Recognition — Recognition of governments — De facto or de jure recognition — Coup d’état — New revolutionary government in Lesotho — Legislative and executive authority vested in the King — Military Council and Council of Ministers — Whether criteria for recognition of governments in international law applicable to recognition of revolutionary governments by municipal courts — Role of judge in revolutionary situations — Lesotho Independence Act 1966 and Lesotho Independence Order 1966

States — Sovereignty of States — Sovereign Kingdom of Lesotho — Fully responsible status — Imperial legislation providing for independence — Whether restrictions imposed on sovereignty of Lesotho — Whether possibility of repeal of Lesotho independence legislation — Whether any legislative powers over Lesotho reserved to Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom and Head of the Commonwealth — Statute of Westminster 1931 — Lesotho Independence Act 1966 — Lesotho Independence Order 1966

Human rights — Freedom of association and expression — Constitutional protection — Power of Government to restrict — Human Rights Act 1983 — Indemnity Act 1987 and Suspension of Political Activities Order 1986 — Whether in derogation of constitutional provisions — The law of Lesotho

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Foreign government — Hire of vessel — Commercial purposes — Whether immune from suit — Doctrine of restrictive sovereign immunity — Admiralty jurisdiction — Government-owned ship

Jurisdiction — Admiralty jurisdiction — Convention Relating to the Arrest of Seagoing Ships, 1952 — Effect of “sister ship” jurisdiction — Ship owned by Tongan Government — Arrest of ship in New Zealand — Action in rem — Claim in respect of another ship — Question of possession and control — Jurisdiction under the Admiralty Act 1973 — Plea of sovereign immunity by the Government of Tonga — The law of New Zealand

Environment — Endangered species — Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1973 (CITES) — Control of export of exotic birds — Refusal to grant authority to export on basis of CITES — Arrangement between wildlife authorities of New Zealand and Australia — Whether court empowered to interpret CITES provisions not implemented in domestic law — Whether arrangement between wildlife authorities to be applied by Court — Wildlife Act 1953 — Conservation Act 1987

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Treaty to which State not yet party — Intention to accede — Whether courts in such a State will give effect to treaty — Proceedings for judicial review — The law of New Zealand

Human rights — Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment — Constitutional provisions — Prohibition of inhuman or degrading punishment — Whipping of adult male offenders — Whether in contravention of human rights — Relevance of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 and decisions of European Court of Human Rights — The law of Zimbabwe

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Tortious act — Exception to immunity for tortious injury occurring in the United States and caused by tortious act or omission of foreign State — Whether tortious act, as well as injury, must occur in the United States — Whether applicable to acts occurring in United States embassy abroad — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976, Section 1605(a)(5)

Diplomatic relations — Embassies — Whether part of the territory of the sending State — Whether acts occurring on premises of United States Embassy in Iran to be treated as occurring in the United States — The law of the United States

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Expropriation of majority shareholding in company — Failure to pay compensation — Action by shareholder — Whether within jurisdiction of United States courts — Whether expropriating State entitled to sovereign immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976, Section 1605(a)(3)

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Ethiopia-United States Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations, 1953 — Provisions regarding dispute settlement — Whether depriving United States courts of jurisdiction over action by United States company regarding expropriation

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law of State party — Effect on jurisdiction of courts in claim by company against party to treaty — The law of the United States

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — State corporation — Subject matter jurisdiction over claims — Nigerian corporation set up by Government to establish rice farming venture — Whether alter ego or agent of Nigerian Government — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Extraterritorial effect of legislation — United States Congress — Whether Congress possesses the authority to enforce its laws outside the United States — Presumption against extraterritorial effect — Whether presumption to be strictly applied — Evidence of clear congressional intention needed to rebut presumption — Anti-discrimination legislation — Whether applicable to United States citizen employed abroad by United States company — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — Executive — Consequences of illegal arrest and expulsion — Arrest in Chile of Chilean national by Chilean authorities — Alleged mistreatment — Expulsion to United States for trial on criminal charges — Alleged complicity of United States in arrest, mistreatment and expulsion — Whether circumstances of arrest precluding trial in the United States

State responsibility — Acts of officials of other States — Defendant arrested by Chilean officials at request of United States Government — Allegations of torture and ill-treatment of defendant by Chilean officials — Whether United States responsible for acts of Chilean officials — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — Executive — Consequences of illegal arrest — United States agents kidnapping Mexican national in Mexico and transporting to United States to stand trial — Alleged mistreatment — Whether Fifth Amendment to United States Constitution applicable

Relationship of international law and municipal law — In general — International restrictions upon the exercise of power by one State in the territory of another — United States agents kidnapping Mexican national in Mexico — Alleged violation of Mexico — United States Extradition Treaty, 1980 — Whether circumstances of arrest precluding trial in the United States

Treaties — Application — Mexico-United States Extradition Treaty, 1980 — Unilateral abduction of Mexican national by United States agents — Diplomatic protest by Government of Mexico — Whether breach of Extradition Treaty — Whether Extradition Treaty self-executing — Whether treaty violation creating private right of action — Whether diplomatic protest creating derivative right of action in individual — Motion by individual for dismissal of indictment for breach of Extradition Treaty — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — Executive — Consequences of illegal arrest — Alleged kidnapping of Mexican national in Mexico by United States agents — Whether violation of extradition treaty — Whether court lacking jurisdiction over persons involuntarily before it — Effect of treaty violation

Relationship of international law and municipal law — In general — International restrictions upon the exercise of power by one State in the territory of another — Alleged kidnapping of Mexican national in Mexico by United States agents — Alleged violation of Mexico-United States Extradition Treaty, 1980 — Whether circumstances of arrest precluding trial in the United States

Treaties — Application — Mexico-United States Extradition Treaty, 1980 — Alleged unilateral abduction of Mexican national by United States agents — Whether government sponsored abduction a violation of extradition treaty — Relevance of protest by State from which person abducted and of which person a national — Whether creating derivative right of action in individual — Whether treaty a bar to voluntary surrender of individual without invocation of treaty — Whether failure to protest kidnapping considered consent

Treaties — Interpretation — Object and purpose of extradition treaties — Whether prohibiting government-authorized or sponsored kidnapping of individual from one signatory nation for purpose of trying him in courts of the other — The law of the United States