Hostname: page-component-546b4f848f-q5mmw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2023-06-03T13:01:37.529Z Has data issue: false Feature Flags: { "useRatesEcommerce": true } hasContentIssue false
  • English

Effect of the pattern of food intake on human energy metabolism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Wilhelmine P. H. G. Verboeket-Van De Venne ,
Klaas R. Westerterp  and
Arnold D. M. Kester
Wilhelmine P. H. G. Verboeket-Van De Venne
Affiliation:
Departments of Human Biology, University of Limburg, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Klaas R. Westerterp
Affiliation:
Departments of Human Biology, University of Limburg, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Arnold D. M. Kester
Affiliation:
Departments of Medical Informatics and Statisiics, University of Limburg, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Rights & Permissions[Opens in a new window]

Abstract

HTML view is not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The pattern of food intake can affect the regulation of body weight and lipogenesis. We studied the effect of meal frequency on human energy expenditure (EE) and its components. During 1 week ten male adults (age 25–61 years, body mass index 20·7–30·4 kg/m2) were fed to energy balance at two meals/d (gorging pattern) and during another week at seven meals/d (nibbling pattern). For the first 6 d of each week the food was provided at home, followed by a 36 h stay in a respiration chamber. O2 consumption and CO2 production (and hence EE) were calculated over 24 h. EE in free-living conditions was measured over the 2 weeks with doubly-labelled water (average daily metabolic rate, ADMR). The three major components of ADMR are basal metabolic rate (BMR), diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and EE for physical activity (ACT). There was no significant effect of meal frequency on 24 h EE or ADMR. Furthermore, BMR and ACT did not differ between the two patterns. DIT was significantly elevated in the gorging pattern, but this effect was neutralized by correction for the relevant time interval. With the method used for determination of DIT no significant effect of meal frequency on the contribution of DIT to ADMR could be demonstrated.

Keywords

Meal frequencyEnergy expenditureFree-living conditionsDiet-induced thermogenesis
Type
Food Intake and Energy Metabolism
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 70 , Issue 1 , July 1993 , pp. 103 - 115
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1993

References

REFERENCES

Armitage, P. & Berry, G. (1987). Statistical Methods in Medical Research, pp. 224–225. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.Google Scholar
Belko, A. Z. & Barbieri, T. F. (1987). Effect of meal size and frequency on the thermic effect of food. Nutrition Research 7, 237–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, C. (1964). Feeding patterns and some aspects of cholesterol metabolism. Federation Proceedings 23, 76–81.Google ScholarPubMed
Cohn, C., Joseph, D., Bell, L. & Allweiss, M. D. (1965). Studies on the effects of feeding frequency and dietary composition on fat deposition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 131, 507–518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dallosso, H. M., Murgatroyd, P. R. & James, W. P. T. (1982). Feeding frequency and energy balance in adult males. Hunian Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition 36C, 25–39.Google ScholarPubMed
Debry, G., Rohr, R., Azouaou, R., Vassilitch, I. & Mottaz, G. (1973). Ponderal losses in obese subjects submitted to restricted diets differing by nibbling and by lipid and carbohydrate. In Energy Balance in Man, pp. 305–310 [Apfelbaum, M., editor]. Paris: Masson.Google Scholar
F´bry, P. (1973). Food intake pattern and energy balance. In Energy Balance in Man, pp. 297–303 [Apfelbaum, M., editor]. Paris: Masson.Google Scholar
F´bry, P., Fodor, J., Hejl, Z., Braun, T. & Zvol´nkov´, K. (1964). The frequency of meals: its relationship to overweight, hypercholesterolaemia, and decreased glucose tolerance. Luncet 2, 614–615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
F´bry, P., Hejda, S., Cerny, K., Osancovi, K. & Pechar, J. (1966). Effect of meal frequency in school children. Changes in the weight-height proportion and skinfold thickness. American Journal of Clinical Nutririon 18, 358–361.Google Scholar
F´bry, P. & Tepperman, J. (1970). Meal frequency -a possible factor in human pathology. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 23, 1059–1068.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flatt, J. P. (1987). Dietary fat, carbohydrate balance, and weight maintenance: Effects of exercise. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 296–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, G. R., Prentice, A. M., Davies, H. L. & Murgatroyd, P. R. (1988). Overnight and basal metabolic rates in men and women. European. Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 137–144.Google Scholar
Gwinup, G., Byron, R. C., Roush, W. H., Kruger, F. A. & Hamwi, G. J. (1963 a). Effect of nibbling versus gorging on serum lipids in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 13, 209–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gwinup, G., Byron, R. C., Roush, W. H., Kruger, F. A. & Hamwi, G. J. (1963 b). Effect of nibbling versus gorging on glucose tolerance. Lancet 2, 165–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hejda, S. & F´bry, P. (1964). Frequency of food intake in relation to some parameters of the nutritional status. Nutritio et Dieta 6, 216.Google ScholarPubMed
Hill, J. O., Peters, J. C., Reed, G. W., Schlundt, D. G., Sharp, T. & Greene, H. L. (1991). Nutrient balance in humans: effects of diet composition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 10–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huenemann, R. L. (1972). Food habits of obese and non-obese adolescents. Postgraduate Medicine 51, 99–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huenemann, R. L., Hampton, M. C., Shapiro, L. R. & Behnke, A. R. (1966). Adolescent food practices associated with obesity. Federation Proceedings 25, 4–10.Google ScholarPubMed
Irwin, M. I. & Feeley, R. M. (1967). Frequency and size of meals and serum lipids, nitrogen and mineral retention, fat digestibility, and urinary thiamine and riboflavin in young women. Americun Journal of Clinical Nutrition 20, 816–824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jagannathan, S. N., Connell, W. F. & Beveridge, J. M. R. (1964). Effects of gourmandizing and semicontinuous eating of equicaloric amounts of formula-type high fat diets on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in human volunteer subjects. Americrm Journal of Clinical Nutrition 15, 90–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinabo, J. L. D. & Durnin, J. V. G. A. (1990). Effect of meal frequency on the thermic effect of food in women. Europeaiz Journcrl of Clinical Nutrition 44, 389–395.Google ScholarPubMed
Leveille, G. A. (1970). Adipose tissue metabolism: Influence of periodicity of eating and diet composition. Federation Proceedings 29, 1294–1301.Google ScholarPubMed
Matthews, J. N. S., Altman, D. G., Campbell, M. J. & Royston, P. (1990). Analysis of serial measurements in medical research. British Medical Journal 300, 230–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metzner, H. L., Lamphiear, D. E., Wheeler, N. C. & Larkin, F. A. (1977). The relationship between frequency of eating and adiposity in adult men and women in the Tecumseh Community Health Study. Atnerican Journal of Clinical Nutrition 30, 712–715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, D. S. & Wise, A. (1975). Exercise and dietary-induced thermogenesis. Luncet 1, 1290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moln´r, D. (1990). The effect of meal frequency on postprandial thermogenesis in obese children. International Journal of Obesity 14 Suppl. 2, 95.Google Scholar
Prentice, A. M., Black, A. E., Coward, W. A., Davies, H. L., Goldberg, G. R., Murgatroyd, P. R., Ashford, J., Sawyer, M. & Whitehead, R. G. (1986). High levels of energy expenditure in obese women. British Medical Journal 292, 983–987.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ravussin, E., Lillioja, S., Knowler, W. C., Christin, L., Freymond, D., Abbott, W. G. H., Boyce, V., Howard, B. V. & Bogardus, C. (1988). Reduced rate of energy expenditure as a risk factor for body-weight gain. New England Jouriial of Medicine 318, 467–472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoeller, D. A. (1983). Energy expenditure from doubly labelled water: some fundamental considerations in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 38, 999–1005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoeller, D. A., Van Santen, E., Peterson, D. W., Dietz, W., Jaspan, J. & Klein, P. D. (1980). Total body water measurement in humans with 18O and 2H labelled water. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33, 2686–2693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoffelen, P. F. M., Saris, W. H. M., Westerterp, K. R. & Ten Hoor, F. (1984). Evaluation of an automatic indirect calorimeter for measurement of energy balance in man. In Human Energy Metabolisni: Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure Measurements in Epidemiological Research based upon Direct and Indirect Calorimetry. Euro Nut Report 5, pp. 51–54 [Van Es, A. J. H., editor]. Wageningen: The Netherlands Nutrition Foundation.Google Scholar
Schutz, Y., Bessard, T. & Jequier, E. (1984). Diet-induced thermogenesis measured over a whole day in obese and nonobese women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 40, 542–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swindells, Y. E., Holmes, S. A. & Robinson, M. F. (1968). The metabolic response of young women to changes in the frequency of meals. British Journal of Nutrition 22, 667–680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tai, M., Castillo, P. & Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (1990). Effect of nibbling versus gorging on the thermic effect of food (TEF). American Journol of Clinical Nutrition 51 Suppl., 526.Google Scholar
Tepperman, J. & Tepperman, H. M. (1970). Gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis and the Sherringtoman metaphor. Federation Proceedings 29, 1284–1293.Google ScholarPubMed
Terpstra, J., Hessel, L. W., Seepers, J. & Van Gent, C. M. (1978). The influence of meal frequency on diurnal lipid, glucose and cortisol levels in normal subjects. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 8, 61–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verboeket-van de Venne, W. P. H. G. & Westerterp, K. R. (1991). Influence of the feeding frequency on nutrient utilization in man: Consequences for energy metabolism. European Journal qf Clinical Nutrition 45, 161–169.Google ScholarPubMed
Weir, J. B. de V. (1949). New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to predict protein metabolism. Journal of Physiology 109, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westerterp, K. R. & Saris, W. H. M. (1991). Limits of energy turnover in relation to physical performance, achievement of energy balance on a daily basis. Journal of Sports Sciences 9, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp, K. R., Saris, W. H. M., Van Es, M. & Ten Hoor, F. (1986). Use of the doubly labelled water technique in humans during heavy sustained exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 61, 2162–2167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfram, G., Kirchgeher, M., Miiller, H. L. & Hollomey, S. (1987). Thermogenese des Menschen bei unterschiedlicher Mahlzeitenhaufigkeit (Influence of meal frequency on energy balance in humans). Annuls of Nutrition and Metabolism 31, 88–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, C. M., Hutter, L. F., Scanlan, S. S., Rand, C. E., Lutwak, L. & Simko, V. (1972). Metabolic effects of meal frequency on normal young men. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 61, 391–398.Google ScholarPubMed
Zahorska-Markiewicz, B. (1980). Thermic effect of food and exercise in obesity. European Journal of Applied Physiology 44, 231–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed