Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-5nwft Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-13T22:46:12.273Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ballcourts and Ceramics: The Case for Hohokam Marketplaces in the Arizona Desert

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

David R. Abbott ,
Alexa M. Smith  and
Emiliano Gallaga
David R. Abbott
Affiliation:
School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402
Alexa M. Smith
Affiliation:
1233 N.5th Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85705
Emiliano Gallaga
Affiliation:
Calzada de los Hombres Ilustres s/n (Museo Regional de Chiapas), c.p.29000, Col. Centro, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

During the middle Sedentary period (ca. A.D. 1000-1070) in the deserts of southern and central Arizona, crowds from near and far regularly gathered at the centers of Hohokam villages to participate in ritual ballcourt festivities. These events were ideal venues for barter and exchange, leading some theorists to hypothesize that periodic marketplaces were associated with the ritual ballgames. Recent ceramic provenance and vessel-form evidence from the Phoenix basin have shown that the production of decorated and utilitarian pots was highly concentrated during this time and large numbers of bowls and jars were evenly distributed to far flung consumers. These findings have supported the marketplace hypothesis, suggesting that an efficient and reliable mechanism was available for moving large numbers of commodities across the region. The high volume of ceramic transactions, however, seems to have placed the Hohokam case beyond the capabilities of nascent marketplaces documented from ethnohistoric and ethnographic evidence. In this paper, we support the idea that market-place barter was a central component of the Hohokam economy by presenting new ceramic data from the lower Salt River valley, which temporally links the demise of the ballcourt ceremonialism with a transformation in the organization of pottery production and distribution. We then examine some unusual circumstances pertaining to the Hohokam regional system that may help to explain how consumers could have so heavily depended on a network of horizontally organized, periodic marketplaces for basic necessities like earthenware containers.

Résumé

Résumé

Durante el periodo Sedentario medio (1000-1070 d.C) en los desiertos del centro y sur de Arizona, multitudes de cerca y lejos se juntaban regularmente en los centros de las villas Hohokam para participar en las festividades rituales de los juegos de pelota. Estos eventos eran lugares ideales para regatear e intercambiar, llevando a hipotetizar a algunos teóricos que la realización periódica de mercados estaba asociada con los rituales de los juegos de pelota. Recientes investigaciones de proveniencia cerámica y evidencia deforma-de-vasija de la cuenca de Phoenix, han mostrado que la producción de vasijas decoradas y utilitarias estaba concentrada principalmente durante el periodo Sedentario medio y un gran numero de cuencos y ollas fueron distribuidas equitativamente a consumidores lejanos. Estas investigaciones dan soporte a la hipótesis del mercado, sugiriendo que un eficiente y confiable mecanismo estaba en uso para mover un gran numero de comodidades a través de la región. Sin embargo, el alto volumen de transacciones cerámicas, parecen haber puesto el caso Hohokam muy por encima de las capacidades de los incipientes mercados documentados mediante la evidencia etnohistoriaca y etnográfica. En este articulo, apoyamos la idea de que el regateo en los mercados fue un componente central de la economía Hohokam presentando nueva evidencia e información cerámica del Valle bajo del Río Salado, que temporalmente se conecta con la debacle ceremonial de los juegos de pelota con la transformación en la organización de la producción y distribución cerámica. Posteriormente examinamos algunas circunstancias inusuales concernientes al sistema regional Hohokam que pueden ayudar a explicar como los consumidores pudieron depender tanto de una red organizada horizontal y periódicamente en mercados para cubrir necesidades básicas como recipientes de barro.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 72 , Issue 3 , July 2007 , pp. 461 - 484
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Abbott, David R. 1983 A Technological Assessment of Ceramic Variation in the Salt-Gila Aqueduct Area: Toward a Comprehensive Documentation of Hohokam Ceramics. In Hohokam Archaeology Along the Salt-Gila Aqueduct, Central Arizona Project, Vol. 8, edited by Lynn S. Teague and Patricia L. Crown, pp. 1–118. Archaeological Series, No. 150. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R. 1988 Form, Function, Technology, and Style in Hohokam Ceramics. In The 1982—1984 Excavation at Las Colinas: Material Culture, by David R. Abbott, Kim E. Beckwith, Patricia L. Crown, R. Thomas Euler, David A. Gregory, J. Ronald London, Marylin B. Saul, Larry A. Schwalbe, and Mary Bernard-Shaw, pp. 73–198. Archaeological Series No. 162(4). Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R. 1993 The Pueblo Viejo Ceramics. In Pueblo Viejo: Archaeological Investigations at a Classic Period Cemetery in El Roposo Park, Phoenix, Arizona, edited by M. Zyniecki, pp. 69–107. SWCA Archaeological Report No. 92–75. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R. 1994 Chemical Analysis of Clay Fractions in Hohokam Pottery. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Volume 3: Ceramics and the Production and Exchange of Pottery in the Central Phoenix Basin, edited by David R. Abbott, pp. 91–148. Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R. 1995 Chemical Analyses of Plainware Clay Fractions. In Archaeology at the Head of the Scottsdale Canal System, Volume 2: Studies of Artifacts and Biological Remains, edited by T. Kathleen Henderson and David R. Abbott, pp. 15–56. Anthropological Papers No. 95–1. Northland Research, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R. 2000 Ceramics and Community Organization Among the Hohokam. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R. 2001a Electron Microprobe Analyses of the GARP Pottery and Raw Clays. In The Grewe Archaeological Research Project, Volume 2, Part 1: Ceramic Studies, edited by David R. Abbott, pp. 47–66. Anthropological Papers No. 99–1. Northland Research, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R. 2001b Conclusions for the GARP Ceramic Analysis. In The Grewe Archaeological Research Project, Volume 2, Part 1: Ceramic Studies, edited by David R. Abbott, pp. 263–273. Anthropological Papers No. 99–1. Northland Research, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R. 2001c Testing Phase Ceramics From El Caliche. In Results of Archaeological Testing of the Proposed Earll Drive Right-of-way Adjacent to El Caliche (AZ U:9:110 [ASM]), Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, Maricopa County, Arizona, by David E. Purcell and David R. Abbott, pp. 37–49. Project Report No. 2000:057. Archaeological Research Services, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R. 2002a Chronology at Palo Verde Ruin. In Phoenix Basin to Perry Mesa: Rethinking the “Northern Periphery,” edited by Mark R. Hackbarth, Kelley Hays-Gilpin, and Lynn Neal, pp. 41–46. The Arizona Archaeologist No. 34. Arizona Archaeological Society, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R. 2002b Ceramics and the Organization of Regional Ceremonial and Exchange Networks at Palo Verde Ruin. In Archaeological Investigations at Palo Verde Ruin, AZ T:8:68(ASM): The Terramar Project, Volume 2:Artifact Analysis and Synthesis, edited by Douglas B. Craig, David R. Abbott, and Mark R. Hackbarth, pp. 13.1–13.16. Anthropological Papers No. 02–02. Northland Research, Tempe, Arizona (draft report).Google Scholar
Abbott, David R. 2003 Ceramics, Communities, and Irrigation Management. In Centuries of Decline during the Hohokam Classic Period at Pueblo Grande, edited by David R. Abbott, pp. 148–165. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R. 2007 A Provenance Analysis of Buff Ware Pottery From Four Villages in the Lower Salt River Valley. In Crismon Ruin: A Hohokam Settlement at the Head of the Lehi Canal System, edited by T. Kathleen Henderson. Anthropological Papers No. 44. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson, in press.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R. (editor) 2003 Centuries of Decline during the Hohokam Classic Period at Pueblo Grande. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R., Stinson, Susan L., and Van Keuren, Scott 2001 The Economic Implications of Hohokam Buff Ware Exchange During the Early Sedentary Period. Kiva 67:7–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abbott, David R., and Love, Tina K. 2001 Specialized Studies and Observations on Pottery Production. In The Grewe Archaeological Research Project, Volume 2, Part 1: Ceramic Studies, edited by David R. Abbott, pp. 141–154. Anthropological Papers No. 99–1. Northland Research, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Abbott, David, Mitchell, Douglas R., and Merewether, J. A. 1994 Chronology. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Volume 2: Feature Descriptions, Chronology, and Site Structure, edited by Douglas R. Mitchell, pp. 157–254. Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R., and Schaller, David M. 1994 Ceramics among the Hohokam: Modeling Social Organization and Exchange. In Archaeometry of Pre-Columbian Sites and Artifacts, edited by David A. Scott and Pieter Meyers, pp. 85–109. Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R., and Walsh-Anduze, Mary-Ellen 1995 Temporal Patterns Without Temporal Variation: The Paradox of Hohokam Red Ware Ceramics. In Ceramic Production in the American Southwest, edited by Barbara J. Mills and Patricia L. Crown, pp. 88–114. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R., Watts, Joshua, and Lack, Andrew 2007 The Provenance and Concentrated Production of Hohokam Red-on-Buff Pottery from the Arizona Desert. Journal of Anthropological Research, in press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alden, John R. 1982 Marketplace Exchange as Indirect Distribution: An Iranian Example. In Contexts for Prehistoric Exchange, edited by Jonathan E. Ericson and Timothy K. Earle, pp. 83–102. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, Dean E. 1985 Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bayman, James M. 2002 Hohokam Craft Economies and the Materialization of Power. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 9:69–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belshaw, Cyril S. 1965 Traditional Exchange and Modern Markets. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Bernard-Shaw, Mary 1983 The Stone Tool Assemblage of the Salt-Gila Aqueduct Project Sites. In Hohokam Archaeology along the Salt-Gila Aqueduct, Central Arizona Project, Vol. VIII (2–5): Material Culture, edited by Lynn S. Teague and Patricia L. Crown, pp. 373–444. Archaeological Series No. 150. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E. 1983 Factors Underlying the Origin and Evolution of Markets Systems. Economic Anthropology: Topics and Theories, edited by Sutti Ortiz, pp. 51–66. Monographs in Economic Anthropology No. 1. University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland.Google Scholar
Bohannan, Paul, and Bohannan, Laura 1968 Tiv Economy. Northwestern University Press, Evanston.Google Scholar
Bohannan, Paul, and Dalton, George 1962 Introduction. In Markets in Africa, edited by Paul Bohannan and George Dalton, pp. 1–28. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Illinois.Google Scholar
Bromley, R. J., Symansky, Richard, and Good, Charles M. 1975 The Rationale of Periodic Markets. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 65:530–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. 1980 Specialization, Market Exchange and the Aztec State: A View from Huexotla. Current Anthropology 21:459–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrasco, Pedro 1983 Some Theoretical Considerations About the Role of the Market in Ancient Mexico. In Economic Anthropology, Topics and Theories, edited by Sutti Ortiz, pp. 67–82. Monographs in Economic Anthropology No 1. University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland.Google Scholar
Chenault, Mark L., Ahlstrom, Richard V. N., and Motsinger, Todd N. (editors) 1993. In the Shadow of South Mountain: The Pre-Classic Hohokam of La Ciudad de los Homos, 1991–1992 Excavations, 2 vols. Archaeological Report No. 93–30. SWCA, Tucson.Google Scholar
Cobb, Charles R. 1993 Archaeological Approaches to the Political Economy of Nonstratified Societies. In Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 5, edited by Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 43–100. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Costin, Cathy L. 1991 Craft Specialization: Issues in Defining, Documenting, and Explaining the Organization of Production. In Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 3, edited by Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 1–56. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Craig, Douglas B. 2001 The Demographic Implications of Architectural Change at Grewe. In The Grewe Archaeological Research Project, Volume 3: Synthesis, edited by Douglas B. Craig, pp. 37–50. Anthropological Papers No. 99–1. Northland Research, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Crown, Patricia L. 1991 The Role of Exchange and Interaction in Salt-Gila Basin Hohokam Prehistory. In Exploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric Desert Peoples of the American Southwest, edited by George J. Gumerman, pp. 383–416. Amerind Foundation New World Studies Series No. 1. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Crown, Patricia L., and Fish, Suzanne K. 1996 Gender and Status in the Hohokam Pre-Classic to Classic Transition. American Anthropologist 98:803–817.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crown, Patricia L., and Judge, William J. (editors) 1991 Chaco and Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Doelle, William H. 1980 Past Adaptive Patterns in the Western Papagueria: An Archaeological Study of Nonriverine Resource Use. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Doelle, William H. 1995 Tonto Basin Demography in a Regional Perspective. In The Roosevelt Community Development Study, New Perspectives on Tonto Basin Prehistory, edited by Mark D. Elson, Miriam T. Stark, and David A. Gregory, pp. 201–226. Anthropological Papers No. 15. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson.Google Scholar
Doelle, William H., and Wallace, Henry D. 1991 The Changing Role of the Tucson Basin in the Hohokam Regional System. In Exploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric Desert Peoples of the American Southwest, edited by George J. Gumerman, pp. 279–346. Amerind Foundation New World Studies Series No. 1. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Doyel, David E. 1979 The Prehistoric Hohokam of the Arizona Desert. American Scientist 67:544–554.Google Scholar
Doyel, David E. 1981 Late Hohokam Prehistory in Southern Arizona. Contributions to Archaeology No. 2. Gila Press, Scottsdale, Arizona.Google Scholar
Doyel, David E. 1985 Exchange and Interaction. In Hohokam Settlement and Economic Systems in the Central New River Drainage, Arizona, edited by David E. Doyel and Mark D. Elson, pp. 715–726. Publications in Archaeology No. 4. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Doyel, David E. 1991a Hohokam Exchange and Interaction. In Chaco and Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest, edited by Patricia L. Crown and William J. Judge, pp. 225–252. School of American Research, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Doyel, David E. 1991b Hohokam Cultural Evolution in the Phoenix Basin. In Exploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric Desert Peoples of the American Southwest, edited by George J. Gumerman, pp. 231–278. Amerind Foundation New World Studies Series No. 1. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Doyel, David E. 1993 On Rivers and Boundaries in the Phoenix Basin, Arizona. Kiva 58:455–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyel, David E. 2000 The Santan Phase in the Phoenix Basin. In The Hohokam Village Revisited, edited by David E. Doyel, Suzanne K. Fish, and Paul R. Fish, pp. 221–244. Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fort Collins, Colorado.Google Scholar
Doyel, David E., and Elson, Mark D. 1985 Ceramic Analysis. In Hohokam Settlement and Economic Systems in the Central New River Drainage, Arizona, Vol. 2, edited by David E. Doyel and Mark D. Elson, pp. 436–520. Publications in Archaeology No. 4. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Doyel, David E., and Elson, Mark D. (editors) 1985 Hohokam Settlement and Economic Systems in the Central New River Drainage, Arizona. Publications in Archaeology No. 4. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Earle, Timothy 1987 Specialization and the Production of Wealth: Hawaiian Chiefdom and the Inka Empire. In Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies, edited by Elizabeth Brumfiel. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Earle, Timothy 1997 How Chiefs Come to Power, The Political Economy in Prehistory. Stanford University, Stanford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feinman, Gary M. 1999 Rethinking Our Assumptions: Economic Specialization at the Household Scale in Ancient Ejutla, Oaxaca, Mexico. In Pottery and People: A Dynamic Interaction, edited by James M. Skibo and Gary M. Feinman, pp. 81–98. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Feinman, Gary M., and Nicholas, Linda M. 2000 High-Intensity Household-Scale Production in Ancient Mesoamerica: A Perspective from Ejutla, Oaxaca. In Cultural Evolution: Contemporary Viewpoints, edited by Gary M. Feinman and Linda Manzanilla, pp. 119–142. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Feinman, Gary M., Blanton, Richard, and Kowalewski, Stephen 1984 Market Systems Development in the Prehispanic Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. In Trade and Exchange in Early Mesoamerica, edited by Kenneth G. Hirth, pp. 157–178. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Fish, Suzanne K., Fish, Paul R., and Madsen, John H. 1992 Evidence for Large-Scale Agave Cultivation in the Marana Community. In The Marana Community in the Hohokam World, edited by Suzanne K. Fish, Paul R. Fish, and John H. Madsen, pp. 73–87. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Forman, Shepard, and Riegelhaupt, Joy F. 1970 Market Place and Marketing System: Toward a Theory of Peasant Economic Integration. Comparative Studies in Society and History 12:188–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frankenstein, Susan, and Rowlands, Michael J. 1978 The Internal Structure and Regional Context of Early Iron Age Society in South-Western Germany. Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology 15:73–112.Google Scholar
Fry, Robert E. 1980 Models of Exchange for Major Shape Classes of Lowland Maya Pottery. In Models and Methods in Regional Exchange, edited by Robert E. Fry, pp. 3–18. SAA Papers No. 1. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Gasser, Robert E., and Kwiatkowski, Scott M. 1991 Food for Thought: Recognizing Patterns in Hohokam Subsistence. In Exploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric Desert Peoples of the American Southwest, edited by George J. Gumerman, pp. 417–460. Amerind Foundation New World Studies Series No. 1.Google Scholar
Graybill, Donald A. 1989 The Reconstruction of Prehistoric Salt River Stream-flow. In The 1982–1984 Excavations at Las Colinas, Volume 5: Environment and Subsistence, by Donald A. Graybill, David A. Gregory, Fred L. Nials, Suzanne K. Fish, Robert E. Gasser, Charles H. Miksicek, and Christine R. Szuter, pp. 25–38. Archaeological Series No. 162. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Gregory, David A. 1988a The Ballcourt. In The 1982–1984 Excavations at Las Colinas: The Site and Its Features, by David A. Gregory, William L Deaver, Suzanne K. Fish, Robert Gardiner, Robert W. Layhe, Fred L. Nials, and Lynn Teague, pp. 269–273. Archaeological Series No. 162. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Gregory, David A. 1988b SherdCounts. In The 1982–1984 Excavations at Las Colinas: Specialized Studies and Data Tables, by David A. Gregory, B. A. Murphy, William L Deaver, Richard C. Lange, Mary Sullenberger, Christine R. Szuter, Mary Bernard-Shaw, Arthur W. Vokes, R. Thomas Euler, Suzanne K. Fish, Charles H. Miksicek, and Marilyn B. Saul, pp. 93–134. Archaeological Series No. 162. Arizona State Museum, Tucson.Google Scholar
Haggett, Peter, Cliff, A. D., and Frey, Allan 1977 Locational Models. Halsted, New York.Google Scholar
Hassig, Ross 1982 Periodic Markets in Precolumbian Mexico. American Antiquity 47:346–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haury, Emil W. 1937a Ball Courts. In Excavations at Snaketown: Material Culture, by Harold S. Gladwin, Emil W. Haury, Harold B. Sayles, and Nora Gladwin, pp. 36–49. Medallion Papers No. 25. Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Haury, Emil W. 1937b A Pre-Spanish Rubber Ball from Arizona. American Antiquity 2:282–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haury, Emil W. 1937c Pottery Types at Snaketown. In Excavations at Snake-town: Material Culture, by Harold S. Gladwin, Emil W. Haury, Harold B. Sayles, and Nora Gladwin, pp. 169–229. Medallion Papers No. 25. Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Haury, Emil W. 1976 The Hohokam, Desert Farmers and Craftsmen: Excavations at Snaketown, 1964–1965. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heidke, James M. 1996 Production and Distribution of Rincon Phase Pottery: Evidence from the Julian Wash Site. In A Rincon Phase Occupation at Julian Wash, AZ BB: 13:17(ASM), edited by Jonathan B. Mabry, pp. 47–71. Technical Series No. 96–7. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson.Google Scholar
Heidke, James M. 2000 Middle Rincon Phase Ceramic Artifacts from Sunset Mesa. In Excavations at Sunset Mesa Ruin, edited by Michael W. Lindeman, pp. 69–118. Technical Report No. 2000–02. Desert Archaeology, Tucson.Google Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth G. 1998 The Distributional Approach, A New Way to Identify Marketplace Exchange in the Archaeological Record. Current Anthropology 39:451–476 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodder, Bramwell W. 1962 The Yoruba Round Market. In Markets in Africa, edited by Paul Bohannan and George Dalton, pp. 103–117. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Illinois.Google Scholar
Hoffman, C. M. 1997 Alliance Formation and Social Interaction during the Sedentary Period: A Stylistic Analysis of Hohokam Arrow-points. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Teresa L., Doyel, David E., and Elson, Mark D. 1985 Ground Stone Tool Production in the New River Basin. In Proceedings of the 1983 Hohokam Symposium, Part II, edited by A. E. Dittert, Jr. and D. E. Dove, pp. 655–686. Occasional Paper No. 2. Arizona Archaeological Society, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Howard, Ann V. 1993 Marine Shell Artifacts and Production Processes at Shelltown and the Hind Site. In Shelltown and the Hind Site: A Study of Two Hohokam Craftsman Communities in Southwestern Arizona, edited by William S. Marmaduke and Richard J. Martynec, pp. 321–423. Northland Research, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Howard, Jerry B. 1991 System Reconstruction: The Evolution of an Irrigation System. In The Operation and Evolution of an Irrigation System: The East Papago Canal Study, by Jerry B. Howard and Gary Huckleberry, pp. 5.1–5.33. Publications in Archaeology No. 18. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Howard, Jerry B. 1993 A Paleohydraulic Approach to Examining Agricultural Intensification in Hohokam Irrigation Systems. In Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement 7, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and Barry L. Isaac, pp. 263–324. JAI Press, Greenwich.Google Scholar
Hunt, Robert C., Guillet, David, Abbott, David R., Bayman, James M., Fish, Paul R., Fish, Suzanne K., Kintigh, Keith W. and Neely, James A. 2005 Plausible Ethnographic Analogies for the Social Organization of Hohokam Canal Irrigation. American Antiquity 70:433–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutira, Johna 1989 Flotation Analysis. In Settlement, Subsistence, and Specialization in the Northern Periphery: The Waddell Project, edited by Margerie Green, pp. 851–872. Cultural Resources Report No. 65. Archaeological Consulting Services, Tempe.Google Scholar
Johnson, Allen W., and Earle, Timothy 2000 The Evolution of Human Societies, 2nd edition. Stanford University Press, Stanford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judge, William J. 1989 Chaco Canyon – San Juan Basin. In Dynamics of Southwestern Prehistory, edited by Linda S. Cordell and George J. Gumerman, pp. 209–261. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C.Google Scholar
Lane, Anne Marie 1989 The Grand Canal Ceramic Assemblage: Ceramic Type Descriptions. In Archaeological Investigations at the Grand Canal Ruins: A Classic Period Site in Phoenix, Arizona, Vol. 1, edited by Douglas R. Mitchell, pp. 249–293. Publications in Archaeology No. 12. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Lascaux, Annick, and Ravesloot, John C. 1993 The Maricopa Road Site Viewed in its Local and Regional Context. In The Maricopa Road Site: A Pre-Classic Hohokam Village, edited by John C. Ravesloot and Annick Lascaux, pp. 39–48. Anthropological Field Studies No. 28. Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
LeBlanc, Stephen A. 1999 Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Marshall, John T. 2001 Ballcourt. In The Grewe Archaeological Research Project, Volume I: Project Background and Feature Descriptions, edited by Douglas B. Craig, pp. 109–124. Anthropological Papers No. 99–1. Northland Research, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Miksa, Elizabeth J. 1995 Petrographic Analysis of Ceramics for the McDowell to Shea Blvd. Portion of the Beeline Highway Excavation Project. In Archaeology at the Head of the Scottsdale Canal System, Volume 2: Studies of Artifacts and Biological Remains, edited by T. Kathleen Henderson and David R. Abbott, pp. 15–38. Anthropological Papers No. 95–1. Northland Research, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Miksa, Elizabeth J. 2001 Temper Provenance Studies. In The Grewe Archaeological Research Project, Volume 2, Part I: Ceramic Studies, edited by David R. Abbott, pp. 7–46. Anthropological Papers No. 99–1. Northland Research, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Miksa, Elizabeth J., Castro-Reino, Sergio F., and Lavayen, Carlos 2004 A Combined Petrofacies Model for the Middle Gila and Phoenix Basins, With Application to Pottery From the Dutch Canal Ruin. In Hohokam Farming on the Salt River Floodplain: Refining Models and Analytical Methods, edited by T. Kathleen Henderson, pp. 7–44. Anthropological Papers No. 43, Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J. 2000 Gender, Craft Production, and Inequality. In Women & Men in the Prehispanic Southwest: Labor, Power, and Prestige, edited by Patricia L. Crown, pp. 301–343. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Netting, Robert McC. 1990 Population, Permanent Agriculture, and Polities: Unpacking the Evolutionary Portmanteau. In The Evolution of Political Systems, edited by Steadman Upham, pp. 21–61. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Nials, Fred L., and Fish, Suzanne K. 1988 Canals and Related Features. In The 1982–1984 Excavations at Las Colinas: The Site and Its Features, by David A. Gregory, William L. Deaver, Suzanne K. Fish, R. Gardiner, Robert W. Layhe, Fred L. Nials, and Lynn Teague, pp. 275–305. Archaeological Series No. 162. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona,Tucson.Google Scholar
Plattner, Stuart 1975 Rural Market Networks. Scientific American 232:66–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plattner, Stuart 1985 Markets and Marketing. Monographs in Economic Anthropology 4. University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plattner, Stuart 1989 Markets and Marketplaces. In Economic Anthropology, edited by Stuart Plattner, pp. 171–208. Stanford University Press, Stanford.Google Scholar
Rafferty, Kevin 1982 Hohokam Micaceous Schist Mining and Ceramic Craft Specialization: An Example from Gila Butte, Arizona. Anthropology 6:199–222.Google Scholar
Rappaport, Roy A. 1971 The Sacred in Human Evolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2:23–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rappaport, Roy A. 1984 Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the Ecology of a New Guinea People. 2nd ed. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Renfrew, Colin 2001 Production and Consumption in a Sacred Economy: The Material Correlates of High Devotional Expression at Chaco Canyon. American Antiquity 66:14–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 1987 Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Schaller, David M. 1994 Geographic Sources of Temper In Central Phoenix Basin Ceramics Based on Petrographic Analysis. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Volume 3: Ceramics and the Production and Exchange of Pottery in the Central Phoenix Basin, edited by David R. Abbott, pp. 17–90. Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Scheie, Linda, and Freidel, David 1990 A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. W. Morrow, New York.Google Scholar
Smith, Carol A. 1974 Economics of Marketing Systems: Models from Economic Geography. Annual Review of Anthropology 3:167–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Carol A. 1976 Regional Economics Systems: Linking Geographical Models and Socioeconomic Problems. In Regional Analysis, Volume 1: Economic Systems, edited by Carol A. Smith, pp. 3–68. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Stark, Miriam T. 1991 Ceramic Production and Community Specialization: A Ceramic Ethnoarchaeological Study. World Archaeology 23:64–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stine, J. H. 1962 Temporal Aspects of Tertiary Production Elements in Korea Urban Systems and Economic Development, edited by Forrest R. Pitts, pp. 68–88. University of Oregon, School of Business Administration, Eugene.Google Scholar
Teague, Lynn S. 1988 Structure and Population: Growth and Change in the Study Area. In The 1982–1984 Excavations at Las Colinas, Synthesis and Conclusions, by Lynn Teague and William L. Deaver, pp. 43–76. Archaeological Series 162. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Teague, Lynn S. 1998 Textiles in Southwestern Prehistory. University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Turney, Omar 1929 Prehistoric Irrigation. Arizona Historical Review 2(5). Phoenix.Google Scholar
Wallace, Henry D. 2001 Time Seriation and Typological Refinement of the Middle Gila Buffware Sequence: Snaketown Through Soho Phases. In The Grewe Archaeological Research Project, Volume 2, Part I. Ceramic Studies, edited by David R. Abbott, pp. 177–262. Anthropological Papers No. 99–1. Northland Research, Tempe.Google Scholar
Wallace, Henry D. 2004 Update to the Middle Gila Buff Ware Ceramic Sequence. In Hohokam Farming on the Salt River Flood-plain: Refining Models and Analytical Methods, edited by T. Kathleen Henderson, pp. 45–124. Anthropological Papers No. 43. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson.Google Scholar
Walsh-Anduze, Mary-Ellen 1996 Changes in the Structure of Hohokam Ceramic Production: The Results of the Pueblo Salado Ceramic Study. In Life on the Floodplain: Further Investigations at Pueblo Salado for Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, Volume 2: Data Recovery and Re-evaluation, edited by David H. Greenwald, Jean H. Ballagh, Douglas R. Mitchell, and Richard A. Anduze, pp. 97–140. Anthropological Papers No. 4. Pueblo Grande Museum, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Weaver, Donald E. Jr. 1973 The Site Characterization Program. In Definition and Preliminary Study of the Midvale Site, edited by James Schoenwetter, Sylvia W. Gaines, and David E. Weaver, Jr., pp. 92–154. Anthropological Research Papers No. 6. Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R. 1979 The Hohokam Regional System. In An Archaeological Test of Sites in the Gila Butte-Santan Region, South-Central Arizona, by Glenn E. Rice, David R. Wilcox, Kevin Rafferty, and James Schoenwetter, pp. 77–116. Anthropological Research Papers No. 18. Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R. 1987 Frank Midvale’s Investigation of the Site of La Ciudad. Anthropological Field Studies No. 19. Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R. 1991a Hohokam Social Complexity. In Chaco and Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest, edited by Patricia L. Crown and William J. Judge, pp. 253–276. School of American Research, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R. 1991b The Mesoamerican Ballgame in the American Southwest. In The Mesoamerican Ballgame, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough and David R. Wilcox, pp. 101–125. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcox, David R. 1999 A Peregrine View of Macroregional Systems in the North American Southwest, A.D. 750–1250. In Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast, edited by Jill E. Neitzel, pp. 115–142. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R., Howard, Jerry B., and Nelson, Rueben H. 1990 One Hundred Years of Archaeology at La Ciudad de los Hornos. Publications in Archaeology No. 16. Soil Systems, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R., Samples, Terry, Keller, Donald, and Laughner, Maria 1996 The Wagner Ballcourt Community and Other Cohonina Sites. Kiva 61:433–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcox, David R., and Sternberg, Charles 1983 Hohokam Ballcourts and their Interpretation. Archaeological Series No. 160. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Yoffee, Norman 1994 Memorandum to Murray Gell-Mann Concerning: The Complications of Complexity in the Prehistoric Southwest. In Understanding Complexity in the Prehistoric Southwest, edited by George J. Gumerman and M. Gell-Mann, pp. 341–358. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.Google Scholar