar

Broll, G. and Keplin, B. (1995). Ecological studies on urban lawns. In Urban Ecology as the Basis of Urban Planning, eds. Sukopp, H., Numata, M. and Huber, A.. Amsterdam: SPB Academic Publishing, pp. 71–82.Google Scholar

Brooks, A. (1998). Channelized Rivers: Perspectives for Environmental Management. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Browder, J. O. and Godfrey, B. J. (1997). Rainforest Cities: Urbanization, Development, and Globalization of the Brazilian Amazon. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Browder, J. O., Bohland, J. R. and Scarpaci, J. L. (1995). Patterns of development on the metropolitan fringe: urban fringe expansion in Bangkok, Jakarta, and Santiago. Journal of the American Planning Association, 61, 310–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, D. B. (2002). The science of brownfields. In Brownfields: A Comprehensive Guide to Redeveloping Contaminated Property. Chicago: American Bar Association Publishing, pp. 265–280.Google Scholar

Brown, K. (2000). Urban Stream Restoration Practices: An Initial Assessment. Final Report for Office of Wetlands, US Environmental Protection Agency. Ellicott City, Maryland: Center for Watershed Protection.Google Scholar

Brown, K. H. and Jameton, A. L. (2000). Public health implications of urban agriculture. Journal of Public Health Policy, 21, 20–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brown, L. R. (1995). Who Will Feed China? Wake-Up Call for a Small Planet. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar

Brown, L. R. (2005). Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society.Google Scholar

Brown, P. H. (2009). America’s Waterfront Revival: Port Authorities and Urban Redevelopment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Brown, R. B., Huddleston, J. H. and Anderson, J. L., eds. (2000). Managing Soils in an Urban Environment. Madison, Wisconsin: American Society of Agronomy.Google Scholar

Brown, W. M. and Drewien, R. C. (1995). Evaluation of two power line markers to reduce crane and waterfowl collision mortality. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 23, 217–227.Google Scholar

Brownlee, P. M. and Lorna, J. (2005). Road salts and birds: an assessment of the risk with particular emphasis on winter finch mortality. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 33, 835–841.Google Scholar

Brumm, H. (2004). The impact of environmental noise on song amplitude in a territorial bird. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73, 434–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brunner, P. H. (2007). Reshaping urban metabolism. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1, 3–19.

Bruno, F., Provantini, R., Francesconi, F. et al. (2006). Roma Giardino d’Europa: Tipologie de Verde, metodi di analisi e strumenti di gestione. Rome: Assessorato alle Politiche Ambientali e Agricole di Roma.Google Scholar

Bryant, B. K. and Ismael, W. (1991). Movement and mortality patterns of resident and translocated suburban white-tailed deer. In Wildlife Conservation in Metropolitan Environments, eds. Adams, L. W. and Leedy, D. L.. Columbia, Maryland: National Institute for Urban Wildlife, pp. 53–58.Google Scholar

Bryant, M. M. (2006). Urban landscape conservation and the role of ecological greenways at local and metropolitan scales. Landscape and Urban Planning, 76, 23–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buell, L. (2001). Writing for an Endangered World: Literature, Culture, and Environment in the United States and Beyond. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buell, L. (2005). The Future of Environmental Criticism. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar

Bulleri, F., Chapman, M. G. and Underwood, A. J. (2004). Patterns of movement of the limpet Cellana tramoserica on rocky shores and retaining seawalls. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 281, 121–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burchell, R. W., Downs, A., McCann, B. and Mukherji, S. (2005). Sprawl Costs: Economic Impacts of Unchecked Development. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.Google Scholar

Burel, F. and Baudry, J. (1999). Ecologie du paysage: Concepts, methods et applications. Paris: Technique & Documentation.Google Scholar

Burton, M. L., Samuelson, L. J. and Pan, S. (2005). Riparian woody plant and forest structure along an urban-rural gradient. Urban Ecosystems, 8, 93–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Busquets, J. (2003). The Old Town of Barcelona: A Past with a Future. Barcelona: Ajuntament de Barcelona.Google Scholar

Butler, D. and Davies, J. W. (2011). Urban Drainage. London: Spon Press.Google Scholar

Butler, R. B. (1981). The Ecological House. New York: Morgan and Morgan.Google Scholar

Byers, D. L. and Mitchell, J. C. (2005). Sprawl and species with limited dispersal abilities. In Nature in Fragments: The Legacy of Sprawl, eds. Johnson, E. A. and Klemens, M. W.. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 157–180.Google Scholar

Cade, T. J., Martell, M., Redig, P. et al. (1996). Peregrine falcons in urban North America. In Raptors in Human Landscapes, eds. Bird, D. M., Varland, D. E. and Negro, J. J.. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 3–13.Google Scholar

Cadenasso, M. L., Pickett, S. T. A. and Schwarz, K. (2007). Spatial heterogeneity in urban ecosystems: reconceptualizing land cover and a framework for classification. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 5, 80–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cadenasso, M. L., Pickett, S. T. A. and Schwarz, K. (2007). Spatial heterogeneity in urban ecosystems: reconceptualizing land cover and a framework for classification. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 5, 80–88.CrossRef

Cadenasso, M. L., Pickett, S. T. A., Weathers, K. C. and Jones, C. G. (2003). A framework for a theory of ecological boundaries. BioScience. 53, 750–758.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cain, M. L., Bowman, W. D., and Hacker, S. D. (2011). Ecology. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.Google Scholar

Cairns, J. (1995). Rehabilitating Damaged Ecosystems. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.Google Scholar

Caldiron, G. (2005). Banlieue: Vita e rivolta nelle periferie della metropolis. Rome: Tomacelli.Google Scholar

Callaway, J. C. and Zedler, J. B. (2004). Restoration of urban salt marshes: lessons from Southern California. Urban Ecosystems, 7, 107–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Calthorpe, P. and Fulton, P. (2001). The Regional City: Planning for the End of Sprawl. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.Google Scholar

Campbell, C. and Ogden, M. (1999). Constructed Wetlands in the Sustainable Landscape. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Campos, C. B., Esteves, C. F., Ferraz, K. M. P. et al. (2007). Diet of free-ranging cats and dogs in a suburban and rural environment, south-eastern Brazil. Journal of Zoology, 273, 14–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cano-Hurtado, J. J. and Canto-Perello, J. (1999). Sustainable development of urban underground space for utilities. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 14, 335–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cantwell, M. D. and Forman, R. T. T. (1994). Landscape graphs: ecological modeling with graph theory to detect configurations common to diverse landscapes. Landscape Ecology, 8, 233–255.Google Scholar

Carey, M. (1998). Peregrine falcons and the Washington State Department of Transportation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Wildlife Ecology and Transportation. Tallahassee, Florida: Florida Department of Transportation, pp. 121–125.Google Scholar

Carinanos, P. and Casares-Porcel, M. (2011). Urban green zones and related pollen allergy: a review. Some guidelines for designing spaces with low allergy impact. Landscape and Urban Planning, 101, 205–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carleton, J., Grissard, T. J., Godrej, A. N. et al. (2000). Performance of constructed wetlands in treating urban stormwater runoff. Water Environment Research, 72, 295–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carolsfeld, J., ed. (2003). Migratory Fishes of South America: Biology, Fisheries and Conservation Status. Victoria, British Columbia: World Fisheries Trust.Google Scholar

Carpenter, D., Sinha, S. K., Brennan, K. and Slate, L. O. (2003). Urban stream restoration. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 129, 491–494.Google Scholar

Carpenter, R. A., ed. (1983). Natural Systems for Development: What Planners Need to Know. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Carpenter, T. G. (1994). The Environmental Impact of Railways. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Carreiro, M. M. (2008). Using the urban-rural gradient approach to determine the effects of land use on forest remnants. In Ecology, Planning, and Management of Urban Forests: International Perspectives, eds. Carreiro, M. M., Song, Y.-C. and Wu, J.. New York: Springer, pp. 169–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carreiro, M. M., Pouyat, R. V., Tripler, C. E. and Zhu, W.-X. (2009). Carbon and nitrogen cycling in soils in remnant forests along urban-rural gradients: case studies in the New York metropolitan area and Louisville, Kentucky. In Ecology of Cities and Towns: A Comparative Approach, eds. McDonnell, M. J., Hahs, A. K. and Breuste, J. H.. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 308–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carreiro, M., Song, Y.-C. and Wu, J., eds. (2008). Ecology, Planning, and Management of Urban Forests. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carsjens, G. and van der Knaap, W. (2002). Strategic land-use allocation: dealing with spatial relationships and fragmentation of agriculture. Landscape and Urban Planning, 58, 171–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carson, R. (1962). Silent Spring. New York: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Carter, T. L. and Rasmussen, T. C. (2006). Hydrologic behavior of vegetated roofs. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 42, 1261–1274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Castells, M. (2000). The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar

Catalan, B., Sauri, D. and Serra, P. (2008). Urban sprawl in the Mediterranean? Patterns of growth and change in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region 1993–2000. Landscape and Urban Planning, 85, 174–184.Google Scholar

Catterall, C. P. (2009). Responses of faunal assemblages to urbanisation: global research paradigms and an avian case study. In Ecology of Cities and Towns: A Comparative Approach, eds. McDonnell, M. J., Hahs, A. K. and Breuste, J. H.. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 129–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Catton, W., Jr. and Dunlap, R. E. (1978). Environmental sociology: a new paradigm. The American Sociologist, 13, 41–49.Google Scholar

Cederlunda, H., Thierfelderb, T. and Stenstroma, J. (2008). Functional microbial diversity of the railway track bed. Science of the Total Environment, 397, 205–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Celesti-Grapow, L. and Blasi, C. (1998). A comparison of the urban flora of different phytoclimatic regions in Italy. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 7, 367–378.Google Scholar

Cervero, R. (1998). The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.Google Scholar

Chace, J. F. and Walsh, J. J. (2006). Urban effects on native avifauna: a review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 74, 46–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chace, J. F., Walsh, J. J., Cruz, A. et al. (2003). Spatial and temporal activity patterns of the brood parasitic brown-headed cowbird at an urban/wildland interface. Landscape and Urban Planning, 64, 179–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chang, C. R., Li, M. H. and Chang, S. D. (2007). A preliminary study of the local cool-island intensity of Taipei city parks. Landscape and Urban Planning, 80, 386–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chapman, M. G. and Underwood, A. J. (2009). Comparative effects of urbanisation in marine and terrestrial habitats. In Ecology of Cities and Towns: A Comparative Approach, eds. McDonnell, M. J., Hahs, A. K. and Breuste, J. H.. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 51–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chapman, M. G., Blockley, D., People, J. and Clynick, B. (2009). Effect of urban structures on diversity of marine species. In Ecology of Cities and Towns: A Comparative Approach, eds. McDonnell, M. J., Hahs, A. K. and Breuste, J. H.. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 156–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Charles, J. A. and Barton, M. (2003). The Mythical World of Transit-Oriented Development. Portland, Oregon: Cascade Policy Institute.Google Scholar

Chaskin, R. J. (1995). Defining Neighborhood: History, Theory and Practice. Chicago: The Chapin Center for Children, University of Chicago.Google Scholar

Chasko, G. G. and Gates, J. E. (1982). Avian habitat suitability along a transmission-line corridor in an oak-hickory forest region. Wildlife Monographs, 82, 1–41.Google Scholar

Chatti, N., Ganem, G., Benzekri, K. et al. (1999). Microgeographical distribution of two chromosomal races of house mice in Tunisia: pattern and origin of habitat partitioning. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B-Biological Sciences, 266, 1561–1569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chen, T. C., Wang, S. Y. and Yen, M. C. (2007). Enhancement of afternoon thunderstorm activity by urbanization in a valley: Taipei. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 46, 1324–1340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, W. Y. and Jim, C. Y. (2008). Assessment and valuation of the ecosystem services provided by urban forests. In Ecology, Planning, and Management of Urban Forests: International Perspectives, eds. Carreiro, M. M., Song, Y.-C. and Wu, J.. New York: Springer, pp. 53–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheptou, P.-O., Carrue, O., Rouifed, S. and Cantarel, A. (2008). Rapid evolution of seed dispersal in an urban environment in the weed Crepis sancta. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 105, 3796–3799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chesterikoff, A., Garban, B., Billen, G. and Poulin, M. (1992). Inorganic nitrogen dynamics in the River Seine downstream from Paris (France). Biogeochemistry, 17, 147–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chiesura, A. (2004). The role of urban parks for the sustainable city. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68, 129–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Childs, J. E. (1986). Size dependence predation on rats (Rattus norvegicus) by house cats (Felis catus) in an urban setting. Journal of Mammalogy, 67, 196–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chin, A. (2006). Urban transformation of river landscapes in a global context. Geomorphology, 79, 460–487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Christaller, W. (1933). Die Zentralen Orte in Suddeutschland. Jena (Vienna), Gustav Fischer.Google Scholar

Christie, F. J. and Hochuli, D. F. (2005). Elevated levels of herbivory in urban landscapes: are declines in tree health more than an edge effect?Ecology and Society, 10(10).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Churcher, P. B. and Lawton, J. H. (1989). Beware of well-fed felines: Britain’s five million house cats enjoy both indoor comforts and outdoor hunting. Natural History, 7, 40–46.Google Scholar

Cilliers, S. S. and Bredenkamp, G. J. (1998). Vegetation analysis of railway reserves in the Potchefstroom municipal area, North West Province, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany, 64, 271–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cilliers, S. S. and Siebert, S. J. (2011). Urban flora and vegetation: patterns and processes. In Urban Ecology: Patterns, Processes, and Applications, eds. Niemela, J., Breuste, J. H., Elmqvist, T. et al. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 148–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cilliers, S. S., Williams, N. S. G. and Barnard, F. J. (2008). Patterns of exotic plant invasions in fragmented urban and rural grasslands across continents. Landscape Ecology, 23, 1243–1256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clark, J. R. (2000). Coastal Zone Management Handbook. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.Google Scholar

Clark, W. C. and Dickson, N. M. (2003). Sustainability science: the emerging research program. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA), 100, 8059–8061.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Clement, A. and Thomas, G. (2001). Atlas du Paris souterrain: La doublure sombre de la Ville lumiere. Paris: Editions Parigramme.Google Scholar

Clergeau, P., Savard, J.-P. L., Mennechez, G and Falardeau, G. (1998). Bird abundance and diversity along an urban-rural gradient: a comparative study between two cities on different continents. Condor, 100, 413–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clevenger, A. P., Chruszcz, B. and Gunson, K. (2001). Drainage culverts as habitat linkages and factors affecting passage by mammals. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 1340–1349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clucas, B. and Marzluff, J. M. (2011). Coupled relationships between humans and other organisms in urban areas. In Urban Ecology: Patterns, Processes, and Applications, eds. Niemela, J., Breuste, J. H., Elmqvist, T. et al. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 135–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clynick, B. G. (2008). Characteristics of an urban fish assemblage: distribution of fish associated with coastal marinas. Marine Environmental Research, 65, 18–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cohen-Rosenthal, E. and Musnikow, J., eds. (2003). Eco-Industrial Strategies. Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Publishing.Google Scholar

Cohn, J. P. and Lerner, J. A. (2003). Integrating Land Use Planning and Biodiversity. Washington, D.C.: Defenders of Wildlife.Google Scholar

Colburn, E. A. (2004). Vernal Pools: Natural History and Conservation. Blacksburg, Virginia: McDonald & Woodward Publishing.Google Scholar

Colding, J. and Folke, C. (2009). The role of golf courses in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. Ecosystems, 12, 191–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Colding, J., Lundberg, J. and Folke, C. (2006). Incorporating green-area user groups in urban ecosystem management. Ambio, 35, 237–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cole, D. N. (1993). Riparian greenways and water resources. In Ecology of Greenways: Design and Function of Linear Conservation Areas, eds. Smith, D. S. and Hellmund, P. C.. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 105–122.Google Scholar

Collinge, S. K. (1998). Spatial arrangement of habitat patches and corridors: clues from ecological field experiments. Landscape and Urban Planning, 42, 157–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collinge, S. K. (2009). Ecology of Fragmented Landscapes. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Collinge, S. K. and Forman, R. T. T. (1998). A conceptual model of land conversion processes: predictions and evidence from a microlandscape experiment with grassland insects. Oikos, 82, 66–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collinge, S. K., Johnson, W. C., Ray, C. et al. (2005). Landscape structure and plague occurrence in black-tailed prairie dogs on grasslands of the Western USA. Landscape Ecology, 20, 941–955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collinge, S. K., Prudic, K. L. and Oliver, J. C. (2003). Effects of local habitat characteristics and landscape context on grassland butterfly diversity. Conservation Biology, 17, 178–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Compagnie National du Rhone. (1996). La liaison fluviale Saone-Rhin. Document d’information, Societe Pour la Realisation de la Liaison Fluvial Saone-Rhin, et CETE de Lyon. Lyon, France: Faurite.Google Scholar

Cook, E. A. (2002). Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks. Landscape and Urban Planning, 58, 269–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cooper, J. A. (1987). The effectiveness of translocation control of Minneapolis-St. Paul Canada goose populations. In Integrating Man and Nature in the Metropolitan Environment, eds. Adams, L. W. and Leedy, D. L.. Columbia, Maryland: National Institute for Urban Wildlife, pp. 169–171.Google Scholar

Cooper, J. A. (1991). Canada goose management at the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport. In Wildlife Conservation in Metropolitan Environments, eds. Adams, L. W. and Leedy, D. L.. Columbia, Maryland: National Institute for Urban Wildlife, pp. 175–183.Google Scholar

Cornish, S. G. and Whitten, R. (1988). The Golf Course. New York: The Rutledge Press.Google Scholar

Corry, R. C. and Nassauer, J. I. (2002). Managing for small patch patterns in human-dominated landscapes: cultural factors and Corn Belt agriculture. In Integrating Landscape Ecology into Natural Resource Management, eds. Liu, J. and Taylor, W. W.. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 92–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Costa, J. E. and Baker, V. R. (1981). Surficial Geology: Building with the Earth. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Costa-Pierce, B., Desbonnet, A., Edwards, P. and Baker, D., eds. (2005). Urban Aquaculture. Oxford: CABI International.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Costanza, R., Cumberland, J. C., Daly, H. E. et al. (1997a). An Atlas to Ecological Economics. Boca Raton, Florida: St. Lucie Press.Google Scholar

Costanza, R., d’Arge, R., de Groot, R. et al. (1997b). The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387, 253–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coulson, R. N. and Tchakerian, M. D. (2010). Basic Landscape Ecology. College Station, Texas: Knowledge Engineering Laboratory Partners.Google Scholar

Courchamp, F., Langlais, M. and Sugihara, G. (1999). Cats protecting birds: modeling the mesopredator release effect. Journal of Animal Ecology, 68, 282–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Craul, P. J. (1992). Urban Soil in Landscape Design. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Craul, P. J. (1999). Urban Soils: Applications and Practices. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Crawford, B. T. (1950). Some specific relationships between soils and wildlife. Journal of Wildlife Management, 14, 115–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Creuze des Chatelliers, M., Poinsart, D. and Bravard, J. P. (1994). Geomorphology of alluvial groundwater ecosystems. In Groundwater Ecology, eds. Gibert, J., Danielopol, D. L. and Stanford, J. A.. San Diego, California: Academic Press, pp. 157–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cristol, D. and Rodewald, A. (2005). Introduction: can golf courses play a role in bird conservation?Wildlife Society Bulletin, 33, 407–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cronon, W. (1991). Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: Norton.Google Scholar

Crooks, K. R. and Soule, M. F. (1999). Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system. Nature, 400, 563–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crooks, K. R., Suarez, A. V. and Bolger, D. T. (2004). Avian assemblages along a gradient of urbanization in a highly fragmented landscape. Biological Conservation, 115, 451–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crowe, T. M. (1979). Lots of weeds: insular phytogeography of vacant urban lots. Journal of Biogeography, 6, 169–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Croxton, P. J., Hann, J. P., Greatorex-Davies, J. N. and Sparks, T. H. (2005). Linear hotspots? The floral and butterfly diversity of green lanes. Biological Conservation, 121, 579–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Culley, T. M., Sbita, S. J. and Wick, A. (2007). Population genetic effects of urban habitat fragmentation in the perennial herb Viola pubescens (Violaceae) using ISSR markers. Annals of Botany, 100, 91–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cullina, W. (2009). Understanding Perennials: A New Look at an Old Favorite. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar

Cumming, G. S., Barnes, G., Perz, S. et al. (2005). An exploratory framework for the empirical measurement of resilience. Ecosystems, 8, 975–987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cuperus, R., Kalsbeek, M., Udo de Haes, H. A. and Canters, K. J. (2002). Preparation and implementation of seven ecological compensation plans for Dutch highways. Environmental Management, 29, 736–749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Curtis, L., Rea, W., Smith-Willis, P. et al. (2006). Adverse health effects of outdoor air pollutants. Environment International, 32, 815–830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Curtis, J. T. (1959). The Vegetation of Wisconsin: An Ordination of Plant Communities. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

Curtis, J. T. and McIntosh, R. P. (1951). An upland forest continuum in the prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin. Ecology, 72, 476–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cushing, C. E. and Allan, J. D. (2001). Streams: Their Ecology and Life. San Diego, California: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Daily, G. C., ed. (1997). Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.Google Scholar

Daily, G. and Ellison, K. (2002). The New Ecology of Nature: A Quest to Make Conservation Profitable. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.Google Scholar

Dalang, T. and Hersperger, A. M. (2012). Trading connectivity improvement for area loss in patch-based biodiversity reserve networks. Biological Conservation, 148, 116–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dale, V. (1997). The relationship between land-use change and climate change. Ecological Applications, 7, 753–769.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Daley, R. and City of Chicago. (2002). A Guide to Rooftop Gardening. Chicago: Chicago Department of Environment.Google Scholar

Damschen, E. I., Haddad, N. M. and Orrock, J. L. (2006). Corridors increase plant species richness at large scales. Science, 313, 1284–1286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dandou, A., Santamouris, M., Soulakellis, N. et al. (2008). On the use of cool materials as a heat island mitigation strategy. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 47, 2846–2856.Google Scholar

Daniels, T. J. and Bekoff, M. (1989). Spatial and temporal resource use by feral and abandoned dogs. Ethology, 81, 300–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Darlington, A., Chan, M., Malloch, D. et al. (2000). The biofiltration of indoor air: implications for air quality. Indoor Air, 10, 39–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Darlington, A. B., Dat, J. F. and Dixon, M. A. (2001). The biofiltration of indoor air: air flux and temperature influences the removal of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 240–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Davenport, J. and Davenport, J. L., eds. (2006). The Ecology of Transportation: Managing Mobility for the Environment. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davies, W. K. D. and Baxter, T. (1997). Commercial intensification: the transformation of a highway-oriented ribbon. Geoforum, 28, 237–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, A., Hunt, W., Traver, R. and Clar, M. (2009). Bioretention technology overview of current practice and future needs. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 135, 109–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, A. M. and Glick, T. F. (1978). Urban ecosystems and island biogeography. Environmental Conservation, 5, 299–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, A. Y., Pijanowski, B. C., Robinson, K. and Engel, B. (2010). The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States. Land Use Policy, 27, 255–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, M., Chew, M. K., Hobbs, R. J. et al. (2011). Don’t judge species on their origins. Nature, 474, 153–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Davis, M. A. (2009). Invasion Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

De Aranzabal, I., Schmitz, M. F., Aguilera, P. and Pineda, F. D. (2008). Modelling of landscape changes derived from the dynamics of socio-ecological systems: a case study in a semiarid Mediterranean landscape. Ecological Indicators, 8, 672–685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Chiara, J. and Koppelman, L. (1984). Time Saver Standards for Urban Site Design. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

De Groot, R. (2006). Function analysis and valuation as a tool to assess land use conflicts in planning for sustainable multi-functional landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 75, 175–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeAngelis, D. L. and Petersen, J. H. (2001). Importance of the predator’s ecological neighborhood in modeling predation on migrating prey. Oikos, 94, 315–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeBano, L. F., Neary, D. G. and Folliott, P. F. (1998). Fire’s Effects on Ecosystems. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Deelstra, T. (1998). Towards ecological sustainable cities: strategies, models and tools. In Urban Ecology, eds. Breuste, J., Feldmann, H. and Uhlmann, O.. New York: Springer, pp. 17–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeGraaf, R. M. (1986). Urban bird habitat relationships: application to landscape design. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference, 51, 232–248.Google Scholar

DeGraaf, R. M. (1987). Urban habitat wildlife research – application to landscape design. In Integrating Man and Nature in the Metropolitan Environment, eds. Adams, L. W. and Leedy, D. L.. Columbia, Maryland: National Institute for Urban Wildlife, pp. 107–111.Google Scholar

DeGraaf, R. M. and Wentworth, J. M. (1981). Urban bird communities and habitats in New England. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 40, 396–413.Google Scholar

DeGraaf, R. M. and Witman, G. M. (1979). Trees, Shrubs, and Vines for Attracting Birds. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar

Deinet, S., McRae, L., De Palma, A. et al. (2010). The Living Planet for Global Estuarine Systems. Gland, Switzerland: World Wildlife Fund and Zoological Society of London.Google Scholar

Del Tredici, P. (2010). Wild Urban Plants of the Northeast: A Field Guide. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Delcourt, H. R. and Delcourt, P. A. (1988). Quaternary landscape ecology: relevant scales in space and time. Landscape Ecology, 2: 23–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dent, B. (2007). Budapest: A Cultural History. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

DeSanto, R. and Smith, D. (1993). Environmental auditing: an introduction to issues of habitat fragmentation relative to transportation corridors with special reference to high-speed rail (HSR). Environmental Management, 17, 111–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeSanto, R. S., Glaser, R. A., McMillen, W. P. et al. (1976). Open Space as an Air Resource Management Measure. Vol. II. Design Criteria. Report EPA-450/3–76–028b. Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency.Google Scholar

Desender, K., Small, E., Gaubiomme, E. and Verdyck, P. (2005). Rural-urban gradients and the population genetic structure of woodland ground beetles. Conservation Genetics, 6, 51–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeSousa, C. A. (2003). Turning brownfields into green space in the City of Toronto. Landscape and Urban Planning, 62, 181–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeSousa, C. A. (2004). The greening of brownfields in America. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 47, 579–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeStefano, S. and DeGraaf, R. M. (2003). Exploring the ecology of suburban wildlife. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1, 95–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeStefano, S. and Webster, C. M. (2012). Distribution and habitat of Greater Roadrunners in urban and suburban Arizona. In Urban Bird Ecology and Conservation, eds. Lepczyk, C. A. and Warren, P. S.. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, pp. 155–166.Google Scholar

Dexter, R. W. (1955). The vertebrate fauna on the campus of Kent State University. The Biologist, 37, 84–88.Google Scholar

Diamond, J. M., Bishop, K. D. and van Balen, S. (1987). Bird survival in an isolated Javan woodland: island or mirror?Conservation Biology, 1, 132–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diaz-Chavez, R. A. (2006). Measuring sustainability in peri-urban areas: case study of Mexico City. In The Peri-Urban Interface: Approaches to Sustainable Natural and Human Resource Use, eds. McGregor, D., Simon, D. and Thompson, D.. London: Earthscan, pp. 246–265.Google Scholar

Dietz, M. (2007). Low impact development practices: a review of current research and recommendations for future directions. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 186, 351–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dietz, M. and Clausen, J. (2008). A field evaluation of rain garden flow and pollutant treatment. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 167, 123–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ditchkoff, S. S., Saalfeld, S. T. and Gibson, C. J. (2006). Animal behavior in urban ecosystems: modifications due to human-induced stress. Urban Ecosystems, 9, 5–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dobson, M. C. and Moffat, A. J. (1993). The Potential for Woodland Establishmennt on Landfill Sites. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.Google Scholar

Doherty, P. F. and Grubb, T. C. (1998). Reproductive success of cavity-nesting birds breeding under high-voltage powerlines. American Midland Naturalist, 140, 122–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dolbeer, R., Wright, S. and Clearly, E. (2000). Ranking the hazard level of wildlife species to aviation. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 28, 372–378.Google Scholar

Domenico, S. and Hecnar, S. J. (2006). Effects of road de-icing salt (NaCl) on larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica). Environmental Pollution, 140, 247–256.Google Scholar

Donahue, B. (1999). Reclaiming the Commons: Community Farms and Forests in a New England Town. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Dorney, J. R., Guntenspergen, G. R., Keough, J. R. and Stearns, F. (1984). Composition and structure of an urban woody plant community. Urban Ecology, 8, 69–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar