Co-dependent relationships are characterized as a type of dysfunctional helping relationship in which there is an excessive reliance on other people for approval and identity. This is very common for female relatives who support/enable another person's addiction, poor mental health, immaturity, and/or irresponsibility.

The aim of the present study is to reveal the co-dependence profile of mothers of addicted persons in Bulgaria.

Four hundred Bulgarian women coming from Blagoevgrad, Sofia and Stara Zagora (Mage = 53.55, SDage = 5.58; level of education: 71% with high school degree, 29%with university degree; all mothers of addicted persons) were examined at the Municipal Council on Drug Addiction Blagoevgrad with the STAI-state questionnaire, the ZUNG Self Rating Depression Scale and the Questionnaire of Establishment of Codependency.

Results indicated that in a scale of scores ranging from 2 = minimum to 4 = maximum of co-dependence, this group of women had high self-reported levels of co-dependence (M = 3.6375, SD = .52610), a high depressive profile (M = 49.07, SD = 3.23, and high state anxiety (M = 66.60, SD = 5.58).

The present research suggests that mothers of dependent individuals in Bulgaria show a high level of co-dependency, anxiety and depression. Future research should clarify the reasons of this overall negative emotional profile.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

There is an evidence indicating that women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) quite common suffer from anxiety and depression, but predictors and protective factors are not well known in this group of patients.

The aim of the study was to try to find factor that are connected with higher rates of anxiety and depressive symptoms in the group of female patients experiencing IPV.

The study was conducted in six randomly selected centers of primary health care (PHCs) in Lublin province. One hundred and two female patients experiencing IPV were administered a structured questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The sequential models were created with using backward stepwise multiple regression to investigate potential risk and protective factors connected with higher rates of anxiety and depression symptom in the group.

In a study group, 68% in Anxiety Subscale(A) and 56% in Depression Subscale of HADS (D) had positive scores. Living in the country (P = 0.003) was connected with higher scores in HADS-A (P = 0.003) but not in HADS-D. Experiencing physical violence was connected with higher score in HADS-D (P = 0.005), but not in HADS-A. Chronic physical illness (A P = 0.013; D P = 0.015), being unemployed (A P = 0.024; B P = 0.008), and experiencing economic violence (A P < 0.001; D P = 0.001) were connected with higher stores in both Subscales of HADS. Taking financial support (A P = 0.002, D P = 0.003) was the protective factor for both kinds of symptoms.

Socio-economic factors have stronger influence on anxiety and depressive symptoms in women experiencing IPV than demographic factors.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

This research aimed to identify the effects of depressive mood of female high school students on dysmenorrhea and sleep quality.

This research was conducted for 2 months from September 2015 to October 2015. A total of 3 types of self-reported questionnaire were adopted for the research. Control group was separated by Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (ZSDS). Each group adopted a self-made questionnaire for research on menstruation and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for research on sleep. Chi2 test and AVOVA analysis through SPSS-21 were used as statistics methods.

Analysis was made on 72 female students who submitted clear answers to the questionnaire. There were 34 students from normal mood group and 38 from depressive mood group. Depressive group presented meaningful results on regularity, pain severity, and drug treatment history of menstruation. Particularly, depressive group had 51.4% among subjects having severe menstrual pain of grade 3 by VMS (verbal multidimensional scoring system), way higher than 27.6% among subjects in the normal group. PSQI for sleep showed a meaningful result that 20.8% of those in the normal group were diagnosed with sleep disorder compared to 86.8% for the depressive group. A meaningful difference was seen in sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep disturbance, use of sleep medication, daytime functional disturbance among 7 items of PSQI.

This research showed that female high school students with depressive mood had high frequency and severity in dysmenorrhea and sleep quality disturbance.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Although the influence of trait internalization and state body satisfaction on appearance comparisons has been well documented, their interactive influence on comparison behaviours is unknown. Therefore, the present study thus tested a person X situation model in which both mood state and trait internalization interacted to predict engagement in upward comparisons.

One hundred and forty-eight women aged 18 to 40 completed baseline measures of trait internalization, and then completed via iPhone app an experience sampling phase in which they reported momentary experiences of mood and comparison behaviours at up to 6 random times daily for 7 days.

Multilevel analyses revealed that although upward comparisons were more likely for individuals who internalized the thin ideal (t = 3.27, P < .001), this effect was minimized in instances when a participant was satisfied with her appearance (t = –1.90, P = .031). Further exploratory analyses showed that state body satisfaction was a stronger predictor than trait internalization of comparison behaviours (R2 = .14 vs. R2 = .11) when the time lag between state body satisfaction and comparison event was less than 2 hours, but this pattern reversed as the time lag between state level predictor and outcome increased beyond 2 hours (R2 = .09 vs. R2 = .12).

Present findings suggest that bolstering one's body satisfaction in the moment may be as clinically important as reducing a client's interest in the thin ideal for alleviating occurrence of unhealthy body comparisons.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Postpartum psychosis (or puerperal psychosis) is a term that covers a group of mental illnesses with the sudden onset of psychotic symptoms following childbirth. A typical example occurs when after childbirth, a woman becomes irritable, has extreme mood swings and hallucinations with the possibility of needing psychiatric hospitalization. Often, out of fear of stigma or misunderstanding, women hide their condition.

To review the evidence regarding prophylactic treatment and acute management of postpartum psychosis and affective disorders in the puerperium.

Online search/review of the literature has been carried out, using Medline/Pubmed, concerning “postpartum psychosis”, “postpartum”, “mental disorders”, “mania” and “depression”.

Postpartum psychosis is a rare and severe psychiatric condition requiring rapid restoration of health in view of significant risks to both mother and the infant. The known risk factors and negative consequences of postpartum psychosis point to the importance of preventive and acute treatment measures. The majority of patients who develop psychosis immediately following childbirth suffer from bipolar disorder.

Understanding the relationship between postpartum psychosis and affective disorders has implications for perinatal and long-term treatment. The rapid and accurate diagnosis of postpartum psychosis is essential to expedite appropriate treatment.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Our aim was to describe demographic data of pregnant patients admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit and analyze treatment preferences for acutely ill pregnant patients.

A prospective chart review was carried out to identify pregnant patients who admitted to the inpatient unit during the period April 2014–September 2015. Details regarding their sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment data were obtained from these records for the study.

The total number of pregnant patients, admitted to our psychiatry inpatient clinic during the survey period was 15. The mean age of the patients was 30.33 (with a range of 21–38 years). Two thirds of the patients were hospitalized in the 1st trimester. Bipolar disorder (46.6%) was the most common diagnosis, followed by psychotic disorder (33%), and unipolar severe depression (20%). Eleven patients (67%) out of 15 had a psychiatric illness before getting pregnant. It was found that premenstrual syndrome was reported by 60% of patients. Haloperidol was the most frequently used psychotropic drug for the treatment of psychotic disorders and bipolar manic episodes.

The information regarding the course of bipolar disorder in pregnancy is controversial. While some studies support the opinion that pregnancy appeared to have a protective effect against an increase in symptoms, others stress that the risk for relapse in the pregnancy period is high. It is noteworthy that the majority of our patients are bipolar patients in the 1st trimester. The abrupt cease of mood stabilizer use may lead to recurrence in bipolar disorder.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Despite the empirical support for the effects of mindfulness based interventions for recurrent depression (Velden et al., 2015), the literature on the relation between Mindfulness and Lifetime History of Depression/LTHD are scarce.

To compare Mindfulness levels between women with vs. without LTHD and to analyze if mindfulness dimensions are significant predictors of LTHD.

One hundred and twenty-seven pregnant women (mean age: 32.56 ± 4.785 years) in their second trimester of pregnancy (17.34 ± 4.790 weeks of gestation) completed: Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire-10 (FMQ10; Azevedo et at. 2015) assessing the dimensions non-judgement of inner experience/NJ, ACt with awareness/AA and observe and describe/OD; a new self-report questionnaire developed to evaluate the presence of LTHD, with several “Yes/No” questions, based on DSM-5 criteria for depression.

Ninety-seven (23.0%) women had LTHD. Bisserial Spearmen correlations between LTHD and FMQ scores were significant, negative and moderate (> .30, P < .01); only OD did not significantly correlated with LTHD. Independent sample T-test revealed that women with vs. without LTHD had significantly higher levels of total FMQ-10, NJ and AA (all P < .001). Logistic regression analysis showed that the model containing FMQ-10 explained 12.7–18.8% of the LTHD variance and correctly classified 77.9%; the OR was of 1.19 (95% CI .801–.886; Wald = 44.504; P < .001). The model composed by NJ and AA explained 15.5–23% and correctly classified 76.5%. NJ OR was of 1.23 (CI .734–.884; Wald = 20.806; P < .001) and AA OR was of 1.41 (CI .708–.903; Wald = 13.004; P < .001).

Our research discloses that less mindfulness abilities enhances the probability of having lifetime history of depression.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

A traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause numerous psychiatric complications. Humor and anxious disorders, personality disorders and psychoses are some of those possible problems. The diagnosis of psychosis due to traumatic brain injury (PDTBI), although controversial, has been subject of crescent debate and the idea that a TBI could cause a psychosis is gaining credibility. Diagnosing a PDTBI can be difficult. DSM-5 criteria are rather vague and there are many potential confounding factors due to similarities with other etiological psychosis.

Alert clinicians to the diagnosis of PDTBI, clarify this clinical entity and define features that may allow them to do the differential diagnosis with other etiologic psychotic disorders.

The authors performed a research in PubMed using the keywords psychosis and traumatic brain injury and selected the adequate articles to meet the objectives proposed.

Differential diagnosis of PDTBI should be done with schizophrenia, schizoaffective psychosis, delusional disorder, substance-induced psychosis, psychosis due to other medical condition and with posttraumatic stress disorder. Differentiating PDTBI and schizophrenia can be particularly difficult. Some features have been proposed in the literature as potentially differentiating, namely the presence of negative symptoms (more common in schizophrenia), findings in MRI/CT and EEG.

Establishing PDTBI diagnosis can be difficult. While awaiting new studies, clinicians should, in cases of TBI related psychosis, achieve a meticulous clinical history and mental exam, in order to ensure a correct diagnosis and, therefore, determine an appropriate intervention.

The author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The problem of violence and aggressive behaviour among patients with psychiatric disorders need careful assessment to improve the quality of psychiatric care.

The aim of this paper is to describe the characteristics of repeated episodes of violence among patients admitted to a Psychiatric Ward, which is a total of 66 beds at Doctor Rodriguez Lafora Hospital from January 2009 to December 2014.

We designed a retrospective, longitudinal and observational study over a 5-year period in two brief hospitalization units of Doctor Rodriguez Lafora Hospital in Madrid. The main variables studied were: type of admission, diagnosis, age, trigger and shift.

In our study, we analyzed the prototypical person who carries out these episodes of aggression: a male between 31–40 years, diagnosed with psychotic disorder or personality disorder, involuntary admitted. This episode is associated as a main trigger to mood disturbances, lack of acceptance of standards and psychotic symptoms. These episodes occur more frequently in the afternoon shift one business day and often processed without injuries or minor bruises to other patients and/or nursing assistants. In our practice, we have observed that in most cases adequate verbal restraint in the beginning is sufficient to prevent the episode of aggression.

Understand the aggressive factors can influence the production of violent behavior and the use of appropriate containment techniques may be considered a therapeutic option to prevent and address violent behavior in psychiatric patients hospitalized in brief hospitalization units.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Alcohol intoxication is often involved in the commission of criminal behaviors that are risky and involve personal confrontation. Individuals who reported having three or more drinks before driving exhibited greater impulsivity when under the influence of alcohol than did those who did not report heavy drinking before driving.

The present study utilized the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) to compare the characteristics of individuals with a single driving while intoxicated (DWI) offense with individuals who were multiple DWI offenders and to identify whether there was a typical profile for multiple offenders.

The charts of patients were examined in terms of demographic characteristics including age, sex, employment, and education; the MMPI scores of the two groups were compared using an independent t-test, and we identified the typical profile of multiple DWI offenders by using hierarchical cluster analysis with Ward's method.

Scores on the F and the depression (D) scales of the MMPI-2 were significantly higher among multiple offenders than among first offenders. The multiple offenders-I group obtained relatively high scores on the D and psychopathic deviate (Pd) scales, and the multiple offenders-II group had low scores on both the hypomania (Ma) and social introversion (Si) scales. Thus, some multiple offenders may have poorer emotional adjustment, characterized by tendencies toward psychopathic deviance, mania, and depression, as well as psychopathological characteristics associated with patients with alcohol-use disorders.

The present findings suggest that multiple offenders should be considered a high-risk group for alcohol-use disorders and recurrent drunken driving.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

To examine the more than 70-year history of a connection between University and Institutional Psychiatry.

Relevant archival material as well as primary and secondary literature were examined.

As early as 1818 Johann Michael Leupoldt (1794–1874) held a seminar on “madness” as an assistant professor in Erlangen. But the University Psychiatric Clinic did not begin until 1903 within the association of the mental asylum founded on a contract agreement between the Friedrich-Alexander, University Erlangen and the County Senate of Middle-Franconia. The history of the “Hochschulpsychiatrie Erlangen” reflects part of the history of German psychiatry. The plans to accomplish independence were doomed to impracticability by the social-political situation before, during and after the First and also Second World Wars. Clinic patients were registered as “Institutional residents”, the Clinic had no income of its own, the Head of Department and Director of the Clinic was formally considered as the “senior doctor of the asylum”.

The complicated duty dependence of the Head of Department on the Director of the asylum undoubtedly contributed to their decades spanning “mésalliance tradition”. A public scandal arose in 1978 from an accusation of dereliction of duty to the government of Middle-Franconia because of lacking protection of patient documentation and medications during the relocation of the former institution departments to the newly constructed Regional Hospital on the Europakanal.

Cooperation between the University Clinic and the Regional Hospital exists in altered form today. The Psychiatric Clinic can thus include patients from the Regional Hospital in scientific studies.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

In 40 to 60% of children with ADHD, the disorder persists into adulthood. Nevertheless, diagnosis in adulthood sometimes becomes a challenge because, even the etiology is not very clear yet, ADHD shares several clinical features or may coexist with other psychiatric disorders. This issue leads to confusion and also to a delayed treatment or a wrong treatment, causing negative effects on patient outcomes.

To highlight the importance of making an accurate differential diagnosis and to consider the coexistence of other mental disorders, in the diagnosis of a patient with ADHD.

Systematic review of the literature in English (Pubmed). Keywords: “adult ADHD”; “bipolar disorder”; “substance abuse”; “personality disorders”.

Adult ADHD has a prevalence in Europe of 3,4% and it seems to appear more frequently in developed countries. In adults, the clinical presentation differs from children. There often are symptoms of impulsivity, attention deficit, restlessness, and emotional dysregulation and risk behavior, causing difficulties in everyday functioning. The coexistence of substance abuse and the similarity between bipolar disorder and personality disorders with ADHD, translate in a difficult diagnosis, especially for patients with mild presentations.

So far, the authors conclude that a detailed clinic history plus the validated scales for adult ADHD are the most reliable tools for diagnosis. Neuroimaging and EEG studies do not provide conclusive data to consider them as diagnostic methods.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Leganés Psychiatric Hospital has been the subject of several studies about its institutional history and clinical activity. The first decades of the twentieth century are the less explored years; however, important events for the development and establishment of the discipline of psychiatry happened in Spain during this period.

To describe the clinical and therapeutic management of inpatients admitted to Leganés National Asylum between 1900 and 1931.

This is a retrospective case series study. We reviewed medical records found in the Historical Archives of Psychiatric Institute, Germany (n = 1043) of inpatients admitted between 1900 and 1931. We analyzed clinical care variables, mainly related to diagnosis and treatment, of the patients who were admitted during this period (n = 1043) with SPSS v21. We consulted bibliography, such as asylum documents and diverse primary and secondary literature.

The diagnosis of mania was very common in the early twentieth century. Lypemania nearly disappeared after 1910 and monomania was not observed in any patient. Delusions decreased after 1905. The first patient diagnosed with schizophrenia was admitted on 19th November 1921. From that moment, the use of this term increased significantly. Only 4.4% of patients admitted underwent treatment.

We confirmed the predominance of French nosology in the early twentieth century. From 1920, an increase in German nosography was observed. The application of treatments was rare.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Leganés Psychiatric Hospital has been the subject of several studies about its institutional history, clinical activity and demography of its institutionalized population. The first decades of the twentieth century are the less explored years; however, important events for the development and establishment of the discipline of psychiatry happened in Spain during this period.

To describe the sociodemographic and hospitalization characteristics of the patients who were admitted to Leganés National Asylum between 1900 and 1931.

This is a retrospective case series study. We reviewed medical records found in the Historical Archives of Psychiatric Institute Germain (n = 1043) of inpatients admitted between 1900 and 1931. We analyzed sociodemographic and hospitalization related variables of medical records with SPSS v21. We consultedbibliography, such as asylum documents and diverse primary and secondary literature.

Most inpatients were male, single, with an average age of 38 years, came from home and were admitted as fee-paying boarders. Circa 64% of them remained in the institution until death and the average stay was 7.92 years.

Even though the Leganés Asylum was born amidst debate on the asylum model, it did not meet the expectations. Among other reasons, it presented serious architectural deficiencies and was unable to classify inpatients according to the French tradition (agitated, dirty, quiet) or to separate populations, such as minors or criminal inpatients, thus becoming a charity institution asylum instead of a therapeutic mental hospital.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Cyclic vomiting syndrome (SVC) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by paroxysmal episodes of vomiting, recurrent and cyclical presentation. Although this disorder was first described in children, recently it has increasingly been recognized in adults.

To know the pathogenesis of the syndrome and the optimum approach.

Theoretical review and cyclic vomiting syndrome brief statement of a case. This is a man of 51 years for 7 months has repeated episodes of vomiting often than 1 episode for week, with vomiting every 10–15 minutes. The patient is admitted to the neurology department for endless instability and multidirectional nystagmus and right hemispheric deficiency symptoms, with acute renal failure prerenal rehydration and study. While entering data semiotic Wernicke disease are objectified. With replacement therapy meeting evolves favorably at the time of discharge from hospital asymptomatic.

CVS, in conclusion, is a rare disease in adults whose diagnosis is one of exclusion. The adult presentation usually presents more durable, less frequent episodes. The pathogenesis remains unknown. The optimal treatment is to establish prophylactic migraine medications like amitriptyline. In the prodromal phase, it could be used ketocorolaco or sumatriptan and in the acute phase, ondansetron or lorazepam. Because of the morbidity associated with CVS, in particular the severity of symptoms, it is necessary to conduct more studies in adults.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Latest classifications led to an inflamed debate urging for change or validation in the way personality disorders are classified. The placement in psychiatric classifications of several personality disorders, particularly Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), is also a matter of discussion.

The present work aims to question BPDs place in classification alongside with other personality disorders, rather than focusing on the algorithms used to classify it. The authors review updated literature on core features of the disorder collected from online scientific databases.

Studies reveal that the stability of the diagnosis of BPD over the longer term is less than what standard general definitions of personality disorders would appear to require. It is a chronic and debilitating syndrome with severe functional and psychosocial impairment that remain relevant when comparing to other personality disorders. Additionally, these measures show further declines over time in spite of improvement in psychopathology, in contrast to what happens with other personality disorders. Several misconceptions may have led to the placement of BPD on former axis II, namely being a direct consequence of trauma and merely explained by environmental factors. However, recent research on heritability shows the contrary and several neurobiological markers suggest it has got a nature of its own.

BPD is probably the most studied and validated personality disorder and has substantially greater empirical basis, clinical significance and public health implications, being both enduring and distinct from other personality disorders. We suggest the placement of BPD as major psychiatric disorder in classifications.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

In prospective and controlled studies followed up until adult age of patients diagnosed with ADHD in their childhood, the most frequent comorbid disorders were major depressive disorder, personality disorder (borderline and antisocial), substance use disorder and, less frequently, panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder.

We report the case of a male patient aged 60, diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder from his adolescence. His psychopathological progress has become aggravated over the years. Nowadays, he presents an important restlessness, which has led him to social isolation and family claudication.

Our patient is admitted to the Psychiatric Day Hospital with an appropriated treatment for his OCD (sertraline and aripiprazole). After several days under observation, we used the scales ASRS-V1.1 y WURS finding results that suggested adult ADHD. Extended release methylphenidate was prescribed, with a fast improving of our patient's symptoms of restlessness, insecurity and impulsion phobia. He was discharged from the Centre for Psychosocial Rehabilitation showing a good evolution.

• – Anankastic personality disorder (F60.5);

• – Dependent personality disorder (F60.7);

• – Hyperkinetic disorders (F90).

Seventy-five percent of adults diagnosed with ADHD have comorbid disorders that should be used as severity rates, since they may cover up the ADHD symptoms or complicate the response to treatment. Adults with ADHD present high score on the scales “social maladjustment” and an often concomitant and polymorphic psychiatric pathology, object of varied diagnoses.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.