1343 results in Other languages and linguistics
Japanese nominal elements. Why morphology?
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- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
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Summary
Abstract
Recent grammatical theories on the nominal phenomenareveal a preference for the description of semanticsand syntax. Morphology is not regarded as a relevantlevel of approach to the systemic features of alanguage.
The semantic and syntactic explanation may be effectivein isolating and positional languages, with analyticword constructions. They reveal certainshortcomings, however, when applied to thedescription of agglutinative languages, with stems(lexical morphemes) employing unifunctionalauxiliary elements (grammatical morphemes) to formsynthetic word forms. A morphological approach tothe Japanese nominal elements, proposed also as apart of the grant OPUS 10 obtained from the PolishNational Science Center in 2016, is presented in thepaper. Keywords: Japanese, nouns, morphology, case,declension
Essential facts
Japanese is usually described as a predominantlyagglutinative language. The fact that its nominalunits (nouns, pronouns and numerals) revealmorphological grammatical marking remains, so far,without systemic explanation. The basic unresolvedissue is whether a nominal unit, such as watashi 私・わたし ‘I,’ connectsits grammatical markers in an analytical manner, aswatashi ga (1a.) orsynthetically, as a one-word unit watashiga (1b. – rendered aswatashi-ga only inorder to separate its synthetic constituents inglossing). The difference between the recognition ofthe allegedly syntactic collocation watashi ga or the regularsynthetic nominal word unit watashiga, both containing the non-topic(despite various explanations presented by manyexisting sources) marker ga or -ga(depending on its analytic or synthetic description)is also not marked in the original Japanesescript.
(1)
a. [analytic approach]
watashi ga私が・わたしが
I NTOP I
b. [synthetic approach]
watashi-ga私が・わたしが
I-NTOP I
The analytic, semantics- or syntax-based approachdominates in the grammatical sources on Japanese(the descriptions belonging to the current Japaneseschool grammar as well as numerous foreignpublications relying on the analytic methodology andfocused on the semantic-related or fragmentaryapproach to the Japanese declension have beenomitted in this short paper). At the same time,there are systemic grounds to support the synthetic,morphological view of the nominal phenomena.
Contents
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Chapter two - The Latin fifth declension
- Dariusz R. Piwowarczyk
- Edited by Ewa Trojnar, Institute of the Middle and Far East, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
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- The Latin -iés/ia Inflection
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Summary
The Latin fifth declension has been the subject of research ever since the beginning of Indo-European linguistics (cf. Pedersen 1926 for earlier studiēs, Leumann 1977: 285, 444-447, Klingenschmitt 1992: 127-135, Meiser 1998: 147-149). Scholars tend to view this type of inflection either as directly inherited from Proto-Indo-European (Brugmann 1888: 313-314, Pedersen 1926, Schrijver 1991: 379-387, Kortlandt 1997, Beekes 2011: 199) or as an inner-Italic creation (Osthoff 1884: 338, Sommer 1914: 394-402, Steinbauer (undated) apud Mayrhofer 1986: 133-134, Klingenschmitt 1992: 127-135, Nussbaum 1999, Piwowarczyk 2017a).
The two most commonly used forms in this declension -diēs, -ēī ‘day’ and rēs, -ĕī ‘thing’ – are clearly not original *ē-stems. The former most probably comes back to a hysterokinetic u-stem with the acc. form being the only directly inherited one from Proto-Indo-European (cf. WH: I 349-351, EM: 311-313, Leumann 1977: 356-358, Weiss 2009: 253-255, Nussbaum 1999, Rau 2010). The latter could go back to an i-stem *(hx)reh1-i-s (cf. Weiss 2009: 253-255, Meiser 1998: 148, WH: II 430-431, EM: 1008-1009, Mayrhofer 1976: 45-46) or a root noun *(hx)reh1- (cf. Schindler 1972a: 41). Both formations would eventually develop into the same form in Latin (cf. de Vaan 2008: 520-521, Szemerényi 1956). The etymology of the rest of the words declining according to this type – plēbēs ‘people,’ fidēs ‘ faith,’ spēs ‘hope’ – remains unclear. Perhaps they go back to the proto-forms: *speh1- or *spēh2, *bhidh-ei and *pleh1-dhu̯-es respectively (cf. Meiser 1998: 148-149, de Vaan 2008: 580, 218-219, 471 and Piwowarczyk 2017a for all the mentioned forms respectively).
Apart from these forms, there are also numerous abstract formations in -iēs of the type: aciēs ‘sharpness’ and also abstracts in -iēs/-ia (māteriēs ‘matter, wood’) and -itiēs (nōtitiēs ‘acquaintance’) which have the alternating forms of the first declension (ie. respectively māteria, and nōtitia). The alternating forms are attested already in archaic Latin and are used exchangeably. can discern between those formations which show the alternation in the same period, those in which the -iēs variant is attested earlier and the -ia later and those in which the -ia variant is attested earlier and the -iēs form later. Most of the formations can be seen either as either deverbal (cf. seriēs) or denominal in origin (māteriēs, cf. Mikkola 1964: 168).
Tawfiq Al Hakim and Charles Dickens. A comparativestudy between Al Hakim’s The Return of the Spiritand Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities
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Egyptian writer Tawfiq Al Hakim (October 1898–June1987) established a career in diverse genres, andfor over half a century, starting from the 1930s, hewrote novels, short stories, autobiographies,essays, poems, philosophical treatises, politicalmeditations, and critical studies. He managed tofully absorb the Egyptian culture and itsepistemological discourse written in both verse andprose, which includes the Ancient Egyptian, Roman,Coptic, Islamic, and modern eras. He also had anencyclopedic knowledge of European literature. AlHakim's The Return of theSpirit managed to address itssociopolitical context, to pioneer nationalistnarratives, and to interact with world literature,especially Dickens’ A Tale ofTwo Cities; both works depict the lowerclasses, either under occupation or a despoticauthority, resisting oppression and seeking thefreedom of all mankind, whether in Egypt, France,and the world. This aspect is clear in the overallstructure of the two novels.
Keywords: narrative discourse, narrator, revolution,space, The Return of theSpirit, A Tale ofTwo Cities
Narrative discourse, in its many forms and contexts,has played an active, significant role in thehistory of Egypt, and has portrayed itsrevolutionary and political struggle throughoutdecades of our modern history. This is especiallyevident in tough periods of the Egyptian history,namely WWI and the British colonialism, which allieditself with the Ottoman aristocracy to undermineEgyptians’ dream of independence and freedom, bothon the individual and collective levels. This dreamwas fueled by an intellectual and creative surge.The poetics of narrative texts, given their artisticdistinctness, managed to portray these political,social, and economic shifts, as well as the troubledeveryday life, particularly after the failure of the‘Urabi Revolt (1879–1882) and Egyptians’ attempts toset things straight through Egyptian Revolution of1919, led by Saad Zaghloul, which is considered “thefirst popular revolution that erupted spontaneously,and in which the Egyptian masses spontaneouslyexpressed their rejection of both social injusticeand foreign occupation” (Abbas, 2003, p. 2). Eventhough the revolution benefited the Egyptian peopleto a certain extent and paved the way to theEgyptian revolution of 1952, it didn't manage toachieve its primary goals, namely saving theEgyptian people from authoritarianism and attainingnational sovereignty.
Chapter four - The origin
- Dariusz R. Piwowarczyk
- Edited by Ewa Trojnar, Institute of the Middle and Far East, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
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- The Latin -iés/ia Inflection
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In what follows I will try to present a coherent theory on the origin of this type of inflection building especially on the earlier hypotheses put forward by Osthoff (1884: 338), Klingenschmitt (1992: 127-135) and, most of all, Nussbaum (1999).
It seems that the Latin fifth declension iēs/-ia inflection consists of several different formations which can be traced back to the proto-language:
a) the devī-́ type abstract formations to inherited Caland roots: e.g. aciēs (*h2eḱ-ih2), maciēs (*maḱ-ih2) with comparative counterparts in Greek akrós (*h22eḱ-ro-), makrós (*maḱ-ro-) (cf. Weiss 1993: 140, Nussbaum 1999, Rau 2009: 74),
b) vr̥kīḥ-type formations with genitival semantics: e.g. māteriēs ‘wood, timber, matter’ derived from māter ‘trunk of the tree,’ saniēs ‘pus from wound, bloody matter’ from *h1sh2en-ih2 with the base form attested in Hittite išhan ‘blood’ <*h1sh2en (cf. Klingenschmitt 1992: 128, Nussbaum 1999),
c) simple deverbal abstracts in *-iiā-: e.g. seriēs ‘row’ derived from serere ‘to join’ with comparative counterparts in Greek penía ‘poverty’ derived from pénomai ‘to be poor,’ Hittite šariya (cf. Chantraine 1933: 81, CHD: 259),
d) compounded deverbal abstracts in *-iā-: e.g. effigiēs ‘image’ dervied from effingere ‘to fashion’ with comparative counterparts in Vedic -vidyā ‘knowledge,’ -yajyā ‘sacrifice’ (Wackernagel-Debrunner II.2.: 831ff.),
e) adjectival abstracts in *-iiā-: e.g. luxuriēs from *luxuro- with comparative counterparts in Greek sophía ‘skill, wisdom’ from sophós ‘skilled, wise’ (cf. Chantraine 1933: 82).
As to their origin – I would argue that the starting point for the creation of the -iēs type of abstracts was either an original nominative in -iēs and an accusative made to that analogically in iem or an original accusative in -iem which would be the basis for remodelling of the nominative. Since there is no actual evidence for a *-ie̯ h11 - nominal suffix (cf. the discussion of the theories of Pedersen 1926 and Schrijver 1991: 379-387 in Piwowarczyk 2016, 2017b) I would opt for an original -iem accusative to which an analogical -iēs nominative was created. The model for such an analogical reshaping would be clear – the inherited accusative diem was the basis of the new nominative in diēs (following Nussbaum 1999 and Osthoff 1884: 338 and contrary to Klingenschmitt's hypothesis with the analogical model being uolpem).
Studies in Arabic linguistics at the JagiellonianUniversity in Kraków. Areas of interest and state ofresearch
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- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
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The article reviews research interests and topics inArabic linguistics at the Jagiellonian UniversityInstitute of Oriental Studies in Kraków, pursuedsince the very beginning of its existence in the20th century until now. It presents thecurrent state of research, including the mostimportant published works of particular authors,which are briefly discussed. They are all theachievements of the “Kraków school” of Arabiclinguistic studies, enjoying high esteem amongspecialists in Oriental studies.
Keywords: Arabic linguistics, Arabic language, Polishresearch in Arabic language
When reviewing the current state and range of researchin Arabic linguistics in Kraków, it is hard not togo back to its beginnings in the 20thcentury. It is widely known that the Orientalstudies in Kraków, which include studies in Arabicliterature, history, culture and, naturally enough,the Arabic language, are rooted in the research ofthe great pioneers of Arabic studies, theoutstanding professors Tadeusz Kowalski (1889–1948)and Tadeusz Lewicki (1906–1992). At the time,however, studies in the Arabic languages were nottreated as a separate discipline and both professorslooked at them as a research tool to map uncharteredareas of literature and history of Arabic countries,the fields in which they were and remain the mostoutstanding experts. From a linguistic point of viewit is professor Lewicki who deserves the highestregard, as he had a foresight to collect andpreserve some dialect texts from North Africa(mostly local dialects of Algeria and Tunis). Thetexts served as the basis of two academic textbookshe compiled: Wypisy do naukijęzyka arabskiego (“Excerpts for learningArabic”) (1954, 1972) and Materiały pomocnicze do nauki językaarabskiego (“Supplemental materials forlearning Arabic”) (1973, 1980), which were used bymany generations of Polish students of Arabic. Itshould be noted that considering the times they werea ground-breaking and extremely useful project – theinterest in Arabic dialects just got off the groundand students had few opportunities to studythem.
However, the aim of the present paper is to present thebeginnings, the course and the current state oflinguistic studies in Kraków in their modernconceptualization, where the Arabic language is nolonger treated as an alien, exotic system full ofpuzzling traps, but as one of many representativesof the Semitic family that can be examined usingmodern methodology, classification and terminologycommon in the field of general linguistics.
Kraków in the life of Tadeusz Kowalski
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- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
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Eminent Polish Arabist, Iranist and Turkologist,Tadeusz Kowalski (1889–1948), was not a native ofKraków but was born in Châteauroux, France. When hewas three years old, his family settled in Kraków.As the future showed, Kowalski connected the rest ofhis life with this city. He had particularly strongties to the Jagiellonian University and the PolishAcademy of Arts and Sciences. In Kraków he left hislegacy (the private archive), which is preserved inthe Archive of Science of the Polish Academy ofSciences and of the Polish Academy of Arts andSciences.
Keywords: Tadeusz Kowalski, Oriental studies in Kraków,Jagiellonian University, Polish Academy of Arts andSciences, Archive of Science of the Polish Academyof Sciences and of the Polish Academy of Arts andSciences in Kraków
One hundred years ago, in 1919, eminent Arabist,Iranist and Turkologist, Tadeusz Kowalski, took overthe newly created Chair of Oriental Philology at theJagiellonian University – the first one inindependent Poland. He was not a native of Krakówand was born on June 21, 1889 in Châteauroux,France. His father, Teofil Kowalski (1843–1895), aPolish emigrant, worked in the French textileindustry; his mother Kazimiera, née Kuszpecińska(1858–1927), was a daughter of a Higher Court judgein Kraków (Lewicki, 1990, p. 283). When TadeuszKowalski was three years old, his family settled inKraków, which at that time was in theAustro-Hungarian Empire (Dziurzyńska, Ďurčanský,& Kodera, 2007, p. 277). As the future showed,he connected the rest of his life with this city.Here he completed St. Anne's Secondary School andhere, after Oriental studies in Vienna, Strasbourgand Kiel, he obtained his habilitation at theJagiellonian University in 1914.
In Kraków, after receiving his doctorate in 1911,Tadeusz Kowalski married Zofia Medwecka (1890–1976),then a student of medicine in Vienna. During theWorld War I the Kowalskis lived for a year inKościelisko (near Zakopane) and later in Kraków andin Vienna. In 1918 they settled permanently inKraków (Lewicki, 1990, pp. 284–285). Their children:daughter, Anna (1920–2009), ethnographer, and son,Kazimierz (1925–2007), zoologist and President(2000–2006) of the Polish Academy of Arts andSciences (hereinafter: PAAS), were born here. Whileliving in Kraków the family moved several times.
Reaching back to the Qur’ān’s literary(pre-)history. Source text for the critical editionwanted
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- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
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The paper is an attempt to sum up efforts being made inthe field of Arabic and Islamic studies to come upwith a critical edition of the text of the Qur’ān –the holy book of Islam – basing on the oldest,extant Qur’ānic manuscripts, and this in order toenable text criticism based on source texts. In thelight of the scarcity of oldest available sourcematerials and state of research, the quest for theauthographic text-form of the Qur’an is an enormousventure and more of an utopia rather than anachievable academic goal at this stage. However,merely the process of studying manuscripts deliversus unique insight into the Qur’ānic past –historical, dogmatic and literary.
Keywords: Quran, text criticism, early Islam, Quranicmanusrcipts
Counting from the first revelations received by theIslamic prophet Muhammad (570–632) around 610 CE,more than fourteen centuries have passed from thebirth of this monotheistic religion. With eachsubsequent century, Islam has become increasinglyinscribed into the awareness and daily life of theinhabitants of the Middle East and vast areasreaching the farthest parts of Asia, Africa andEurope. The first ones to study and analyze theassumptions of the new message from on high wereMuslim theologians and exegetes, as well as thenon-Muslim indigent population of the Middle East,mainly Christians, Jews, polytheists, and later onincreasingly followed by scholars from the Westernhemisphere. There is probably no academic fieldwhose adepts, especially Muslims, did not try toexplore the secrets of the teaching of the Qur’ānand sunna, using methodological tools available foreach discipline. And yet, it can be undoubtedlyconcluded today that the earliest history of theIslamic religion and the origins of the Qur’ānremain at present one of the least researched, mostenigmatic and shrouded with mysterious historicalevents of decisive importance for the fate of theworld. At the same time, along with the overallprogress of scholarship and the advent ofrationalism in Europe, there is a growing gapbetween academic methodologies and approachesfollowed by Eastern and Western researchers towardsthe historical emergence of the Muslim religion.
Karīma bint Aḥmad al-Marwaziyya and thetransmission of Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī’sal-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥīḥ
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- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
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In this article, I examine Karīma bt Aḥmadal-Marwaziyya's (d. 463/1070) transmission of thefamous collection with sound traditions (al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥīḥ) compiledby Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī (d. 256/870).
Keywords: Karīma, al-Bukhārī, ṣaḥīḥ, ḥadīth, transmission, ijāza, women
Karīma's life
Umm al-Kirām Karīma bt Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Ḥātimal-Marwaziyya (d. 463/1070) is famous for hertransmission of Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al- Bukhārī's(d. 256/870) al-Jāmiʿal-ṣaḥīḥ, the most authoritativecollection of traditions (ḥadīth) in Sunni Islam. An epitome ofthe women's reemergence in the field of ḥadīth transmission,Karīma's biography has recently been studied by AsmaSayeed (2013, pp. 114–125) and Chase Robinson (2016,pp. 134–138). In this essay I focus on Karīma's rolein the dissemination of al-Bukhārī's Ṣaḥīḥ, which, to myknowledge, has not been studied heretofore insufficient detail.
Born in the village of Kushmīhan near Marw, Karīmasettled in Mecca at an unknown juncture in her life.She never married and allegedly died at the age ofone hundred lunar years (al-Dhahabī, 1990–2000, vol.31, pp. 180–181). Karīma had superior knowledge ofthe lines of ḥadīthtransmission (isnāds),for which she earned the honorific appellation “themusnida of thesacred precinct” (al-Dhahabī, 1990–2000, vol. 30, p.274). She was known for her understanding ( fahm) and knowledge (ʿilm), an indication that,apart from transmitting ḥadīth, Karīma was a competent ḥadīth evaluator.
Karīma transmitted the Ṣaḥīḥ on the authority of Muḥammad b.al-Makkī al-Kushmīhanī (d. 389/999) → Muḥammad b.Yūsuf al-Firabrī (b. 231/845–846, d. 320/932) →al-Bukhārī. This was a remarkably lofty (ʿālin) isnād, for which Karīma's biographerspraise her as ʿāliyatu l-isnād (“the onewith the lofty isnād”). Al-Firabrī heard the Ṣaḥīḥ from al-Bukhārī twice,in 248/862–863 and 252/866, at the age of seventeenand twenty-one years (Fück, 1938, p. 62).Al-Kushmīhanī, in his turn, heard the Ṣaḥīḥ from al-Firabrī in316/928–929, that is, four years before al-Firabrī'sdeath at the age of eighty-nine lunar years, or,less likely, six months before al-Firabrī's death(Fück, 1938, pp. 64–65).
Representation of women in early republic eraTurkish novels
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- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
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The representation of women in Turkish novels isclosely connected to the perceptions ofmodernization. The way novelists portray women is areflection of their attitudes towards modernization,such as confirmation, doubt, hesitation or protest.Kemalism is the biggest modernist movement in Turkeyand is the formal ideology of the newborn state. Yetwe see that even the innovators of the time stillhave a long way to go when it comes to women andgender roles. In the novels, women are portrayed asshallow and incapable of logical reasoning or idealcitizens and mothers to the future generations. Theyare idealized, objectified or ridiculed. Theseportrayals hint the motivations of the authors. Inmost cases, the author is disturbed by women'sparticipation in public space and the shift oftraditional gender roles so they end up creatingtravesties of morally depraved women to demonizewomen's emancipation. In this paper, different typesof portrayals are analyzed in some of the mostpopular novels of the era.
Keywords: Turkish novel, modernization, gender roles,representation of women, sexism
The representation of women in novels is closelyconnected to the perceptions of modernization. Therising visibility of women in public was one of thesymbols of the newborn regime and a departure fromthe past. The way novelists portray women is in manyways a reflection of their attitudes towardsmodernization, such as confirmation, doubt,hesitation or protest.
The novel is relatively a new genre to Turkishliterature. After the announcement of TanzimatEdict, a new era begins for the empire in terms ofthe social, legal, political and culturalenvironments. With the Westernization andmodernization of the culture, new genres areintroduced. Newspapers are published, plays arewritten and performed, novels are translated, newforms in poetry are introduced. The first Turkishnovel is considered to be Taaşşuk-ı Talat ve Fitnat by ŞemsettinSami in 1872.
Novelists face many challenges during this era, as thereconciliation of social life and novel genre is noteasy, mainly because of the absence of women insocial life. The difficulty of representing womenwithout provoking a social reaction is one of thebiggest challenges. To overcome these difficulties,female characters are odalisques and slaves ornon-Muslim minorities.
Chapter one - Indo-European derivational morphology
- Dariusz R. Piwowarczyk
- Edited by Ewa Trojnar, Institute of the Middle and Far East, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
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- The Latin -iés/ia Inflection
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Summary
The word in an Indo-European language consists of a lexical morpheme (lexeme, root, abbreviated as R), a derivational one (a suffix, abbreviated as S, forming a stem with the lexical morpheme) and an inflectional one (the ending, abbreviated as E), cf. Matthews (1991: 24-60). The lexical morpheme is the carrier of semantic meaning while the derivational morpheme identifiēs the morphological class to which the word belongs (nomen agentis, nomen actionis, nomen instrumenti etc.). Finally, the inflectional morpheme identifiēs the function of the word in sentence. An example of such a formation would be the acc. sg. of the word for ‘parent,’ Proto-Indo-European *ĝénh1-tor-m̥ (R-S-E). Formations with the derivational morpheme zero are called root formations. A formation with one suffix is a primary formation whereas one with two or more suffixes is a secondary formation (cf. Fortson 2010: 83-85). Whereas it is more or less clear that the primary stem formation is governed by a set of rules within the Indo-European accent-ablaut system of paradigms (cf. Fortson 2010: 119-122), the setup of secondary formations seems less clear.
I recognize the following types of accent-ablaut paradigms in the protolanguage (cf. Schaffner 2001: 76-94, Meier-Brügger 2003: 201-218, Neri 2003: 12-43, Widmer 2004: 49-54, Weiss 2009: 257ff.):
For root nouns I recognize three types:
Furthermore I follow the opinion of Jochem Schindler (class teaching) that the terminology used for the primary athematic formations presented above should not in principle be used to the secondary types such as the thematic declension or vr̥kī́ḥ formations as it is used by Rix (1976: 121-127), Schaffner (2001: 76-94). Cf. also the similar opinion of Meissner (2005: 33).
The process of derivation, that is forming new words on the basis on the ones already existing in the lexicon, is primarily an analogical process through which a productive affix is added to an already existing lexeme thus creating a new word (cf. Matthews 1991: 61-69, Heidermanns 1996: 44). Derivation, in contrast to inflection, is generally irregular and unpredictable (cf. Heinz 1961) and the problem with the assumption whether a certain formation is productive in the language or not stumbles upon the problem of the lack of native speakers in case of arcane languages (cf. Matthews 1991: 69-81, Bauer 2001).
“To lift up people’s hearts and enlighten theirminds.” The series of historical novels by ǦurǧīZaydān and Józef Ignacy Kraszewski
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The paper analyses the life and work of the pioneers ofPolish and Arabic historical novels. Since thebeginning of the 19th century, whenWalter Scott (1771–1832) contributed topopularization of the historical novel, the genrehas enjoyed a constant interest of readers,satisfying the demand for entertainment, providingknowledge about historical events, and finally,serving as an important medium of ideologicalcontent. The pioneer of the historical novel inPoland was Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887), theauthor of an extremely extensive series of novels,in which, against the background of chronologicallydepicted history of the Polish nation, he presentshis historiosophical concepts. In the Arab world, aLebanese, Ǧurǧī Zaydān (1861–1912), is considered tobe the author of a pioneering series of historicalnovels. Both Kraszewski and Zaydān combined writingwith publishing, socio-political activities andjournalism. They also created under similarpolitical conditions, setting educational goals forthe novel. Recalling their nation's history wassupposed to shape and promote certain socialattitudes, arouse patriotic feelings and unite tofight.
Keywords: Polish literature, Arabic literature,historical novel, Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, ǦurǧīZaydān
Introduction
The paper focuses on the early historical novels inArabic and Polish literature. The starting point forthe analysis is the assertion expressed by StanisławBrzozowski (1984) that the historical narrative is adocument of the age in which it was written, whereit can only describe the past that lives solely inthe mind of the author or the reader. The image andthe characteristics of this past are the product ofthe age in which the novel was born, and they areclosely linked to this age and defined by it. Everyhistorical novel is rooted in a certain philosophyof history, which is always an expression ofself-knowledge and self-definition of a particularsociety, the purpose the society believes it shouldserve, and the destiny it believes it should fulfill(pp. 57–58).
Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887) was the author of apioneer series of historical novels, in which hepresented his concepts of the history of the Polishnation, while in the Arab world, Ǧurǧī Zaydān(1861–1912) was the first to write a series ofnovels about the history of Islam, where heintroduced a kind of endorsement of Arabnationalism.
Part 3 - History
- Edited by Barbara Michalak-Pikulska, Tomasz Majtczak, Marek Piela
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- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 06 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 201-202
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Hindi writer on civilization. Ajñeya’s critique ofsabhyatā
- Edited by Barbara Michalak-Pikulska, Tomasz Majtczak, Marek Piela
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- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 06 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 67-78
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Abstract
The aim of this paper is to depict Ajñeya's attitudetowards civilization, called sabhyatā in Hindi. In his prose thisterm refers to the ills of the world, in which mainprotagonists, mostly inhabitants of big North-Indiancities, live in the first half of the20th century. In his poems itsymbolises the bonds of the Self in the search forfreedom of the individual experience. Ajñeya, S. H.Vātsyāyan (1911–1987) became famous for hiscontribution to Hindi literature as an editor ofTār Saptak (1943),an anthology which marks the appearance of prayogvād, a new school inpoetry. His position of theoretician of modernity inHindi literature is seen also in his prose andessays. Ajñeya's critique of the crisis ofcivilization and his vision of its recovery will beillustrated with passages from his selected works.They will prove the thesis adopted in this paper,that Ajñeya identifies sabhyatā with the negative influences ofthe West on Indian society of his times. The writerbecame an advocate of only those Western values,which like science could reduce inhumanity in theworld. The paper reveals the writer's aspiration toplay a leading role for Indian society in theirtransition from tradition to modernity. The issuesdiscussed in the paper refer also to the ability ofHindi language to express the ideas postulated byAjñeya, that is revival of lost traditional values,the universality of human experience and the defenceof man's reason.
Keywords: Hindi literature, Ajñeya, Westerncivilization, Indian civilization, MahatmaGandhi
In many of his writings Ajñeya reflects on theinfluence of the Western civilization in India onits society and culture, he refers to moderncivilization with the Hindi term sabhyatā, a feminine nounmeaning “cultivated, or educated in manner, polite”and “civilized state, civilization” (McGregor, 1993,p. 983). The writer depicts the crisis ofcivilization in his own country due to theimplementation of the new values by the Britishcolonial authorities. Their aim to create modernsociety came into clash with the old Indiantradition and values. Dalmia (2012, pp. 77–102) andOrsini (2012, pp. 116–123) make clear that Ajñeyawas engaged a lot with the issues of civilization,mostly criticizing the attitude of middle classinhabitants of big Indian cities.
Andrzej Gawroński and his forgotten translations ofthe songs from Aśvaghoṣa’s Buddhacarita andSaundarananda
- Edited by Barbara Michalak-Pikulska, Tomasz Majtczak, Marek Piela
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- Book:
- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 06 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 275-284
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Abstract
The article concerns one of the most outstanding Polishorientalists Andrzej Gawroński who is mostly knownas a multi-linguist and an eminent scholar. However,being a man of many talents Gawroński was also agifted translator and the memory of this form of hisactivity is not so widely widespread. In the articleI will provide information on Gawroński'stranslations of the chosen songs of Aśvaghoṣa asincluded in his works Buddhacarita and Saundarananda.
Keywords: Andrzej Gawroński, translator, Aśvaghoṣa,Buddhacarita,Saundarananda
Andrzej Gawroński (1885–1927) was definitely anextraordinary personality among the Europeanorientalists. He was one of the most outstandingPolish scholars of the turn of the 19thand 20th centuries. Already when he was astudent at Lwów University he attended such a widevariety of lectures that it gave him the sound basisfor his future research. His teachers were, amongothers, professor Kazimierz Twardowski, anoutstanding philosopher and logician, professorStanisław Józef Witkowski, a great scholar ofclassical studies, professor Antoni Kalina, whosedomain was Slavic philology, professor Roman Pilatand professor Wilhelm Adolf Bruchnalski, specialistsin the field of Polish philology, professor EdwardPorębowicz whose domain was French philology and,what was important for his main future work as anindologist, professor Gustaw Gerson Blatt. Blatt wasa good specialist on general linguistics,comparative Indo-European grammar and Sanskrit. Alsoin Lwów Gawroński took courses on Armenian andArabic culture, on general history and on thehistory of art (Willman- Grabowska, 1957, p. 243).After his studies in Lwów Gawroński went to Leipzigwhere he continued them under the guidance of one ofthe most famous linguists, indologists andSanskritologists of these times namely professorErnst Windisch. Soon he obtained his doctor degreesumma cum laude forthe work on linguistics based on the analysis of twoSanskrit texts. The title of the thesis was Sprachliche Untersuchungen überdas Mṛcchakaṭika und Daśakumāracarita. Already in thiswork, which was the fruit of his comparativestudies, Gawroński used the stylometric method whichwas not yet known or used among the circles of theEuropean orientalists. Gawroński widened the methodas known at his times in Europe by considering forhis comparisons not only the vocabulary used in theanalyzed texts but also the grammar forms used inthem.
Introduction
- Dariusz R. Piwowarczyk
- Edited by Ewa Trojnar, Institute of the Middle and Far East, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
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- The Latin -iés/ia Inflection
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 16 July 2022
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Summary
The purpose of the following monograph is to investigate in detail the origin of the Latin nouns of the fifth declension in -iēs and the alternating -iēs/-ia type along with the -itiēs and -itiēs/-itia type. It has been observed long ago that Latin possessed stems in -ēs (rēs ‘thing,’ fidēs ‘faith’) and -iēs (diēs ‘ day,’ aciēs ‘ sharp edge’) which had the typical paradigm characteristic of the fifth declension (that is, the -ē-stems) along with the stems in -iēs and -itiēs which alternated with -ia and -itia of the first declension (cf. māteriēs, effigiēs, notitiēs alongside māteria, effigia, notitia). I will term these three types the rēs-type, aciēs-type (showing uniform -iēs throughout the paradigm) and the māteriēs type (showing the alternation between -iēs and -ia forms in the paradigm) for the sake of convenience. There have been numerous attempts at explaining the precise origin of this formations but none has succeeded so far in explaining all the facts without problems. In this work I will present the synchronic Latin material and the diachronic evidence for every form and I will put forward a solution which, in my opinion, would be the best to explain the origin of those formations.
The outline of the work is as follows: in the first chapter an outline of the Indo-European derivational morphology is presented taking into account the contemporary theory of classifying the proto-language inflectional classes not into stems but according to their affiliation within the particular accentablaut paradigm. Afterwards, the basic theoriēs on the word-formation are presented: external (additive and substitutive) and internal derivation and the problem of productivity. In the second chapter the Latin fifth declension is presented with the discussion of its most representative forms and the views on its origin. In the third chapter all of the Latin -iēs, -iēs/-ia and -itiēs/-itia formations are presented. The earliēst attestations are given for every form with the illustrations taken from the representative texts, alongside with the possible derivational base, if attested in Latin, and the etymology which includes the comparative evidence from the other Indo-European languages.
Part 2 - Linguistics
- Edited by Barbara Michalak-Pikulska, Tomasz Majtczak, Marek Piela
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- Book:
- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 06 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 101-102
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Dialogue or confrontation. The Egyptian religiouselite and the French occupation authorities(1798–1801)
- Edited by Barbara Michalak-Pikulska, Tomasz Majtczak, Marek Piela
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- Book:
- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 06 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 223-232
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Summary
Abstract
The Muslim religious elite of the Ottoman Egypt wasconsidered the main social power so as to be used asthe backbone of the French occupation regime.Ulama played theleading role in the local traditional governmentinstitutions – diwans,preserved by the French, thereby sharing with theconquerors the responsibility for what was going onin the country. Alongside with that they became asole mouthpiece for the Egyptian people at thattime. Interconnecting Egyptians and the Frenchauthorities, the Islamic religious leaders madeefforts to protect and promote the interests oftheir compatriots. The aim of this paper is toexamine various reasons behind the decision of theulama to collaboratewith the French occupation authorities and analyzethe level of effectiveness of their activities asintermediaries between foreign power holders andEgyptians.
Keywords: Bonaparte, Ottoman Egypt, Islam, Ulama
From the very beginning of the military campaign inEgypt the French launched a propaganda campaign infavor of Islam aimed at winning over the localMuslims who regarded the invaders as impiousstrangers. Indeed, the Muslim East entered the warwith “an unusual enemy.” France was the state whichopenly declared its separation from Christianity andcarried out mass repressions against the clergy onthe European continent. At the same time, the Frenchmilitary command tried to use its militantanti-Christian ardor to establish good relationswith the local Muslim population. The declaration,printed by the French in the mid of July 1798, soonafter they took over Alexandria, included thefollowing exhortation of Bonaparte: “Shaykhs,qadis, imams […] and notables ofthe land! Tell your nation that the French […] aresincere Muslims: the proof of it is that they havedescended upon the great Rome and destroyed thePapal See which used to urge the Christians to fightIslam” (Al-Jabarti, 1994, vol. 3, p. 5; see also:Napoléon I, № 2723). So, the native religiousdignitaries were to be considered an important partof the local society in the first Frenchproclamation addressed to Egyptians.
One of the main goals of Bonaparte's policy on theconquered lands was to find some local social powerwhich could be used as the backbone of the Frenchoccupation regime.
What makes a tanka poem a tanka? Modern approachesto form and versification in Japanese tankapoetry
- Edited by Barbara Michalak-Pikulska, Tomasz Majtczak, Marek Piela
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- Book:
- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 06 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 91-100
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Tanka, since the time ofthe Kokin wakashū(compiled in the beginning of the 10thcentury), was the main genre of waka or Yamatouta, Japanese poetry, and one of the mostimportant genres of Japanese literature on thewhole. The most distinctive feature of tanka has been its rhythm of5 7 5 7 7 syllables (or more precisely, moras) inthe respective verses. In the Kanajo preface of the Kokin wakashū, Ki noTsurayuki wrote that in the time of gods the poemswere simple, the number of the syllables was notestablished and sometimes it was difficult tounderstand the meaning of the poem. Later, with theadvent of the time of men, starting with the poem ofSusanoo no Mikoto (traditionally considered to bethe first tanka), thepoems started to consist of misohitomoji or 31 syllables. This metrewas kept without any changes until the Meiji era(1868–1912), when Western approaches to poetrybecame known and some of the poets voiced the needto reform the tanka.Ishiwara Jun (1881–1947) initiated a jiyūritsu tanka, a tanka in a free rhythm, andIshikawa Takuboku (1886–1912) purposely wrote histanka poems in threelines. Nevertheless, the rhythm of 5- and 7-syllableverses did not become extinct, and after some timemost of the jiyūritsutanka poets reverted to teikei tanka, or tanka with the standardform. Today the teikeitanka is still strong, yet the variantverses of 6 or 8 or even more syllables are morecommon than in the classical tanka. In this paper I want to examinedifferent approaches to tanka versification in modern times andI will try to answer the question to what extentkeeping the rhythm is necessary today in creatingand translating tankapoetry.
Keywords: Japanese poetry, tanka, modern poetry, versification,Japanese literature
The initial point for my present paper was aconversation I had some time ago with a prospectiveeditor of a book of Japanese poems I wastranslating. The author of the poems is Yosano Akiko(1878–1942), a famous poet and writer, literarycritic, feminist, pacifist and social reformer. Themost famous poetry book by Yosano Akiko was herfirst collection, Midaregami or Tangled hair, published in 1901.
Part 4 - History of Oriental Studies
- Edited by Barbara Michalak-Pikulska, Tomasz Majtczak, Marek Piela
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- Book:
- Oriental Languages and Civilizations
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- Jagiellonian University Press
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- 06 November 2021
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- 21 August 2022, pp 247-248
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